蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

翻译后修饰在蛋白质加工、成熟的过程中发挥着重要的作用,它可以改变蛋白质的物理、化学性质,影响蛋白质的空间构象、立体位阻及其稳定性,进而对蛋白质的生物学活性产生作用,引起蛋白质的功能改变。修饰基团自身的结构特性对蛋白质的性质、功能也会产生深远的影响。在已有的研究基础上,综述蛋白质翻译后修饰的主要类型以及各修饰作用潜在的生物学功能。     

烟曲霉的蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

前言烟曲霉是一种常见的机会性致病真菌,其孢子漂浮在空气中,人体每天吸入上百个孢子,免疫功能正常人群可通过自身免疫清除吸入的孢子,而在免疫抑制患者中常引起曲霉病[1-2],曲霉病分为非侵袭性和侵袭性两大类,其中侵袭性肺曲霉病为严重的感染类型,死亡率可高达50%~100%[3]。唑类药物为侵袭性肺曲霉病的临床一线用药,但近年来全球陆续报道烟曲霉对唑类抗真菌药物的耐药率逐年递增。荷兰一项基于1994—2016年的烟曲霉唑类耐药趋势研究共收集4268株菌株,结果显示唑类耐药率高达4.2%(179/4268),且近5年明显呈递增趋势[4]。     

原核生物的蛋白质翻译后修饰

蛋白质翻译后修饰是调节蛋白质生物学功能的关键步骤之一,是蛋白质动态反应和相互作用的一个重要分子基础,同时,它也是细胞信号网络调控的重要靶点.目前,蛋白质翻译后修饰已经成为国际上蛋白质研究的一个极其重要的热点.在原核生物生命活动中,蛋白质的翻译后修饰具有十分重要的作用,如参与细胞信号传导、物质的代谢、蛋白质的降解、致病微生物的致病过程等.综述了经典原核生物蛋白质翻译后修饰的种类、机制和功能,同时介绍了最近发现的原核生物的全局性乙酰化修饰以及结核分枝杆菌中类泛素化修饰.     

植物蛋白质翻译后修饰组学研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰(Protein post-translational modification,PTMs)是一种重要的细胞调控机制,通过在蛋白质的氨基酸侧链上共价结合一些化学小分子基团来调节蛋白质的活性、结构、定位和蛋白质间的互作关系,从而精细调控蛋白质生物学功能的动态变化。PTMs是植物对环境变化最快、最早的反应之一,是植物蛋白质组多样性的关键机制,在植物生长发育和对环境适应中起重要作用。主要介绍了近年来植物磷酸化、乙酰化、琥珀酰化、糖基化、泛素化、巴豆酰化、S-亚硝基化及2-羟基异丁酰化等PTMs研究进展,旨为认识植物PTMs的关键生物学功能和研究前景提供参考。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰研究进展

蛋白质是执行细胞功能的基本功能单元,其表达受基因组和表观遗传学的调控。通常,蛋白质在表达以后还需要经过不同程度的修饰才能发挥所需要的功能。这种翻译后修饰过程受到一系列修饰酶和去修饰酶的严格调控,使得在某一瞬间细胞中蛋白质表现出某种稳定或动态的特定功能。最新的研究表明,真核细胞中存在着各种各样的蛋白质修饰过程,其中大约70%目前还无法解释。有理由认为,这种经过了特定修饰的蛋白质,更客观地反映了细胞的各种生理以及病理过程。因此,除了基因组所编码的＂裸＂蛋白质组的表达以外,更需要对经过翻译后修饰的蛋白质及蛋白质组的调控过程进行深入的研究。该文对常见翻译后修饰以及研究方法进行了综述。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰在ABA信号转导中的作用

脱落酸(ABA)是植物生长发育和逆境适应过程中非常关键的植物激素。植物响应ABA信号转导过程由信号识别、转导及响应级联完成, 其中心转导途径由ABA受体RCAR/PYR/PYLs、磷酸酶PP2Cs、激酶SnRK2s、转录因子和离子通道蛋白构成。蛋白磷酸化、泛素化、类泛素化和氧化还原等翻译后修饰在ABA转导途径中起重要作用。该文综述了翻译后修饰在ABA信号转导中的作用。     

细菌中常见的蛋白翻译后修饰

蛋白质的翻译后修饰在生物体生命活动中发挥着重要作用,大部分蛋白质都会经历翻译后修饰。对这些修饰的了解和掌握非常重要,因为这些修饰可能会改变蛋白质的物理及化学性质,如折叠、构象、稳定性及活性,从而改变蛋白的功能。此外,修饰基团本身也可能具有某些功能。因此,分析研究蛋白质翻译后修饰具有重要意义。细菌中常见的翻译后修饰过程有糖基化、磷酸化和乙酰化,我们简要综述了这几种修饰过程。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰在ABA信号转导中的作用

脱落酸(ABA)是植物生长发育和逆境适应过程中非常关键的植物激素。植物响应ABA信号转导过程由信号识别、转导及响应级联完成, 其中心转导途径由ABA受体RCAR/PYR/PYLs、磷酸酶PP2Cs、激酶SnRK2s、转录因子和离子通道蛋白构成。蛋白磷酸化、泛素化、类泛素化和氧化还原等翻译后修饰在ABA转导途径中起重要作用。该文综述了翻译后修饰在ABA信号转导中的作用。     

蛋白质翻译后修饰SUMOylation在肿瘤微环境中的功能作用

目前肿瘤仍然是人类生存中无法克服的一大难题,治疗方案多种多样,但还未找到一种行之有效的方法。随着越来越多的研究发现,人们把治疗肿瘤的目光投向了一种新的领域——肿瘤微环境（tumor microenvironment,TME）,指癌细胞周围各种基质细胞的动态和复杂的环境。TME是宿主免疫系统和肿瘤之间的关键交互区域,TME内的细胞相互影响并与癌细胞相互作用以影响癌细胞的侵袭、肿瘤的生长和转移,是治疗癌症的一个全新的方向。在TME复杂的环境中,蛋白质的翻译后修饰（post-translational modification,PTMs）被证明在TME中发挥着重要的作用。PTMs通过调节蛋白质的结构、空间定位和相互作用调控其功能。在PTMs中有一种可逆的翻译后修饰被称为SUMOylation,是通过小泛素样修饰物（small ubiquitin-like modifier,SUMO）靶向赖氨酸残基修饰的翻译后修饰,是细胞过程中普遍存在的调控机制。SUMOylation广泛参与致癌、DNA损伤反应、癌细胞增殖、转移和凋亡,在TME中发挥举足轻重的作用。本综述旨在总结蛋白质的SUMOylation动态修饰对多种免疫细胞的影响,从而探究其在TME中发挥的作用。     

精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰的研究进展

精子发生是一个高度复杂且受到精密调控的生物学过程,其中蛋白质作为生命活动的最终执行者,其翻译后修饰发挥着重要的调控作用。精子发生过程中存在多种蛋白质翻译后修饰,如磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化等,其异常可引起精子发生障碍,严重的甚至可导致不育。随着蛋白质组学技术的快速发展,基于临床不育样本和模式动物的功能研究,可以系统性解析精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰的动态调节与功能,揭示精子发生的分子调控机制以及男性不育的发病机理。该文就近年来精子发生过程中蛋白质翻译后修饰调控机制,以及少精子症、弱精子症和畸形精子症等临床疾病中蛋白质翻译后修饰的研究进展进行了综述。     

Multiple Post-translational Modifications Affect Heterologous Protein Synthesis

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are required for proper folding of many proteins. The low capacity for PTMs hinders the production of heterologous proteins in the widely used prokaryotic systems of protein synthesis. Until now, a systematic and comprehensive study concerning the specific effects of individual PTMs on heterologous protein synthesis has not been presented. To address this issue, we expressed 1488 human proteins and their domains in a bacterial cell-free system, and we examined the correlation of the expression yields with the presence of multiple PTM sites bioinformatically predicted in these proteins. This approach revealed a number of previously unknown statistically significant correlations. Prediction of some PTMs, such as myristoylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, and disulfide bond formation, was found to significantly worsen protein amenability to soluble expression. The presence of other PTMs, such as aspartyl hydroxylation, C-terminal amidation, and Tyr sulfation, did not correlate with the yield of heterologous protein expression. Surprisingly, the predicted presence of several PTMs, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and prenylation, was associated with the increased production of properly folded soluble proteins. The plausible rationales for the existence of the observed correlations are presented. Our findings suggest that identification of potential PTMs in polypeptide sequences can be of practical use for predicting expression success and optimizing heterologous protein synthesis. In sum, this study provides the most compelling evidence so far for the role of multiple PTMs in the stability and solubility of heterologously expressed recombinant proteins.     

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Plants adapt quickly to changing environments due to elaborate perception and signaling systems. During pathogen attack, plants rapidly respond to infection via the recruitment and activation of immune complexes. Activation of immune complexes is associated with post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, or ubiquitination. Understanding how these PTMs are choreographed will lead to a better understanding of how resistance is achieved.Here we describe a protein purification method for nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR)-interacting proteins and the subsequent identification of their post-translational modifications (PTMs). With small modifications, the protocol can be applied for the purification of other plant protein complexes. The method is based on the expression of an epitope-tagged version of the protein of interest, which is subsequently partially purified by immunoprecipitation and subjected to mass spectrometry for identification of interacting proteins and PTMs.This protocol demonstrates that: i). Dynamic changes in PTMs such as phosphorylation can be detected by mass spectrometry; ii). It is important to have sufficient quantities of the protein of interest, and this can compensate for the lack of purity of the immunoprecipitate; iii). In order to detect PTMs of a protein of interest, this protein has to be immunoprecipitated to get a sufficient quantity of protein.     

Post-translational Modifications of Chicken Myelin Basic Protein Charge Components

Purified myelin basic protein (MBP) from various species contains several post-translationally modified forms termed charge components or charge isomers. Chicken MBP contains four charge components denoted as C1, C2, C3 and C8. (The C8 isomer is a complex mixture and was not investigated in this study.) These findings are in contrast to those found for human, bovine and other mammalian MBP’s. Mammalian MBP’s, each of which contain seven or eight charge components depending on the analysis of the CM-52 chromatographic curves and the PAGE gels obtained under basic pH conditions. Chicken MBP components C1, C2 and C3 were treated with trypsin and endoproteinase Glu-C. The resulting digests were analyzed by capillary liquid chromatography combined with either an ion trap tandem mass spectrometer or with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. This instrumentation permitted establishing the amino acid composition and the determination of the post-translational modifications for each of the three charge components C1-C3. With the exception of N-terminal acetylation, the post-translational modifications were partial. The C1 component lacks any phosphorylated sites, a finding in agreement with the analysis of other MBP species. It also had a single methylation at R105 as did the components C2 and C3. The C2 component contains ten phosphorylated sites (S7, S18, S33, S64, S73, T96, S113, S141, S164, and S168), and modified arginine to citrulline residues at R24, and R165. Component C3 contains eight phosphorylated sites (S7, S33, S64, T96, S113, S141, S164, and S168), and citrulline residues at Arginine 41, R24 and R165. Partial deamidation of glutamine residues Q71, Q101 and Q146 were present in addition to asparagine N90 that was found in all three charge components. The glutamine at residue 3 is partially deamidated in isomers C1 and C2, whereas glutamine 74 and asparagine 83 were found not to be deamidated. Comparison of the PTM’s of MBP’s isolated from several vertebrate species reveals marked differences in their phosphate content. Chicken MBP does not share any phosphorylated sites with dogfish MBP; However, it does contain phosphorylated serine and threonine residues in common with mammalian MBP.     

The Roles of Post-translational Modifications in the Context of Protein Interaction Networks

Among other effects, post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been shown to exert their function via the modulation of protein-protein interactions. For twelve different main PTM-types and associated subtypes and across 9 diverse species, we investigated whether particular PTM-types are associated with proteins with specific and possibly “strategic” placements in the network of all protein interactions by determining informative network-theoretic properties. Proteins undergoing a PTM were observed to engage in more interactions and positioned in more central locations than non-PTM proteins. Among the twelve considered PTM-types, phosphorylated proteins were identified most consistently as being situated in central network locations and with the broadest interaction spectrum to proteins carrying other PTM-types, while glycosylated proteins are preferentially located at the network periphery. For the human interactome, proteins undergoing sumoylation or proteolytic cleavage were found with the most characteristic network properties. PTM-type-specific protein interaction network (PIN) properties can be rationalized with regard to the function of the respective PTM-carrying proteins. For example, glycosylation sites were found enriched in proteins with plasma membrane localizations and transporter or receptor activity, which generally have fewer interacting partners. The involvement in disease processes of human proteins undergoing PTMs was also found associated with characteristic PIN properties. By integrating global protein interaction networks and specific PTMs, our study offers a novel approach to unraveling the role of PTMs in cellular processes.     

Selectide Technology: Substrate Motif Identification for Post-translational Modifications

The random synthetic peptide library screening method based on the "one-bead one-peptide concept" (Selectide Process) can be used as a general method for the identification of peptide substrate motif for post-translational modifications. We applied this method to the cAMP-dependent protein kinase system and were able to rapidly identify a peptide motif (RRXS) that exactly matched that described for its natural substrates.     

炎症反应中的蛋白质翻译后修饰

炎症相关的信号转导蛋白、转录因子、炎性介质、组蛋白等可在炎症发生发展过程中发生磷酸化、乙酰化、泛素化、苏素化、甲基化等一系列翻译后修饰。这些化学修饰可高效调节相关蛋白质的功能活性及基因表达水平,不同化学修饰之间还可相互作用,共同影响炎症的发生、发展与转归;而异常的翻译后修饰与炎症相关性疾病关系密切。     

Post-translational Modifications and Mass Spectrometry Detection

In this review, we provide a comprehensive bibliographic overview of the role of mass spectrometry and the recent technical developments in the detection of post-translational modifications (PTMs). We briefly describe the principles of mass spectrometry for detecting PTMs and the protein and peptide enrichment strategies for PTM analysis, including phosphorylation, acetylation and oxidation. This review presents a bibliographic overview of the scientific achievements and the recent technical development in the detection of PTMs is provided. In order to ascertain the state of the art in mass spectrometry and proteomics methodologies for the study of PTMs, we analyzed all the PTM data introduced in the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) and the literature published in the last three years. The evolution of curated data in UniProt for proteins annotated as being post-translationally modified is also analyzed. Additionally, we have undertaken a careful analysis of the research articles published in the years 2010 to 2012 reporting the detection of PTMs in biological samples by mass spectrometry.