混料设计优化红平菇菌丝生长的“以草代木”配方

【背景】"以草代木"不仅能解决食用菌栽培的原料来源问题,还能有效缓解菌林矛盾。【目的】利用不同的农业剩余物优化出可替代木屑做主料进行红平菇菌丝培养的"以草代木"配方。【方法】采用混料配比的设计方法,利用小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、油菜秸秆、水稻秸秆、玉米芯共7种农业剩余物做主料培养红平菇,对其菌丝在基料生长过程中纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和漆酶的酶活进行测定,分析并优化出适合红平菇生长的"以草代木"配方。【结果】大豆秸秆最适合红平菇菌丝的生长,小麦秸秆次之;油菜秸秆基质中红平菇多酚氧化酶活性最高。配方优化得出一个适合红平菇菌丝生长的"以草代木"配方:小麦秸秆55.3%、大豆秸秆19.7%、麦麸15.0%、玉米面5.0%、豆粕3.0%、石灰1.0%、石膏1.0%。【结论】优化出一个适合红平菇菌丝生长的基质配比,为红平菇进行"以草代木"设施化栽培提供理论依据。     

不同农业有机废弃物对白星花金龟生物学特性影响研究

【目的】白星花金龟Protaetia (Liocola) brevitarsis (Lewis)幼虫取食农作物秸秆、畜禽粪便等农业废弃物,在自然界中发挥着净化环境、变废为宝的作用。【方法】本文选用8种农牧业有机废弃物,包括腐熟沼渣、平菇菌糠、猪粪、牛粪、玉米秸秆、25%玉米秸秆+牛粪、50%玉米秸秆+牛粪、75%玉米秸秆+牛粪作为饲料,研究不同农业有机废弃物对白星花金龟生物学特性的影响。【结果】沼渣组和平菇菌糠组单雌产卵量较高,分别为130.17粒和117.00粒,显著高于猪粪、牛粪和玉米秸秆处理;在牛粪与玉米秸秆混配组,各处理单雌产卵量为101.50-108.67粒,不同混合比例间无显著差异。从幼虫孵化率比较,平菇菌糠组和猪粪组幼虫孵化率较高,分别为87.78%和82.22%;玉米秸秆及其与牛粪不同比例混合处理的幼虫孵化率均很低,仅为46.67%-57.78%。从幼虫化蛹率、羽化率比较,玉米秸秆添加不同比例牛粪处理组的化蛹率和羽化率均较高,分别达到90.00%-95.56%和88.89%-91.11%;沼渣、猪粪等单一物质处理的化蛹率和羽化率均较低,分别低于90%和70%。单一物质处理中,沼渣、平菇菌糠、牛粪、玉米秸秆处理组羽化后均为雌虫比例大于雄虫比例。玉米秸秆与牛粪混配组中,仅50%玉米秸秆+牛粪处理组为雌虫比例大于雄虫比例;雌、雄成虫的体长及体宽均在(17-19)mm、(10-11)mm之间,沼渣、猪粪和牛粪处理组体长略小。以不同农业有机废弃物饲喂的白星花金龟全世代发育历期中,牛粪饲喂组白星花金龟历期最短,为(315.29±0.55)d;沼渣饲喂组白星花金龟历期最长,为(330.75±1.76)d。【结论】不同农业有机废弃物均可作为白星花金龟繁育基质,并可为其幼虫转化处理农业有机废弃物提供理论依据。     

玉米秸秆代料栽培香菇菌种的筛选

筛选适用于玉米秸秆为基质的香菇菌种,以利用玉米秸秆代料栽培香菇。以4株香菇菌株937、808、辽香1号、辽香6号为试验菌株,通过玉米秸秆代料栽培的对比试验,根据试验中菌丝生长速度、生物转化率、优质菇率的结果,确定辽香6号为适合辽宁省岫岩地区玉米代料栽培香菇的菌种,其生物转化率达86%以上,优质菇率达95%以上。     

不同培养料和发酵次数栽培巴氏菇比较

分别以玉米秸秆和稻草为培养料栽培巴氏菇,对菌丝生长性状进行对比;同时,在我国传统发酵栽培方法的基础上,将三次发酵法与二次发酵法进行了对比。试验结果表明:利用玉米秸秆栽培的巴氏菇在发菌速度及子实体质量和产量上均优于稻草;培养料经过3次发酵更适宜巴氏菇生长。经过3次发酵的玉米秸秆培养料栽培的巴氏菇产量和生物学效率分别为7.7 kg/m2和27.5%,子实体粗蛋白含量44.89%,可溶性糖含量44.01%,18种氨基酸总量31.70%,明显高于2次发酵的玉米秸秆培养料及2次、3次发酵的稻草培养料。     

平菇类食用菌对农作物秸秆生物降解转化饲料的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外利用平菇类食用菌降解农作物秸秆的有关研究进展情况,主要包括限制秸秆饲料化的主要因素及提高秸秆饲料利用率的途径,平菇类食用菌降解秸秆的优势及其降解秸秆转化饲料的效果。并就笔者课题组近年来的研究总结了利用平菇类食用菌降解农作物秸秆的制约因素,以加快其应用于实际生产中。     

灰树花秸秆栽培基质配方的优化

木屑一直是灰树花主要的栽培基质,但木质资源日趋匮乏。本文采用单纯格子法筛选替代木屑基质的原材料及高产配方,以玉米芯、玉米秸秆、大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆为栽培基质,以产量为考核指标,建立各组分配比与产量之间的回归模型,优化栽培配方及考察配方中各组分的互作效应。结果表明:玉米芯可以替代木屑栽培灰树花,大豆秸秆、水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆可以与玉米芯进行合适配比,也可以替代木屑基质。优化的高产配方为75%玉米芯,23%麦麸,2%轻质碳酸钙,每袋产量平均达133.3 g,比对照配方平均产量(97.25 g)高出36.05 g,提高了37.07%。     

不同秸秆对黄粉虫生长及海藻糖含量变化的研究

黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.是一种杂食性资源昆虫,可取食作物秸秆等农业废弃物。为探索黄粉虫对农作物秸秆的资源化转换潜能,本研究比较了主要农业秸秆及发酵处理方式对黄粉虫生长发育的影响,并测定了黄粉虫分别取食麦麸、玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆后海藻糖含量的变化。研究结果表明黄粉虫对玉米秸秆的平均取食量和虫粪量均显著高于其它秸秆,金宝贝发酵剂与酵母发酵处理玉米秸秆可显著提高黄粉虫体重,黄粉虫取食玉米秸秆后海藻糖含量显著低于水稻秸秆及麦麸对照。黄粉虫对玉米秸秆的转换能力较高,发酵剂处理有利于黄粉虫对玉米秸秆的取食及其生长发育。     

应用玉米秸秆栽培双孢蘑菇新技术

首次报道在北方高寒地区用玉米秸秆做主料,利用简易菇棚夏季栽培双孢蘑菇的高产栽培技术． 试验研究和推广结果表明：利用成本低廉、易于建造的简易菇棚用于玉米秸秆生产双孢蘑菇,生物效率达 到了 ４８％,每平方米的产量达到了 ９．６ｋｇ．     

用鹅观草、芒等野生杂草生料栽培平菇的研究

平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)又名侧耳,冻菌等;属担子菌纲,伞菌目,侧耳科,侧耳属.目前我国主要的栽培种有平菇、鲍鱼菇和风尾菇3种.我国用锯木屑栽培平菇已有40～50年的历史,由于木屑栽培破坏森林资源和夏季栽培料短缺,而这个季节正是野生杂草繁茂的时节,且以前已有人用茅草生料栽培平菇获得成效[1].因此,根据贵州省野生杂草资源丰富的优势,利用5种野生杂草进行生料栽培的实验,为野生杂草大面积栽培平菇提供了科学依据.     

平菇温室高产栽培中几个问题的探讨

平菇温室高产栽培中几个问题的探讨关耀辉,张树槐（朝阳市农业学校,１２２０００）（朝阳市双塔区农业技术推广中心）利川塑料班室秋冬季栽培平菇,近年来在北方几个省逐渐被人们重视,栽培协积正逐年扩大。为了推动平菇生产的进一步发展,我们于１９９０年以来,对平菇...     

平菇子实体钙调素的分离纯化及其与猪脑钙调素的生物活性比较

平菇萃取液经酸性沉淀、热变性、Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B疏水亲和层析和DEAE-Cellulose 52离子交換层析分冉出了电泳纯的真菌钙调素。在比较钙调素对磷酸二酯酶活化的能力和ELISA实验的免疫亲和力对发现,平菇钙调素与猪脑钙调素的生物活性有较大差异,提示在钙调素定量测定中有必要考虑到标准钙调素与样品钙调素之间的同源性差异。     

赤子爱胜蚓在不同猪粪和农作物秸杆混合物中生长繁殖状况

本文研究了赤子爱胜蚓在长春市城郊不同组合的粮食猪粪、饲料猪粪和玉米、水稻秸杆混合物中生长繁殖状况,结果发现赤子爱胜蚓的质量在0 ～30 d大幅度增加,30 ～ 60 d增加减缓,60～ 90 d呈负增长趋势.赤子爱胜蚓产茧量在试验期间的总趋势是递增的.猪粪种类、秸杆种类和两者的混合比例差异对赤子爱胜蚓的质量变化产生重要影响.粮食猪粪和玉米秸杆混合物的质量比例大致在1∶1时特别适宜赤子爱胜蚓生长和繁殖.赤子爱胜蚓在饲料猪粪和玉米秸杆混合物中的日增重倍数和日产茧量多于饲料猪粪和水稻秸杆混合物.本试验结论可为城郊猪粪和作物秸杆的大规模资源化利用提供参考.     

Use of ablated stalks to assess field rates of parasitism of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) by Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We evaluated a technique that used ablated sections of corn stalks infested with larvae of Diatraea saccharalis F. to assess parasitism by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron) in a corn field. Stalkborer larvae were retrieved successfully from the artificially infested, ablated stalks for at least 96 h after deployment in the field. Levels of parasitism in ablated stalks attached to corn plants were comparable to levels of parasitism measured using whole plants that were artificially infested. Olfactometer comparisons showed preference by female C. flavipes for both whole plants and ablated stalks containing larval D. saccharalis, over uninfested stalks and plants. This technique provides a means to estimate parasitism of stalkborer larvae by C. flavipes without destructive sampling of agronomic plants.     

Combustion characteristics of different parts of corn straw and NO formation in a fixed bed

Experiments with five samples of corn straw were carried out on a one-dimensional bench combustion test rig. The bed temperature distribution and the mass loss of fuel and gas components such as O2, CO, CO2 and NO were measured in the bed. The combustion of corn straw occurred in two stages, ignition front propagation and char oxidation. The average burning rate increased with an increase in the primary air flow until a critical point was reached, beyond which a further increase in the primary air flow resulted in a decreased burning rate. The mean concentration of NO reached a minimum value and then increased with increased primary air flow. The time taken for the drying front to reach the bottom of the bed was 800 s, 700 s, and 500 s; the temperatures in the high bed temperature zones were 900-935 degrees C, 800-850 degrees C and 700-743 degrees C; and the maximum concentrations of NO were 725 ppmv, 1287 ppmv, and 2730 ppmv, for whole corn stalks, hollow corn stalks and flaked corn stalks, respectively. The maximum concentrations of CO and NO were quite different between samples. There was only one peak in the distribution of NO concentration for sample B, but there were two peaks for whole corn stalks and sample A.     

Lignocellulose affects Mn2+ regulation of peroxidase transcript levels in solid-state cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus

The effect of Mn2+ amendment on peroxidase gene expression was studied during Pleurotus ostreatus growth on cotton stalks. Four peroxidase-encoding genes were expressed differentially and in a manner different from that observed in defined media. Mn2+ affects mnp3 expression even 2 h after its addition to the cultures, suggesting a direct effect of the metal ion on expression.     

Effect of culture medium composition on peroxidase biosynthesis by the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus UzBI-I105

Production of extracellular peroxidase during submerged cultivation of the xylotrophic bazidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus UZBI-I105 in nutrient media with lignocellulosic wastes, exhausted cottonseed oil cake, cotton stalks, rice husks, or ambary hemp was studied. The enzyme production increased threefold to fivefold in the presence of exhausted cottonseed oil cake extract in the nutrient medium. The dynamics of peroxidase production in various media was investigated.     

Kinetic study of corn straw pyrolysis: comparison of two different three-pseudocomponent models

With heating rates of 20, 50 and 100 K min(-1), the thermal decomposition of corn straw samples (corn stalks skins, corn stalks cores, corn bracts and corn leaves) were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The maximum pyrolysis rates increased with the heating rate increasing and the temperature at the peak pyrolysis rate also increased. Assuming the addition of three independent parallel reactions, corresponding to three pseudocomponents linked to the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin, two different three-pseudocomponent models were used to simulate the corn straw pyrolysis. Model parameters of pyrolysis were given. It was found that the three-pseudocomponent model with n-order kinetics was more accurate than the model with first-order kinetics at most cases. It showed that the model with n-order kinetics was more accurate to describe the pyrolysis of the hemicellulose.     

玉米秸秆处理方式对冬季黑土农田蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的影响

为探讨3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式对冬季黑土农田蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的影响,于2018年冬季分别对机收秸秆还田(MH)、人工收获秸秆移出(AH)、人工收获秸秆未移出(NR)3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式下,土壤中蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落结构进行调查。共捕获蜱螨目和弹尾目1713只22种,MH、AH和NR分别捕获739只16种、 401只17种、 573只16种。MH中蜱螨目和弹尾目的个体数量最高,AH的物种数最高,NR具有最高的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀性指数和Simpson优势度指数。3种不同的玉米秸秆处理方式对蜱螨目和弹尾目个体数、物种数和群落多样性指数均无显著影响,CCA分析结果表明,不同的土壤因子对蜱螨目和弹尾目的个体数和物种数影响不同,优势种和常见种的分布与土壤全磷、含水量和全氮显著相关。研究结果表明,蜱螨目是冬季研究区内的优势类群,NR更有利于提高蜱螨目和弹尾目群落结构的多样性,对蜱螨目和弹尾目的群落结构和多样性有一定的保护作用,本研究为冬季黑土农田土壤动物多样性研究与保护提供理论依据。     

Zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin associated with stalk rot in corn.

The mycotoxins zearalenone (2.8 micrograms/g), deoxynivalenol (1.5 microgram/g), and T-2 toxin (110 ng/g) have been found in the pith of corn stalks standing in the field. Such contaminated stalks may contribute to mycotoxicoses of farm animals.