虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其在植物防御中的作用

虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其在植物防御中的作用＊张瑛严福顺＊＊（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８早在１９世纪初,Ｋｉｒｂｙ和Ｓｐｅｎｃｅ就提出：几乎没有一种植物能够避免昆虫的取食为害,同时也没有一种植物能被所有植食性昆虫取食为害。后一种情况反应...     

虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质及其对寄生蜂的招引作用

在植物-植食性昆虫-寄生蜂三级营养系统中,虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质是当前害虫生物防治、化学生态学和昆虫行为学研究的热点之一.本文概述了虫害诱导的植物挥发性次生物质的特性及其对寄生蜂的招引作用,可望为害虫生物防治研究提供参考.     

植物挥发性物质对昆虫作用的研究进展

不同植物的挥发性物质对昆虫行为有着不同的调节作用,部分对害虫表现为引诱作用,部分对害虫表现为驱避和致死作用,有的则表现为寄主植物与天敌昆虫之间的互惠引诱定位作用。本文综述了近年国内外有关植物挥发性物质的研究概况及其对昆虫的不同作用,展望了其在未来害虫综合治理中的应用。     

植物抗虫性次生物质的研究概况

综述了国内外与植物抗虫性有关的次生物质的主要类型和植物次生物质对昆虫的寄主选择、取食和产卵等作用的研究进展,对次生物质在生态系统中的作用也作了介绍,并展望了植物次生物质的应用前景。     

次生物质在植物与昆虫协同进化中的意义

次生物质是植物次级低谢的产物,它在植物与昆虫协同进化中起着主导作用。本文通过介绍次生物质在植物化学防御中的作用,昆虫对次生物质的适应及其利用等内容,阐述了次生物质在植物与昆虫协同进化中的意义。     

植物代谢工程的研究现状

植物代谢工程是一个很有发展前景的新兴学科。它可通过多种方法对植物的代谢流进行改造,如加速限制步骤的反应,改变分叉代谢途径的流向,构建代谢旁路,引入转录调节因子、信号因子、植物激素合成基因,扩展和构建新的代谢途径等方法进行。并取得了一些有意义的研究结果。     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系（P450s）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

Plant Volatiles: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives

Volatile compounds act as a language that plants use for their communication and interaction with the surrounding environment. To date, a total of 1700 volatile compounds have been isolated from more than 90 plant families. These volatiles, released from leaves, flowers, and fruits into the atmosphere and from roots into the soil, defend plants against herbivores and pathogens or provide a reproductive advantage by attracting pollinators and seed dispersers. Plant volatiles constitute about 1% of plant secondary metabolites and are mainly represented by terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. In this review we focus on the functions of plant volatiles, their biosynthesis and regulation, and the metabolic engineering of the volatile spectrum, which results in plant defense improvement and changes of scent and aroma properties of flowers and fruits.     

Engineering the plant cell factory for secondary metabolite production

Plant secondary metabolism is very important for traits such as flower color, flavor of food, and resistance against pests and diseases. Moreover, it is the source of many fine chemicals such as drugs, dyes, flavors, and fragrances. It is thus of interest to be able to engineer the secondary metabolite production of the plant cell factory, e.g. to produce more of a fine chemical, to produce less of a toxic compound, or even to make new compounds, Engineering of plant secondary metabolism is feasible nowadays, but it requires knowledge of the biosynthetic pathways involved. To increase secondary metabolite production different strategies can be followed, such as overcoming rate limiting steps, reducing flux through competitive pathways, reducing catabolism and overexpression of regulatory genes. For this purpose genes of plant origin can be overexpressed, but also microbial genes have been used successfully. Overexpression of plant genes in microorganisms is another approach, which might be of interest for bioconversion of readily available precursors into valuable fine chemicals. Several examples will be given to illustrate these various approaches. The constraints of metabolic engineering of the plant cell factory will also be discussed. Our limited knowledge of secondary metabolite pathways and the genes involved is one of the main bottlenecks. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物糖基转移酶及其在代谢工程中的应用

糖基转移酶催化植物次生代谢物合成,在植物的生长发育过程以及代谢工程应用方面起着重要作用。该文介绍糖基转移酶的基本特性,总结近年来研究植物糖基转移酶基因的克隆与功能分析的方法,详细阐述了微生物中3个C-糖基转移酶基因（UrdGT2、gilGT和iroA）的克隆和功能研究,概括糖基转移酶在代谢工程的研究进展,并展望今后的研究趋势,为植物C-糖基转移酶的生物学功能研究和代谢应用方面提供有益帮助。     

植物代谢工程在活性天然产物制备中的应用

本文分析了目前应用植物代谢工程在提高活性天然产物产量方面的研究成果,讨论了植物代谢工程的应用前景。     

食用植物油脂的代谢工程

植物种子油可提供人类营养所需的多种脂肪酸,也是工业用油的原料之一。文章结合我们对植物种子发育、脂肪酸生物合成途径和大豆油脂遗传改良的研究,重点论述参与脂肪酸合成及其调控的一些关键酶的基因、代谢工程改良植物油脂营养价值的技术策略及其研究进展,分析目前应用油料作物种子作为“生物反应器”规模化生产有重要营养价值和特殊用途的脂肪酸的问题及技术“瓶颈”,讨论未来植物脂肪酸代谢工程主攻方向以及在培育可再生资源和推动人类社会及经济可持续发展中的应用前景。     

Metabolic engineering of plant secondary products

Plants interact with their environment by producing a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds are valued for their medicinal, industrial or agricultural properties. Other secondary products are toxic or otherwise undesirable and can reduce the commercial value of crops. Gene transfer technology offers new opportunities to modify directly plant secondary product synthesis through metabolic engineering. This article reviews some of the strategies which have been used to increase or decrease the synthesis of specific plant metabolites, as well as methods for expanding the biosynthetic capabilities of individual species.     

Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolite pathways for the production of fine chemicals

The technology of large-scale plant cell culture is feasible for the industrial production of plant-derived fine chemicals. Due to low or no productivity of the desired compounds the economy is only in a few cases favorable. Various approaches are studied to increase yields, these encompass screening and selection of high producing cell lines, media optimization, elicitation, culturing of differentiated cells (organ cultures), immobilization. In recent years metabolic engineering has opened a new promising perspectives for improved production in a plant or plant cell culture.     

动物细胞代谢工程进展

动物细胞被越来越广泛地用于工业生产,一些现代化企业已采用分子生物学技术,将一些比较重要的基因导入动物细胞,生产具有医用价值的药物。但该技术并未成熟,主要是因为体外培养的细胞,其生长代谢及生理模式都比较复杂,而且细胞的应答机制还受外界因素的影响。因此,采用细胞代谢工程手段,提高体外培养细胞的生长率、产品产率及有效性,成为人们追求的新目标。我们从细胞代谢中心途径、抑制细胞调亡的因素、细胞生长周期的控制及其相关代谢、多基因共表达代谢工程及糖基化代谢工程等方面对代谢工程进行阐述,为动物细胞的培养提供新的思路。     

全局转录调控及其在代谢工程中的应用

全局转录调控是一种全新的改进细胞表型的定向进化方法,通过error-prone PCR、DNA shuffling等技术对细胞中的σ因子和其他转录元件进行多轮突变修饰,改变RNA聚合酶的转录效率和对启动子的亲和能力,使细胞的转录在整体水平上发生改变,导致许多由多种基因控制的细胞表型得以改进。全局转录调控可以对代谢途径快速优化,在代谢工程中已被成功地应用于各种代谢产物的生物合成中。随着全局转录调控理论的不断完善,其应用前景也将越来越广阔。