类核环形结构在耐辐射球菌电离辐射抗性中不起主要作用

近来基于透射电子显微镜研究的论点“耐辐射球菌(Deinococcus radiodurans) R1类核致密的环形结构是其极端辐射抗性的关键因素”已引起广泛争议. 本文在以前研究基础上系统地比较了野生型R1菌株、pprI (DR0167)基因突变株YR1及pprI基因功能补偿株在电离辐射前后的类核结构的形态差异. 荧光显微镜观察结果显示: (ⅰ) 具有超强电离辐射抗性的野生型菌株R1细胞类核主要呈现紧凑的环形结构, 而同样有环形类核结构的pprI突变株YR1细胞却对辐射非常敏感; (ⅱ) 2个pprI基因功能补偿株, YR1001(pprI全基因功能补偿株)类核绝大多数呈现絮乱松散的不规则形态, YR1002(pprI部分基因功能补偿株)呈现约60%左右的环形类核结构, 这两个菌株都具有与野生型R1同样的电离辐射抗性; (ⅲ) 另一pprI部分基因功能补偿株YR1004 (敲除pprI基因3′端333个碱基对)对电离辐射极其敏感, 其约60%左右的细胞含有环形的类核结构. 上述结果表明, 耐辐射球菌类核的环形结构在辐射极端抗性中不起主要作用.     

NAC1上游调控区表达特征及其与侧根激素诱导的关系

从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana）中克隆到与侧根原基发生相关的转录因子基因NAC1上游调控区序列,构建由该序列驱动β-葡聚糖苷酶基因(GUS)的植物表达载体并转化烟草(Nicotiana Tabaccum),经筛选获得了在根组织高GUS活性而地上部痕量表达的转基因烟草植株。对转基因植株进行GUS活性和染色分析,结果表明NAC1上游调控区驱动的GUS基因表达具有根部组织特异性,在侧根顶端分生组织区、侧根原基基部和幼嫩侧根基部表达。用IBA,GA₃,GA₄₊₇处理转基因植株根部,NAC1上游调控区驱动的GUS表达均增强,表明生长素、赤霉素可显著诱导NAC1上游调控区的表达,并参与侧根发生的调控。     

水稻黄单胞细菌Harpin蛋白的遗传多样性及其诱导烟草过敏反应和抗病性功能

利用PCR方法从水稻黄单胞细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae)两个致病变种(pv. oryzae和pv. oryzicola)的12个菌株中, 扩增出了编码诱导植物过敏反应蛋白激发子Harpin的3类hrfA (hypersensitive response functioning factor A)同源基因hrf1, hrf2和hrf3. 同源性分析表明, 这些同源基因推测的编码产物均富含甘氨酸, 缺乏酪氨酸, 在序列的第45位附近的氨基酸都有一个半胱氨酸. Harpin_Xoo由来源于水稻白叶枯病菌的hrfA基因编码, 产物包括两类, 一类代表菌株为JxoⅢ, 其中GGG-GG基序的重复数为3个, 分子量为15.6 kD; 另一类代表菌株为Pxo112, 产物中GGG-GG基序的重复数为4个, 分子量为15.9 kD, 这两个基因分别命名为hrf1和hrf3. Harpin_Xooc由来源于水稻条斑病细菌的hrfA基因编码, 代表菌株为RS105, 其中GGG-GG重复数为2个, 分子量为15.3 kD, 水稻黄单胞菌Harpin分子中的一个半胱氨酸残基是其特有的. 将这3类基因与已报道的hpa1和xop1基因编码的氨基酸序列进行聚类分析, 结果可以将其分为4类, 来源于水稻黄单胞菌的Harpin_Xoo和Harpin_Xooc被分在相邻的两类中. 对3种产物进行比较研究结果, 在相同条件下3个代表菌株JxoⅢ, RS105和Pxo112的hrfA基因(hrf1, hrf2和hrf3)表达蛋白的相对浓度分别为: 0.389, 0.530, 0.083 mg/mL. hrf1, hrf2和hrf3在大肠杆菌(Bl21)中的表达产物(Harpins)在烟草上均能激发过敏反应和诱导抗病性, 其生物活性依次为Hrf2, Hrf1和Hrf3.     

一氧化氮和氧自由基诱导缺氧再给氧心肌细胞凋亡的bcl-2和p53信号通路研究

观察了心肌缺氧再给氧损伤的一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)和氧自由基机制. 新生Wistar大鼠心肌细胞置于95% N₂ /5% CO₂环境培养24 h, 然后置于95% O₂ /5% CO₂环境培养4 h造成缺氧再给氧心肌细胞损伤模型. 单纯缺氧组心肌细胞置于95% N₂/5% CO₂环境培养24 h, 但不再给氧. NO供体硝普钠(SNP, 5 mmol/L)、NO合酶抑制剂Nw-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯(L-NAME, 100 mmol/L)和其异构体Nw-硝基-D-精氨酸甲酯(D-NAME, 100 mmol/L)以及超氧化物歧化酶/过氧化氢酶(SOD/CAT, 各100 U/mL)分别于缺氧前加入培养基. 正常对照组心肌细胞置于95% 空气/5% CO₂环境下培养. 结果显示, 缺氧24 h能增加培养介质中NO, 硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平, 再给氧降低培养介质中NO和 水平, 增加TBARS和LDH水平. 缺氧上调bcl-2和p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 而再给氧下调bcl-2蛋白表达水平, 上调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平. 同时, 缺氧增加心肌细胞凋亡率, 而再给氧增加心肌细胞坏死率. NO供体硝普钠(SNP)增加培养介质中 和TBARS水平, 下调bcl-2蛋白表达而上调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 增加DNA断裂、凋亡及坏死细胞率. L-NAME和 SOD/CAT分别降低培养介质中 和TBARS水平, 它们均能上调bcl-2蛋白表达而下调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 抑制DNA断裂、凋亡及坏死细胞率, 而D-NAME则无此作用. 以上结果表明, 在缺氧再给氧所致心肌细胞死亡过程中, NO和氧自由基参与下调bcl-2蛋白表达水平和上调p53和p21/waf1/cip1蛋白表达水平, 相应地激发细胞凋亡程序, 并提示一氧化氮及氧自由基诱导心肌细胞凋亡的机制与调节 bcl-2和p53和p21/waf1/cip1信号通路有关.     

棉花微管蛋白基因GhTub1在纤维细胞中的特异表达

以陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum )纤维发育前期和中期的胚珠及纤维细胞为材料构建cDNA文库, 通过ESTs分析获得了一个β-微管蛋白家族成员(GhTub1). 以该cDNA的3′-UTR为探针, 利用Northern杂交方法, 对GhTub1基因在棉花不同器官及棉纤维不同发育阶段的表达进行了分析, 发现该基因的表达具有棉纤维细胞特异性. 在纤维发育过程中, GhTub1转录产物的累积主要发生在纤维细胞延伸阶段, 在纤维延伸速度最快时达到高峰. 利用裂殖酵母系统, 对GhTub1的细胞内功能进行了初步分析, 发现该基因在酵母中过量表达能使其细胞显著伸长或分支. 这些实验结果暗示GhTub1基因可能在纤维细胞的极性延伸中具有功能.     

胰腺十二指肠同源框-1基因促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为胰岛样细胞

虽然骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells)具有极强的自我更新能力及多向分化潜能, 但最近发现其体外分化为胰腺内分泌细胞的效率并不高, 不能产生足够用于移植的胰岛样细胞. 胰腺十二指肠同源框-1基因(Pdx-1, pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1)在胰腺胚胎发育和胰岛素基因表达调控方面均具有重要作用, 因此构建含有Pdx-1的真核表达载体, 并使用新型纳米介质Superfect介导重组载体转染BMSCs, 研究Pdx-1表达在BMSCs体外分化为胰岛样细胞中的作用. 结果表明, 转染重组载体后(Pdx-1⁺ BMSCs)分化为胰岛素阳性细胞比例为(28.23±2.56)%, 较转染空白载体和未转染组(Pdx-1-BMSCs)明显增多(分别为(7.08±2.69)%和(4.59±3.02)%); 细胞免疫化学染色显示诱导后细胞表达胰岛素、胰高血糖素和生长抑素蛋白, 而且Pdx-1⁺ BMSCs诱导后表达明显增加, 与Western blotting和RT-PCR结果相似; 葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌量测定显示Pdx-1⁺ BMSCs对不同浓度葡萄糖有不同的胰岛素分泌, 25和5.5 μmol/L葡萄糖刺激后胰岛素分泌量分别为(115.29±2.56)和(56.61± 4.82) μU/mL, 明显高于Pdx-1^- BMSCs分泌量(分别为(53.26±7.56)和(25.53±6.49) μU/mL). Pdx-1⁺ BMSCs分化的细胞同种异体移植后可以恢复糖尿病模型大鼠的血糖水平, 移植物平均存活时间(30.5±15.7)天. 本试验提示大鼠BMSCs体外能分化为胰岛样细胞; Pdx-1能显著增强上述分化能力; BMSCs体外分化的胰岛样细胞移植能改善STZ糖尿病大鼠的生存状态. 这将为糖尿病的治疗提供一条新的途径.     

GAP-43对Goα的激活及其构象变化基础

GAP-43和Go是富含于神经生长锥的膜外周蛋白. 用碱抽提法从牛脑皮层获得了高纯度的GAP-43, 同时在大肠杆菌表达系统中获得了高纯度的豆蔻酰化Goα. 测定GAP-43对Goa结合³⁵S-GTPγS活力影响的结果表明, GAP-43可显著促进GAP-43对Goα的GTPgS的结合活力, 且呈浓度依赖性. 用CaM-Sepharose亲和柱的实验结果表明GAP-43与GAP-43对Goα·GDP之间存在直接的相互作用. 这种相互作用所引起的Goα的构象变化的测定结果显示, GAP-43使Goα·GDP的色氨酸内源荧光发射谱谱峰蓝移4 nm, 其荧光强度增高35.3%, 并使其HB的猝灭效率明显增加, 其表观猝灭常数(Ksv)由(1.1±0.22)×10⁵增至(4.1±0.43)×10⁵ M^-1. 而GAP-43对GAP-43对Goα·GTPγS无明显影响, 表明GAP-43直接作用于GAP-43对Goα·GDP引起其构象变化, 从而加速GDP的解离和GTPγS的结合, 导致Goα的激活并启动G蛋白的循环实现信号的跨膜转导和放大. 研究结果对阐明信号转导介导分子G蛋白在偶联受体和效应器之间的作用机理提供了有力的实验证据, 对进一步深入揭示GDP和GTP的交换方式在G蛋白的循环中的关键作用提供了新的启示.     

L24突变核糖体通过翻译终止调控λN基因的表达

从翻译延伸和终止两个方面研究了大肠杆菌核糖体蛋白质L24突变抑制Lambda噬菌体N基因表达的分子机理. 结果表明: 在lacZ和GST(谷胱苷肽巯基转移酶)为报道基因的表达质粒中, 通过lacZ和GST分别与λN 融合得到lacZ-λN和GST- λN融合基因, 它们在L24突变菌株中产生的β-半乳糖苷酶和谷胱苷肽巯基转移酶的活性分别下降至野生型T83菌株的1/4和1/2左右; 改变GST- λN融合基因的翻译终止密码子附近的序列, 能使GST-融合蛋白的产量恢复到T83菌株的水平. 原因可能是L24突变核糖体参与组成的翻译终止复合物有功能上缺陷, 在翻译终止某些基因, 如λN基因时, 能使核糖体暂停在终止密码子附近, 减慢翻译终止, 影响λN基因的表达. 其中, λN 基因终止密码子上游仅2个密码子的改变可消除L24突变对λN基因表达的抑制.     

E.aero高产13-丙二醇菌株选育及发酵培养基研究(Ⅰ)

以淡水湖泊泥土中分离出的 30 0多株肠杆菌 (Enterobacter)为出发菌株 ,利用常规筛选方法选出 2株 1 3 丙二醇产生菌 (Enterobacteraerogenes)。经UV、DES、NTG、EMS、LiCl单独及复合诱变 ,选育出一株 (E aero N 56) 1 3 PD高产突变株。通过单因素实验 ,确定了E aero N 56菌株 1 3 PD发酵培养基为 :甘油 90g L ,NH4Cl₁ 50g L     

外源性双链RNA对小鼠卵母细胞basonuclin基因表达的影响

在植物及低等动物线虫中, 引入外源性双链RNA(dsRNA)会导致细胞中同源mRNA降解, 从而干扰其内源基因的表达, 这可能是有机体防范病毒或转座子诱导DNA突变的一种生理机制, 称为RNA干涉(RNA interference, RNAi). 利用RNAi研究basonuclin基因在卵母细胞发生过程中的功能. 将basonuclin特异的dsRNA导入小鼠生发泡期卵母细胞, 可有效降低其mRNA的丰度, 这种降解作用与dsRNA的浓度及作用时间成正比, 但不影响非同源基因的表达, 证明basonuclin dsRNA能特异识别、降解其内源基因的转录产物. 免疫组化实验显示, dsRNA能降低卵母细胞中basonuclin蛋白的水平, 但其效率不如RNAi对tPA及cMos基因活性的抑制, 这可能是由于basonuclin蛋白的半衰期较长, 而生发泡期卵母细胞在体外存活时间较短. 结果表明, dsRNA能阻抑卵母细胞中同源基因的表达, 其作用相当于基因敲除. 质粒表达的发夹环型dsRNA也可以有效降解basonuclin转录产物, 这为研究basonuclin在卵母细胞发育早期的功能提供了新的手段.     

Variation in resistance to high hydrostatic pressure and rpoS heterogeneity in natural isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7

Several natural isolates of Escherichia coli O157:H7 have previously been shown to exhibit stationary-phase-dependent variation in their resistance to inactivation by high hydrostatic pressure. In this report we demonstrate that loss of the stationary-phase-inducible sigma factor RpoS resulted in decreased resistance to pressure in E. coli O157:H7 and in a commensal strain. Furthermore, variation in the RpoS activity of the natural isolates of O157:H7 correlated with the pressure resistance of those strains. Heterogeneity was noted in the rpoS alleles of the natural isolates that may explain the differences in RpoS activity. These results are consistent with a role for rpoS in mediating resistance to high hydrostatic pressure in E. coli O157:H7.     

Effect of S12 ribosomal mutations on peptide chain elongation in Escherichia coli: a hydrostatic pressure study.

Protein synthesis in Escherichia coli mutants that differ from one another in mutations which impart streptomycin resistance was investigated by the application of hydrostatic pressure. Increased pressure resistance was only observed in mutants which exhibited reduced rates of peptide chain elongation. These findings indicate that the major effect of pressure on protein synthesis in E. coli may involve the S12 ribosomal protein.     

超声波对高电位氧化还原水灭菌效果影响的实验研究

观察超声波对高电位氧化还原水的微生物杀灭作用的影响。采用悬液法分别对高电位氧化还原水、超声波以及两者协同对微生物的杀灭效果进行检测。单独使用超声波处理10 min,对大肠杆菌的杀灭率为89.9%;单独使用高电位氧化还原水作用15 s,对大肠杆菌杀灭率为97.8%;超声波与高电位氧化还原水协同作用15 s,杀灭率为100%。单独使用超声波处理10 min、单独使用高电位氧化还原水作用1.5 min,可以将悬液内的HBsAg阳性血清的抗原性完全破坏,二者协同作用仅需30 s即可达到完全破坏。超声波对高电位氧化还原水的微生物杀灭具有明显的增效作用。     

Pressure-induced changes in the secondary structure of the Escherichia coli methionine repressor protein

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the conformational properties of the E. coli methionine repressor protein in aqueous solution was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Changes in hydrostatic pressure produce dramatic changes in the spectral region of the conformation-sensitive amide I band. As the pressure is raised up to 18 kbar, the protein undergoes a rearrangement of alpha-helical segments into beta-type structures; after the pressure is released the beta-strands reconvert into less ordered alpha-helical or random segments.     

Induction of oxidative stress by high hydrostatic pressure in Escherichia coli

Using leaderless alkaline phosphatase as a probe, it was demonstrated that pressure treatment induces endogenous intracellular oxidative stress in Escherichia coli MG1655. In stationary-phase cells, this oxidative stress increased with the applied pressure at least up to 400 MPa, which is well beyond the pressure at which the cells started to become inactivated (200 MPa). In exponential-phase cells, in contrast, oxidative stress increased with pressure treatment up to 150 MPa and then decreased again, together with the cell counts. Anaerobic incubation after pressure treatment significantly supported the recovery of MG1655, while mutants with increased intrinsic sensitivity toward oxidative stress (katE, katF, oxyR, sodAB, and soxS) were found to be more pressure sensitive than wild-type MG1655. Furthermore, mild pressure treatment strongly sensitized E. coli toward t-butylhydroperoxide and the superoxide generator plumbagin. Finally, previously described pressure-resistant mutants of E. coli MG1655 displayed enhanced resistance toward plumbagin. In one of these mutants, the induction of endogenous oxidative stress upon high hydrostatic pressure treatment was also investigated and found to be much lower than in MG1655. These results suggest that, at least under some conditions, the inactivation of E. coli by high hydrostatic pressure treatment is the consequence of a suicide mechanism involving the induction of an endogenous oxidative burst.     

Hyperbaric bradycardia and hypoventilation in exercising men: effects of ambient pressure and breathing gas.

We sought to determine whether hydrostatic pressure contributed to bradycardia and hypoventilation in hyperbaria. Eight men were studied during exercise at 50, 150, and 250 W while breathing 1) air at 1 bar, 2) helium-oxygen (He-O(2)) at 5.5 bar, 3) sulfur hexafluoride-oxygen (SF(6)-O(2)) at 1.3 bar, and 4) nitrogen-oxygen (N(2)-O(2)) at 5.5 bar. Gas densities were pairwise identical in 1) and 2), and 3) and 4), respectively. Increased hydrostatic pressure to 5.5 bar resulted in a modest but significant relative bradycardia on the order of 6 beats/min, in both the absence [1) vs. 2), P = 0. 0015] and presence [3) vs. 4), P = 0.029] of gases that are both denser than normal and mildly narcotic. In contrast, ventilatory responses appeared not to be influenced by hydrostatic pressure. Also, the combined exposure to increased gas density and mild-to-moderate inert gas narcosis at a given hydrostatic pressure [1) vs. 3), 2) vs. 4)] caused bradycardia (P = 0.032 and 0.061, respectively) of similar magnitude as 5.5-bar hydrostatic pressure. At the same time there was relative hypoventilation at the two higher workloads. We conclude that heart rate control, but not ventilatory control, is sensitive to relatively small increases in hydrostatic pressure.     

Role of bacterial ribosomes in barotolerance.

The effects of high hydrostatic pressures on protein synthesis by whole cells and cell free preparations of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas bathycetes were determined. Actively growing cells of P. bathycetes and P. fluorescens were less sensitive than were E. coli cells. Protein synthesis by cell free preparations of E. coli and P. fluorescens showed the same extent of inhibition as their respective whole cell preparations, whereas cell free preparations of P. bathycetes showed a marked increase in pressure sensitivity over whole cells. Protein synthesis by hybrid protein synthesizing cell free preparations (the ribosomes from one organism and the S-100 supernatant fraction from another) demonstrated that response to high pressure is dependent on the source of the ribosome employed. A hybrid system containing E. coli ribosomes and P. fluorescens S-100 shows the same sensitivity to pressure as a homologous E. coli system, whereas a hybrid containing P. fluorescens ribosomes and E. coli S-100 shows the greater pressure tolerance characteristic of the P. fluorescens homologous system.     

Hydrophobicity of the cell surface and drug susceptibility of Escherichia coli cultivated at high pressures up to 30 MPa

Summary Escherichia coli was cultivated under hydrostatic pressures up to 30 MPa (300 bar) and then partitioned between an aqueous phase (physiological saline) and oil phase (n-hexadecane). The partition coefficients were used as measures of hydrophobicity of the surface of the cells and correlated with the susceptibility to an antimicrobial agent (dodecylpyridinium iodide). This agent is lethal to the cells and the effect of pressure on its concentration for a lethal effect on E. coli was determined. A good correlation was found between the hydrophobicity of the cells and their death rate on treatment with this reagent.     

鱼类染色体组操作的研究 Ⅰ.静水压休克诱导三倍体水晶彩鲫

采用静水压休克方法研究了促使第二极体保留诱发三倍体水晶彩鲫的最佳条件。在卵受精后4—5min采用600kg/cm~2或650kg/cm~2的静水压处理3min,不但能导致100％的三倍化,而且胚胎的存活率相当高,孵化率为对照组的90％左右。研究表明,静水压休克是进行鱼类染色体组操作的有效方法,休克的最佳条件易于掌握,处理程序易于标准化。文中讨论了静水压处理的条件与三倍体出现率和胚胎存活率的关系,以及最佳条件下和不适条件下胚胎死亡的原因。     

Stress response of Escherichia coli to elevated hydrostatic pressure.

The response of exponentially growing cultures of Escherichia coli to abrupt shifts in hydrostatic pressure was studied. A pressure upshift to 546 atm (55,304 kPa) of hydrostatic pressure profoundly perturbed cell division, nucleoid structure, and the total rate of protein synthesis. The number of polypeptides synthesized at increased pressure was greatly reduced, and many proteins exhibited elevated rates of synthesis relative to total protein synthesis. We designated the latter proteins pressure-induced proteins (PIPs). The PIP response was transient, with the largest induction occurring approximately 60 to 90 min postshift. Fifty-five PIPs were identified. Many of these proteins are also induced by heat shock or cold shock. The PIP demonstrating the greatest pressure induction was a basic protein of 15.6 kDa. High pressure inhibits growth but does not inhibit the synthesis of stringently controlled proteins. Cold shock is the only additional signal which has been found to elicit this type of response. These data indicate that elevated pressure induces a unique stress response in E. coli, the further characterization of which could be useful in delineating its inhibitory nature.