Plant growth, metabolism and adaptation in relation to stress conditions. XXVII. Can ascorbic acid modify the adverse effects of NaCl and mannitol on amino acids, nucleic acids and protein patterns in Vicia faba seedlings?

The adverse effects of either NaCl or mannitol on amino acids, protein patterns and nucleic acids in Vicia faba seeds were investigated. The exogenous addition of 4 mM ascorbic acid to the stressing media in which the broad bean seeds were germinated in combination with either the ionic (NaCl) or osmotic (mannitol) stressor induced significant protective changes in the total amount and in the relative composition of amino acids in general and in proline, glycine, glutamic, aspartic, alanine and serine in particular. It also induced changes in nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) content. These changes occurred throughout the entire period of the experiments (12 days). Separate administration of NaCl or mannitol enhanced the occurrence of particular novel proteins that were not detected in control bean seeds (water medium). Protein banding patterns of broad bean seedlings treated with NaCl or mannitol in combination with 4 mM ascorbic acid showed different de novo protein bands, with different molecular weights, at different stages of seedlings growth, with lower levels or a nearly complete absence of the major stress proteins. The pattern of changes for amino acids and nucleic acids and the range of protein bands extracted from the variously treated broad bean seedlings indicate a positive role of ascorbic acid in the alleviation of the damage effects induced by NaCl and mannitol. The importance of this role in the stress tolerance of broad beans is discussed.     

Effect of NaCl and Proline on Bean Seedlings Cultured in vitro

Effects of NaCl (150 mM), proline (10 mM) and their combination on growth and contents of chlorophyll, proline and protein of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Kizilhaç) seedlings in vitro were investigated. NaCl decreased seedling growth. Proline added to control seedlings did not change seedling growth but decreased chlorophyll and increased protein contents. When proline added to NaCl-treated seedlings growth was increased in comparison with NaCl-treated only. Thus, proline alleviated salinity stress in bean seedlings.     

Halophyte and glycophyte salt tolerance at germination and the establishment of halophyte shrubs in saline environments

Saline sites suffer variations in surface salinity, available soil water, temperature, soil crust strength and other factors which can influence germination and establishment. For establishment to occur the germinating seed must capitalise on a window of opportunity. This window can be widened by placing seeds in a low-salt niche, covering the seeds with a mulch (such as vermiculite), spraying the seed and mulch placement with a coating which may stabilise the favourable situation and raise soil temperature. In this paper it is shown that using seeds collected from plants of Atriplex amnicola which produce many volunteer seedlings in their vicinity can assist establishment from direct seeding. These seeds had the ability to germinate under saltier and cooler conditions than seeds from A. amnicola bushes which did not produce volunteers. Seeds of a halophyte (Atriplex lentiformis) and a non-halophyte (Medicago sativa) are able to imbibe water from a saline substrate in a similar manner. The water enables the seeds of both species to mobilise stored growth materials and produce and elongate radicles. When the seedlings try to erect a hypocotyl and spread their cotyledons, the non-halophyte, in a saline medium, becomes flaccid, distorted and dies. The halophyte seedling shows evidence of high salt tolerance in the form of succulence of cotyledons and trichomes on true leaves even before they are visible and goes on to successfully develop a functioning plant. Nevertheless, germination of halophyte seeds is inhibited or severely reduced at salinity levels above 250 mM NaCl and slowed and reduced progressively up to those levels.     

Calcium and temperature effects on seedling exudation and root rot infection of common bean on an acid sandy soil

Soil born fungi such as Phytium ultimum, Fusarium ssp., and Rhizoctonia solani (Kühn) severely restrict stand establishment of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on acid soils of the Tropics. Calcium application is known to alleviate fungal infection in many legumes but the causes are still unclear. To investigate environmental factors and physiological mechanisms involved, growth chamber experiments were conducted with an acid sandy soil from Mexico. Treatments were soil liming at a rate of 0.67 g Ca(OH)₂ kg^-1, gypsum application at 0.49 g CaSO₄ 2H₂O kg^-1 soil placed around the seed, and an untreated control. Beans were grown under three temperature regimes with constant night and one constant day vs. two sinusoidal day temperatures. To examine patterns of seed and seedling exudation at regular intervals leachates of germinating seeds were collected on filter paper soaked with equilibrium solutions from soils of the three treatments. The severity of root rot in the control treatment was highest when plants were stressed by temperature extremes. At a sinusoidal day temperature peaking at 40°C soil liming and gypsum application to the seed increased the number of healthy seedlings similarly by over 60%. However, only liming which effectively eliminated growth constraints by low pH and high aluminum concentrations led to an increase in hypocotyl elongation by 22% and in total root length by 8%. Both calcium amendments increased the calcium and potassium contents in the hypocotyl tissue. From seeds exposed to the equilibrium solution of unlimed soil with pH 3.7, 1 mM Ca, and 0.6 mM Al considerable amounts of amino acids and carbohydrates were leached. In contrast, exposure to the equilibrium solution from limed soil with pH 4.3, 3 mM Ca, and negligible concentrations of Al led to a net uptake of amino acids and decreased leaching of carbohydrates. Exposure to the equilibrium solution of the gypsum treatment with pH 3.6, 20 mM Ca, and 1.2 mM Al resulted in a somewhat smaller net uptake of amino acids compared to liming. During germination pH around the seeds steeply increased in the untreated control but significantly less with both amendments. The results indicate that pH and the Ca/Al ratio in the soil solution around bean seeds determine their pattern of exudation and solute uptake. For bean germination and early growth on acid soils locally placed application of small amounts of gypsum as seed pelleting seems as effective as soil liming in reducing the incidence of root rot. The results indicate that this may be accomplished by decreasing the amount of leachates available for fungal development.     

Salinity and Temperature Effects on Germination for Three Salt-resistant Euhalophytes, Halostachys caspica, Kalidium foliatum and Halocnemum strobilaceum

The effects of three salinities (0, 100 and 500 mM NaCl) and four constant temperatures (10, 20, 30 and 35 °C) on seed germination of Halostachys caspica (M. B.) C. A. Mey., Kalidium foliatum (Pall.) Mop. and Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb. were investigated. After seeds were treated with different concentrations of NaCl at constant temperatures of 10–35 °C for 16 days, ungerminated seeds were transferred to distilled water for 10 days to investigate the total germination; after this time, the ungerminated seeds from the 10 and 20 °C treatments were then moved to 35 °C for another 5 days to determine the final germination. The three plant species in the present experiment are salt-resistant euhalophytes growing in high saline soils in the Zhungur Basin in Xinjiang, a northwest province of China.Compared with germination under control conditions, germination percentages of all three species were not affected by 100 mM NaCl at 10–35 °C, while severely inhibited by 500 mM NaCl; germination percentages were very low at 10 °C up to 100 mM NaCl for all species; the optimum temperature for germination of H. caspica and K. foliatum was 20–30 °C, while 35 °C for H. strobilaceum, up to 100 mM NaCl; seeds did not suffer ion toxicity for all species, as evidenced by the high total germination after ungerminated seeds pretreated with 500 mM NaCl were transferred to distilled water at constant temperatures of 10–35 °C for 10 days, and the high final germination after the ungerminated seeds from the 10 and 20 °C treatments were subsequently moved to 35 °C for another 5 days; Halostachys caspica had greater sensitivity to increasing temperatures from 10 and 20 °C to 35 °C compared with the other two species.     

Gibberellin-mediated changes in carbohydrate metabolism during flower stalk elongation in tulips

We tested the effects of cold stratification, temperature, light and NaCl on seed germination and germination recovery and of NaCl on radicle growth and radicle elongation recovery of Kalidium caspicum, a small leafy succulent shrub dominant in saline deserts in northwest China. In all conditions of temperature and light/darkness, germination percentages and rates of cold-stratified seeds were significantly higher than those of nonstratified seeds. Germination of a high percentage of both nonstratified and stratified seeds was inhibited by 0.2 M NaCl, and 0.6 M NaCl completely inhibited germination. Nongerminated seeds germinated after they were transferred from NaCl solutions to distilled water. Radicle elongation significantly decreased with increase in salinity, and it was completely inhibited by ≥1.0 M NaCl; radicle elongation recovered in young seedlings pretreated by 10 days of incubation in ≤0.4 M NaCl. Results show that seed germination and early seedling growth of K. caspicum are salt tolerant, and these characteristics help explain why this species can survive and dominate salt habitats, such as those in the Junggar desert in Xinjiang, northwest China.     

水引发对油松种子和幼苗的生理效应及其作用机理

为了解决油松种子在直播造林中发芽率低、幼苗抗旱性差的问题,研究了油松种子水引发的方法及引发对其种子和幼苗的生理效应,并对水引发后幼苗的抗旱机理进行了探索。结果表明:油松种子水引发的最佳条件为10℃,闭光条件下分批给种子加水,加水总量为种子初始质量的30%,引发10 d。水引发可显著(P0.05)降低种子的半数发芽天数和硬实率,显著提高种子的发芽指数、最终发芽率和活力指数;水引发种子的可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量相比对照也得到提高。水引发可增加油松幼苗的茎粗、鲜重及根长,降低其相对苗高;并极显著(P0.01)提高了幼苗过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和根内脱氢酶活性,降低了游离氨基酸含量。干旱胁迫下,引发种子的幼苗脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别高于对照39.6%、118.9%,丙二醛含量低于对照93.4%,均达极显著水平。综合分析认为,水引发提高了种子可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量为种子萌发提供了保障,从而提高了种子发芽率,并通过增强幼苗抗氧化酶活性、降低丙二醛含量,进而增强幼苗抗氧化系统的功能,最终明显提高其抗旱性。     

Influence of host genotypes on growth,symbiotic performance and nitrogen assimilation in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under salt stress

Fifteen genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were inoculated with salt-tolerant Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae strain GRA 19 in solution culture with 0 (control) and 75 mM NaCl added immediately after transplanting. Genotypes varied in their tolerance of high levels of NaCl. Physiological parameters (dry weight of shoot and root, number and dry weight of nodules) were not affected by salinity in lines VF46, VF64 and VF112. Faba bean line VF60 was sensitive to salt stress. Host tolearance appeared to be a major requisite for nodulation and N₂ fixation under salt stress. Tolerant line VF112 sustained nitrogen fixation under saline conditions. Activity of the ammonium assimilation enzymes glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase, and soluble protein content, were reduced by salinity in all genotypes tested. Evidence presented here suggests a need to select faba bean genotypes that are tolerant to salt stress.Abbreviations ARA acetylene reduction activity - NADH-GOGAT NADH-dependent glutamate synthase - GS glutamine synthetase     

铁核桃根与叶水浸提液对果园间作绿肥植物的化感作用及其生理机制

以西南地区具有代表性的16种绿肥植物为受体材料,采用培养皿药膜法研究了铁核桃(Juglans sigillata)根水浸提液对受体种子发芽率及幼苗鲜重、干重的化感效应;并进一步研究了铁核桃根、叶水浸提液和胡桃醌对化感效应存在明显差异的4种绿肥植物(绿豆、红三叶、白三叶、花生)种子萌发与幼苗生长以及抗氧化酶特性的影响,以筛选适宜中国西南地区核桃园种植的绿肥植物,探讨核桃根和凋落物对绿肥作物的化感作用机制。结果表明:(1)铁核桃根水浸提液对绿豆的发芽率没有影响,但对绿豆幼苗鲜重和干重有显著抑制作用,而对其他15种绿肥的发芽率和鲜重、干重均有抑制作用。(2)胡桃醌显著抑制绿豆种子萌发,而铁核桃根或叶水浸提液对绿豆种子萌发没有影响。(3)铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌对绿肥植物幼苗生长的化感效应趋势一致,但核桃根或叶水浸提液的化感效应强于胡桃醌。(4)绿豆幼苗在铁核桃根或叶水浸提液以及胡桃醌处理下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于其他3种(红三叶、白三叶、花生)受体幼苗,表明绿豆清除活性氧能力高,细胞受损害程度较低,受化感作用影响最弱。研究认为,绿豆为适宜中国西南地区幼龄核桃园种植的间作绿肥植物。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用砂培方式,研究了外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的萌发、幼苗叶片的可溶性糖含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及其抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨ALA缓解菘蓝受盐胁迫伤害的响应机制。结果显示:(1)菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长在100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下受到明显的抑制,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数与自然含水量均显著降低,丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高。(2)盐胁迫下适宜浓度的ALA处理显著提高了种子萌发率、自然含水量及SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了可溶性糖和丙二醛的含量,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理盐胁迫下菘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势最大,其幼苗的SOD、POD、CAT活性最强。研究表明,盐胁迫显著抑制菘蓝种子的萌发及幼苗生长,适宜浓度的ALA能够有效缓解盐胁迫对菘蓝种子萌发及幼苗生长的伤害,提高植株的抗盐性,并以16.7 mg·L^-1 ALA处理效果最佳。     

沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对干旱盐碱胁迫的响应

利用控制实验研究了水分、盐分生态因子对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以探索沙地云杉和青海云杉种子对水分、盐分生态因子的适应性。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫和盐分胁迫对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发具有明显的抑制作用,可显著的降低种子的发芽率,两种云杉种子对水分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别是-0.03、-0.15 MPa和-0.5、-0.58 MPa;对盐分胁迫的临界值和极限值分别是78、148 mmol/L和284、345mmol/L;其幼苗长度随着渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加而显著减小。(2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子恢复发芽率及恢复后的幼苗长度随着渗透势和NaCl浓度的增加先增加后减少。(3)在相同的水势条件下,PEG溶液比等渗的NaCl溶液对沙地云杉和青海云杉种子萌发具有更大的抑制作用,种子萌发过程中渗透胁迫比离子毒害的抑制作用更大。研究发现,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子对水分和盐分胁迫表现出不同程度的耐受性,两者对盐分胁迫的忍耐能力超过对水分胁迫;而且青海云杉种子比沙地云杉更耐旱、耐盐;早期的低盐和充分的水分条件是沙地云杉和青海云杉存活的关键。     

Effects of salinity and heat-shock on wheat seedling growth and content of carbohydrates,proteins and amino acids

The effects of salinity (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM NaCl) and heat-shock (42°C) and their interactions on germination, seedling growth, and some relevant metabolic changes of two cultivars (cv. Giza 155 and cv. Stork) of wheat (Triticum vulgaris L.) were studied. Germination studies indicate that plants tolerated salinity up to 100 mM NaCl. The lengths of roots and shoots and their water content, as well as fresh and dry matter yield of cv. Giza 155 seedlings remained more or less unchanged up to 100 mM NaCl and of cv. Stork up to 50 mM NaCl. Salinity induced progressive increase in soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins and proline in cv. Giza 155 and in soluble proteins, proline and other free amino acids in cv. Stork. However, under the higher salinity levels, in cv. Giza 155 increase in soluble carbohydrates was accompanied by lose in other free amino acids, whereas in cv. Stork an opposite effect was obtained. Heat-shock treatment (42°C for 24 h) induced a significant decrease in the final germination percentage, the shoot and root lengths, fresh matter yield and the water content. The dry matter yield of the two cultivars was considerably increased as compared with the corresponding treatments with NaCl only. Heat-shock treatment resulted in a significant increase, in the amount of soluble carbohydrates and proline in salt treated seedlings of both cultivars. The pattern of changes in amino acids was opposite to that of soluble proteins, indicating that the increase in soluble proteins was at the expense of other amino acids in cv. Giza 155 andvice versa in cv. Stork.     

Effects of NaCl Salinity on Nitrogenous Compounds and Proteases during Germination of Vigna sinensis Seeds

Serido bean (Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi) seeds were sown in water and in NaCl solution of —4.3 bars water potential. Total, insoluble and soluble proteins as well as soluble amino nitrogen and proteolytic activity of cotyledons were studied after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of germination. Protein breakdown and turnover was delayed by the NaCl treatment as compared to the control. This was not due to the total amount of proteolytic activity, which was unchanged by salinity; even though the specific activity decreased due to the delayed breakdown of proteins under salt stress. The inhibitory effects of salinity on seed protein reserve mobilization may be due more to inhibition of translocation of hydrolysis products than to inhibition of protease activity.     

Salt tolerance of the annual halophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cakile maritima</Emphasis> as affected by the provenance and the developmental stage

Though halophytes are naturally adapted to salinity, their salt-tolerance limits are greatly influenced by their provenance and developmental stage. In the present study, physio-biochemical responses of two Tunisian ecotypes of the oilseed coastal halophyte Cakile maritima (Brassicaceae) to salinity (0–400 mM NaCl) were monitored during germination and vegetative growth stages. Tabarka and Jerba seeds were collected from humid or arid climatic areas, respectively. Plant response to salinity appeared to depend on the ecotype and salinity levels. Increasing salinity inhibited germination process. Jerba seeds were found to be more salt tolerant than the Tabarka ones. At the autotrophic stage of growth and under salt-free conditions, Jerba was less productive than Tabarka (in terms of dry matter accumulation), but plant biomass production and leaf expansion (area and number) of the former ecotype were progressively improved by 100 mM NaCl, as compared to the control. In contrast, at the same salt concentration, these parameters decreased under increasing salinity in Tabarka (salt sensitive). Leaf chlorophyll content was reduced at severe salinity, but this effect was more conspicuous in the sensitive Tabarka plants. Na⁺ contents in the Jerba and Tabarka leaves collected from the 400 mM NaCl-treated plants were 17- and 12-fold higher than in the respective controls. This effect was accompanied by a significant reduction in the leaf K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents, especially in the salt-treated Tabarka. A significant accumulation of proline and soluble carbohydrates in leaves was found during the period of intensive leaf growth. These organic compounds likely play a role in leaf osmotic adjustment and in protection of membrane stability at severe salinity.     

Alleviation of Salinity-Induced Dormancy in Perennial Grasses

All seeds of Aeluropus lagopoides and Urochondra setulosa germinated under non-saline conditions except for Sporobolus ioclados which showed only 40 % germination. Increase in salinity substantially inhibited germination and few seeds germinated at 400 mM NaCl. Germination at 200 mM NaCl was alleviated in U. setulosa by the application of gibberellic acid and fusicoccin, in A. lagopoides by thiourea, betaine, kinetin, fusicoccin and ethephon, and in S. ioclados by gibberellin and ethephon. High salinity (400 mM NaCl) induced germination inhibition was alleviated by proline, kinetin, fusicoccin and ethephon only in A. lagopoides.     

Exogenous Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate,a Plant Growth Regulator,Highly Improved the Salinity Tolerance of Important Medicinal Plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cassia obtusifolia</Emphasis> L.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of DA-6 in alleviating the salinity inhibition of Cassia obtusifolia L. seeds and seedlings. NaCl (100 mM) was used to mimic salinity stress in a series of experiments. Varying combinations of DA-6 were added to seeds and seedlings under salinity stress. Seed germination indices and seedling parameters were investigated. Seed germination and seedling growth were significantly inhibited under salinity stress. NaCl-induced inhibitory effects on seed germination and seedling growth were ameliorated by DA-6 with different concentrations. Addition of DA-6 to seeds (50 µM) and seedlings (100 µM) significantly alleviated damage to the plant cells under salinity stress. DA-6 (regardless of the presence or absence of NaCl) enhanced chlorophyll concentration, total soluble sugars, free proline, and soluble protein, and improved photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency levels (F _v/F _m), PSII actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), and the photochemical quench coefficient. In contrast, the initial fluorescence (F _o) and the non-photochemical quenching coefficient decreased. Application of DA-6 also enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (GR; EC 1.6.4.2), thus alleviating oxidative damage, as indicated by decreases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide concentration (H₂O₂), relative conductivity, and lipoxygenase activity (LOX; EC 1.13.11.12). Based on the experimental results, we conclude that DA-6 induces advantageous effects on the attenuation of salt-stress inhibition of C. obtusifolia seeds and seedlings and alleviates oxidative damage by conferring beneficial cytoprotection and activating antioxidant enzymes. DA-6 can be used as an effective plant growth regulator to alleviate salinity stress.     

Effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth of the halophyte Suaeda japonica Makino

Seed germination and seedling growth of the annual halophyte species Suaeda japonica Makino were investigated in response to variable salinity of sediment pore water. The germination percentage of S. japonica’s soft brown seeds, which are dominant among dimorphic seeds, decreased with an increase in salinity, although germination was still observed at 1200‐mM NaCl concentration. The germination percentage and germination speed observed in April were higher than those observed in December when treated with sediment water with 400–1200 mM of NaCl concentrations. These data suggest that S. japonica seedlings could be established on sediments that experience high temperatures. Germination recovery of S. japonica seeds transferred from 600‐mM NaCl containing sediment (seawater equivalent) was lowest among 0–1200‐mM NaCl treatments, implying the low tolerance of seawater conditions of S. japonica seeds. Seeds germinated in 900‐ to 1200‐mM NaCl medium showed poor growth, but survived, in hypersaline conditions, and exhibited improvement in growth upon transfer to lower salinity.     

Adenosylhomocysteinase and adenosine nucleosidase activities in Lupinus luteus cotyledons during seed formation and germination

The activities of adenosylhomocysteinase (EC 3.3.1.1) and adenosine nucleosidase (EC 3.2.2.7) were assayed in extracts from yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) cotyledons at different stages of seed formation and seedling development. Adenosylhomocysteinase activity was demonstrated in all the cotyledon extracts examined. Its lowest level was found in the dry seeds and the highest, in 4-day-old seedling cotyledons. Extracts from the cotyledons of maturating seeds, dry seeds, and seedlings up to the second day of growth exhibited no adenosine nucleosidase activity. Adenosine nucleosidase activity appeared in the cotyledons of 2-day-old seedlings and its highest level was reached in 4-to 5-day-old seedlings. There is no inhibitor of adenosine nucleosidase in the maturating and dry yellow lupin seeds. No activator of a possible zymogen form of adenosine nucleosidase from maturating or dry seeds occurs in the growing seedlings.     

不同年龄香果树种子雨和种子库及其更新特征

对宝天曼自然保护区香果树种子雨、土壤种子库进行了观测,并进行不同微生境播种实验,研究其种子萌发及幼苗生长动态。结果表明:(1)不同龄级香果树种子雨持续时间及其高峰期有所不同,种子雨强度存在极显著差异。(2)20~50龄级香果树的种子饱满率、土壤种子库中种子密度均显著低于其他龄级,但其不同类型种子的水平和垂直分布规律一致;大约80%的香果树种子在其萌发前消失,剩余种子中以霉烂种子密度最高(9.81粒·m-2),饱满种子密度最低(1.94粒·m-2)。(3)野外育苗实验表明,不同龄级香果树所产饱满种子的萌发率及幼苗存活率差异不显著,其种子萌发率约为16.93%,但仅有3.86%的幼苗寿命超过5个月;不同微生境对香果树幼苗存活率产生显著影响,林窗是其最适宜微生境。研究认为,人工采集香果树种子,于次年4月份在原生境下播种;清理母树冠下和冠缘的地被物,增加林缘空地地被物覆盖度,以减少香果树种子的损失,改善香果树种子萌发和幼苗生长的光照条件,以利于幼苗根系的生长,促进香果树的自然更新。     

Effect of calcium on the salinity tolerance of Wimmera ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud., cv. Wimmera) during germination

Summary The modifying effect of calcium (Ca) on the salinity tolerance of Wimmera ryegrass during germination and early seedling growth was studied. Pretreatment of seeds with Ca has no significant effect on germination under NaCl or MgCl₂ salinity. The addition of Ca to the germination medium increased the germination percentage significantly, especially with MgCl₂. Significant increases in seedling shoot and root growth also occurred with Ca addition to the growth medium under MgCl₂ salinity.