~1H-NMR用于肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖质量控制的尝试

纯化的6B、18C血清型肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖用生化试验和免疫学试验检测分析后再用一维氢谱核磁共振波谱(1H-NMR)法分析。生化检测其相应多糖的主要化学基团含量是否合格,免疫学检测旨在了解多糖纯化工艺是否影响了多糖的抗原活性,并间接佐证纯化多糖的生化特性是否正确。在此基础上进行1H-NMR分析,可以对纯化多糖的特性有进一步的了解。结果表明,常规的生化检测试验和免疫学检测试验并联合应用1H-NMR分析法后可更好地控制纯化肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的质量。     

5型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖无乙醇无苯酚纯化工艺的建立

目的建立一种无乙醇无苯酚的5型肺炎球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺,并进行工艺验证。方法 5型肺炎球菌发酵培养液采用脱氧胆酸钠法去除蛋白质,再利用层析法去除核酸等杂质,并对去除蛋白质工艺、层析工艺分别进行优化。采用优化后的方法纯化3批5型肺炎球菌发酵培养液,并对新工艺进行验证。结果去除蛋白质工艺的最适参数为:脱氧胆酸钠体积分数为0.5%,pH 4.3;层析工艺的最佳条件为:氯化钠浓度200 mmol/L,pH 8.0,上样流速150 cm/h,多糖质量浓度0.50 mg/mL。在上述工艺条件下,纯化的荚膜多糖各项指标均符合《欧洲药典》9.0版标准。结论该工艺稳定、可靠,可用于大规模生产,相比于传统的乙醇苯酚纯化工艺具有先进性。     

合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的研究进展

肺炎链球菌是导致婴幼儿和老年人罹患肺炎、脑膜炎、中耳炎等疾病的主要病原体之一,其致病力与位于细菌表面的荚膜多糖密切相关,而荚膜多糖层的薄厚和多糖结构是影响致病力的主要因素。在分子水平探索参与荚膜多糖合成的相关基因,不仅有助于进一步理解肺炎链球菌的致病机理,而且可从基因水平选育高表达荚膜多糖的肺炎链球菌菌株用于多糖疫苗的研发。鉴于此,现就合成肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖基因的作用机制和研究方法作一综述。     

肺炎链球菌C多糖含量检测方法的建立

目的使用肺炎链球菌C多糖单克隆抗体(单抗),建立检测荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖含量的方法。方法选择BALB/c雌性小鼠,采用体内诱生单抗腹水,放大生产肺炎链球菌C多糖单抗;使用间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA对其进行特异性鉴定;用特异性和亲和力高的单抗尝试建立肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中C多糖含量检测的速率比浊法,并对该方法的线性、精密度、特异性进行验证。结果所制4株单抗的抗体类别均为IgM,识别的抗原表位互不相同,亲和力也不同。间接ELISA、抑制性ELISA结果均显示,所获得的单抗能够作用于肺炎链球菌C多糖上的磷酸胆碱位点,具有很好的特异性。选择单抗E8建立速率比浊检测方法的线性、精密度和特异性均良好,检测结果表明肺炎链球菌23个血清型荚膜多糖中C多糖含量不同。结论利用单抗建立了检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖中残留的C多糖的含量的速率比浊法。     

肺炎链球菌18C型糖蛋白结合物的制备及其免疫原性

制备肺炎链球菌18C型荚膜多糖－破伤风类毒素结合物（CPS－TT）,测定结合物的理化性质,抗原特异性及其在动物中的免疫原性。结果显示,结合物能与相应的多糖和破伤风抗血清形成明显的沉淀线,蛋白／多糖比率为1．86,结合物分子大小（Kd值）为0．058。注射小鼠后可诱导明显的抗体应答,而且随着注射针次的增加,抗体反应水平明显增高,显示加强效应。结果表明,制备的肺炎链球菌糖蛋白结合物抗原性良好,具有胸腺依赖性的特性,在小鼠中显示较好的免疫原性。     

A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺的优化

目的对A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺的关键步骤进行分步研究,优化每一步工艺参数。方法优化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵的加入浓度、复合多糖的解离浓度和解离时间、不同厂家的苯酚、超滤和透析等工艺过程对荚膜多糖的影响。结果十六烷基三甲基溴化铵质量体积终浓度0.10%(w/v)沉淀效果更好,纯化获得的荚膜多糖产量更高相对分子质量更大。复合多糖解离浓度越高,纯化获得的荚膜多糖相对分子质量越小。延长复合多糖解离时间有利于提高荚膜多糖产量。不同厂家的苯酚、超滤和透析等工艺对荚膜多糖的产量和分子大小没有影响。结论现行A群脑膜炎球菌荚膜多糖纯化工艺复杂,优化后的工艺提高了荚膜多糖产量,缩短了工艺用时,增加了工艺稳定性。     

细菌蛋白的免疫学特性及其作为多糖蛋白结合疫苗载体的可行性

多糖蛋白结合疫苗(polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine)是将病原菌的荚膜多糖与载体蛋白通过共价结合的方式制备而成的疫苗。在上市的多糖蛋白结合疫苗中,载体蛋白(carrier protein)预先接种或共同接种时可能介导免疫干扰,降低结合物中多糖的免疫应答,影响疫苗接种效果。另外,多糖作为疫苗抗原有血清型别的限制,疫苗中所含的血清型别无法保护所有型别的细菌感染。因此,考虑将细菌自身具有保护性的抗原蛋白作为载体蛋白,其中,肺炎链球菌溶血素蛋白、金黄色葡萄球菌蛋白、B群链球菌菌毛蛋白和沙门菌表面蛋白都是目前经过实验室证实的具有免疫原性的载体蛋白。现对这些细菌蛋白的免疫学特性及其作为多糖蛋白结合疫苗载体的可行性作一概述。     

肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖O-乙酰化修饰的研究进展

肺炎链球菌表面覆盖着一层荚膜,由多糖组成,是肺炎链球菌关键的毒力因子和重要的抗原,也是细菌分型的依据。强毒血清型的荚膜多糖被制成糖疫苗在抗感染方面发挥了巨大作用。荚膜多糖结构复杂,经常被O-乙酰化修饰,这些多变的化学修饰扮演着重要的生物学角色。本文对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖O-乙酰化修饰的研究进展进行了介绍,包括荚膜多糖的遗传基础、合成途径和血清学特征,荚膜多糖的O-乙酰化修饰的化学结构及其相应的O-乙酰基转移酶,O-乙酰化修饰的化学鉴定和生物学功能。同时,我们也总结了多糖O-乙酰化修饰在肺炎链球菌微进化中的作用和对糖疫苗的影响,并对今后的研究进行了展望。本综述旨在为研究荚膜多糖的O-乙酰化修饰的致病机制奠定基础,也为糖疫苗的设计提供指导。     

肺炎链球菌5型发酵工艺的优化

目的:采用正交试验设计方法进行肺炎链球菌5型发酵工艺的研究。方法:根据正交试验设计表L9(34)设计的试验条件组合进行了9次肺炎链球菌5型的发酵,采用70升发酵罐进行发酵工艺的摸索,提取了肺炎链球菌5型荚膜多糖粗糖。结果:最佳的发酵培养条件组合为温度37℃、葡萄糖20克/升、大豆胨15克/升、pH值7.3,最佳的纯化条件组合为冷酚抽提三次、沉核酸乙醇浓度23%、超滤膜孔径50kD、最终沉糖乙醇浓度60%,在此筛选得到的最佳条件下,连续进行了5个批次肺炎链球菌5型的发酵与荚膜多糖提取,荚膜多糖粗糖的平均收率为808.6mg/L,相对标准偏差为3.84%。结论:上述发酵培养条件组合适合用于肺炎多糖疫苗的研究和生产。     

肺炎链球菌糖代谢蛋白CcpA对荚膜多糖的调控作用

摘要:【目的】研究肺炎链球菌糖代谢蛋白CcpA对肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖(CPS)的调控作用。【方法】利用大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)工程菌原核表达CcpA蛋白,使用Ni2+亲和层析的方法纯化蛋白。利用纯化后的CcpA蛋白免疫昆明小鼠并制备多克隆抗体;采用ELISA法测定抗CcpA抗体效价。随后,利用Westertn blot方法分析CcpA蛋白在肺炎链球菌中的保守性。另外,利用EMSA方法分析CcpA与cps基因座启动子区域片段的结合。最后,构建ccpA基因缺失株和ccpA基因回复株;利用ELISA法测定野生D39菌 株、ccpA基因缺失株和ccpA基因回复株的荚膜多糖含量。【结果】Western blot结果显示CcpA蛋白在多种血清型的肺炎链球菌均有表达,CcpA蛋白可与cps基因座启动子区域结合,且呈剂量依赖性;ccpA基因缺失时,细菌CPS含量升高,回复表达CcpA蛋白后,CPS含量显著降低。【结论】CcpA是肺炎链球菌中一种保守表达的蛋白,可通过调节cps基因座启动子负性调控肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖的表达。     

Extracellular polysaccharide production by Klebsiella pneumoniae and its relationship to virulence

Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype 1 and serotype 2 and their capsular variants were examined for production of cell-associated capsular polysaccharides and extracellular capsular polysaccharides. The virulence of these organisms in experimental animals was examined via intraperitoneal injection in mice and transtracheal inoculation into the lungs of rats. It was found that the production of either polysaccharide component correlated with the observed virulence. The extracellular polysaccharides were purified by ethanol precipitation, electrodialysis, extraction with quaternary ammonium salts, and gel filtration. These purification steps allowed for the separation and purification of both the extracellular lipopolysaccharide and the extracellular capsular polysaccharide. Purified extracellular capsular polysaccharide and extracellular lipopolysaccharide were co-injected with K. pneumoniae intraperitoneally into mice to determine if either of these substances would produce an effect on the natural course of infection in these animals. These studies showed that only purified extracellular lipopolysaccharide enhanced the virulence of K. pneumoniae when co-injected into mice, and this virulence enhancement correlated with the content of extracellular lipopolysaccharide, but not extracellular capsular polysaccharide in mixtures of these polysaccharides. Saponification of K. pneumoniae serotype 1 extracellular polysaccharides significantly decreased their virulence-enhancing capabilities in mice, further suggesting that extracellular lipopolysaccharide may play a role in these infections.     

Production of capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 and its purification by affinity chromatography

We describe a rapid and efficient method for producing the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae by fermentation on tryptic soy broth and purification of this compound by using immobilized soybean lectin as an affinity adsorbent. In principle, the same strategy can be used to produce purified capsular polysaccharides from other streptococcal serotypes by selecting the appropriate lectin adsorbents.     

Structurally identical capsular polysaccharide expressed by intact group B streptococcus versus Streptococcus pneumoniae elicits distinct murine polysaccharide-specific IgG responses in vivo

We previously reported distinct differences in the murine in vivo Ig polysaccharide (PS)-specific responses to intact Streptococcus pneumoniae compared with responses to Neisseria meningitidis and that in each case, the bacterial subcapsular domain markedly influences the Ig response to the associated PS. In light of potentially unique contributions of biochemically distinct capsular PS and/or their characteristic attachments to the underlying bacterium, it remains unresolved whether different bacterial subcapsular domains can exert differential effects on PS-specific Ig responses to distinct bacterial pathogens. In this report, we used a mutant strain of group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) type III (GBS-III) that expresses desialylated capsular polysaccharide of GBS-III, biochemically identical to capsular pneumococcal polysaccharide type 14 (PPS14) of Streptococcus pneumoniae (intact inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae, capsular type 14, Pn14), directly to compare the in vivo PPS14-specific IgG responses to two distinct gram-positive bacteria. Although both GBS-III and Pn14 elicited relatively rapid primary PPS14-specific IgG responses dependent on CD4(+) T cells, B7-dependent costimulation, and CD40-CD40L interactions, only GBS-III induced a highly boosted ICOS-dependent PPS14-specific IgG response after secondary immunization. Of note, priming with Pn14 and boosting with GBS-III, although not isolated PPS14, elicited a similar boosted PPS14-specific IgG response that was dependent on CD4(+) T cells during secondary immunization, indicating that Pn14 primes for memory but, unlike GBS-III, fails to elicit it. The inability of Pn14 to elicit a boosted PPS14-specific IgG response was overcome by coimmunization with unencapsulated GBS-III. Collectively, these data establish that structurally identical capsular PS expressed by two distinct gram-positive extracellular bacteria can indeed elicit distinct PS-specific IgG responses in vivo.     

Synthesis of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14. 1. Synthesis of a derivative of the tetrasaccharide repetitive link

A branched tetrasaccharide derivative of the repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 has been synthesised by condensation of per-O-benzoylated 1,2-O-(1-cyano)ethylidene derivative of lactose with 6-O-tritylated methyl lactosaminide.     

Synthesis of capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14. 4. Polycondensation of the monomer and characteristics of the polysaccharide

Synthesis of a regular branched polysaccharide [6(Gal beta 1-4)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1]n whose structure corresponds to that of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14, is described, involving a stereospecific polycondensation of the tetrasaccharide monomer, deacylation, and N-acetylation.     

Purification of capsular polysaccharide produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haemophilus influenzae</Emphasis> type b through a simple,efficient and suitable method for scale-up

Haemophilus influenzae type b, an encapsulated bacterium, causes meningitis in infants worldwide. The capsular polysaccharide conjugated to a carrier protein is effective in the prevention of such infections. The traditional purification process of polysaccharide from bacterial cultures for vaccine production is based on several selective precipitations with solvents such as: ethanol, phenol, and cationic detergents. The separations of solid and liquid phases are based on continuous centrifugation in explosion proof installations. The lipopolysaccharides are separated by ultracentrifugation. A simple and efficient method that can easily be scaled-up was developed for purification of polysaccharides. The ethanol precipitation was reduced to only two steps. The phenol treatment was substituted by ultrafiltration and enzymatic digestion. Lipopolysaccharide was removed by ultrafiltration together with addition of detergent and chelating agent.