大气中CO2浓度升高对植物的影响

大气中CO_2浓度升高以及由此所引起的温室效应已成为人们普遍关注的议题。在未来的世界里,CO_2浓度将持续上升。预计到21世纪中叶,CO_2浓度可能达到700ppm。一些试验结果表明;CO_2浓度升高对多数植物的个体生长发育有促进作用,其中包括种子的发芽率提高,幼苗生长加快,叶面积增大,根系数量增多,气孔数量减少,茎干生长轮加宽,开花期提早,种子产量提高等。但是,CO_2浓度升高对植物也有不利影响。在高CO_2浓度环境中,由于过量产生的碳水化合物在叶片中的积累和矿物质的不平衡,许多植物在生长后期生长缓慢或出现负增长;个体生长发育规律的变化将导致一些增长种群逐渐向衰退种群过渡;C_3类杂草的加速生长将引起农业欠收;群落结构与组成的变化将促使一些植物走向绝灭;植物残渣中碳氮比的改变将引起生态系统生产力的下降等。因此,对于今后大气中CO_2浓度升高的影响还要做大量的研究。     

大气CO2浓度升高对植物根系的影响

植物长期生长在CO2浓度不断升高的环境中,其结构和功能都将受到影响,这种影响不仅表现在植物的地上部分,同时也表现在植物的地下部分(根系),尤其是细根的长度、直径、产量、周转以及根与枝的分配模式等方面。植物根系结构和功能的改变影响植物地上部分和生态系统物质循环中的碳动态及土壤中碳库的变化。目前有关大气CO2浓度升高对根系动态影响的研究报道主要包括大气CO2浓度升高对根系结构(直径、分枝、长度、数量等)和根系生理(周转率、产量、碳分配模式等)的影响2个方面。目前,该领域研究还存在一些不足,例如在CO2浓度升高条件下,对植物根系内部的调控机制,以及由其引起的物质循环和能量流动的动态变化的了解较少;至今没有令人信服的证据说明大气CO2浓度升高使根系周转升高还是降低。今后应加强研究在CO2浓度升高条件下根系的周转变化和光合产物分配模式变化,CO2浓度升高和外界环境因素的共同作用对根系的影响,以及采用不同研究方法和研究对象在不同立地条件下开展升高CO2浓度对根系影响的对比研究等。     

大气CO2浓度升高对土壤微生物的影响

自人类进入工业化时代以来,由于化石燃料的燃烧和森林的大面积破坏,大气中ＣＯ２的浓度已由工业革命以前的２８０μｌ·Ｌ－１增加到现在的３５０μｌ·Ｌ－１,仅从１９５７年至今的几十年间,大气中ＣＯ２的浓度就增加了２０％,预计到下个世纪下半叶,大气中ＣＯ２的...     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响

现代人类的活动,特别是矿场燃料的大量使用和植被的破坏,导致大气CO2浓度持续上升。该文阐述了CO2浓度升高对植物的形态、生理、产量和品质,种群消长,群落组成,生态系统结构与功能的影响。     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对作物生理生态的影响

论述了大气CO2浓度和温度升高下的植物生长,光合作用,产量以及水分养分利用效率等方面的研究进展,未来高CO2浓度下,光合作用速率有不同程度的提高,生物量和产量增加;气孔导度降低,水分利用效率（WUE）提高,一般地上部分和根系尤其是细根生物量增加,凋落物量随之增加,C/N比率提高,植物残体的腐解速率降低,CO2浓度升高后,会给根际微生物带来更多的底物,从而提高了微生物活性,加速养分的矿化过程,改善植物的养分状况。     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物根际微生物及菌根共生体的影响

综述了大气CO2浓度升高条件下,植物根际土壤环境、根际土壤微生物和植物菌根形成的变化趋势等方面的研究进展,CO2浓度升高,运转到根系的碳水化合物增加,根际环境、根际微生物活性、微生物群落结构以及菌根共生体的形成发生变化．提出在CO2浓度升高条件下,根际微生物和菌根真菌群落的变化对植物群落和陆地生态系统碳动态的调节是今后的研究趋向。     

CO2浓度升高对沉水克隆植物生长速率及营养元素积累的影响

 研究在不同CO2浓度下水生克隆植物刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa）整个生活周期中生长的动态变化及对营养元素积累情况。在不损伤植物体的前提下,采用刺苦草形态学指标组合史估计了植株生物量的动态变化。结果表明：刺苦草鳞茎的萌发不受CO2浓度变化的影响。在高浓度CO2即(1000±50) μmol·mol-1下,刺苦草源株地上部分生长速率在整个生长前期和中期都远远高于低浓度CO2即(400±20) μmol·mol-1,而在后期则出现相反的现象,其中一个原因是因为高浓度CO2下后期光合物质向地下大量转移形成鳞茎引起地上部分生长减慢。但高浓度CO2下克隆株中的初级和次级分株生长速率均高于低浓度CO2。在两种CO2浓度下相同克隆植株构件中的总碳含量没有明显差异;除鳞茎外,根、叶、匍匐茎中的总磷含量随CO2浓度升高显著增加;由于各构件生物量增加有明显差异,导致叶和鳞茎因为生物稀释作用而使其含氮量降低了12%～14%,但根和茎中含量基本保持不变。在高浓度CO2中植株总生物量显著升高,所以总碳、总氮和总磷吸收量均显著大于在低浓度CO2中的吸收量。研究结果揭示,大气CO2浓度升高对沉水克隆植物生长的促进,有利于提高水生克隆植物在群落中的竞争能力;水生植物克隆生长将增加水生生态系统中碳的沉积;水环境中N、P含量将直接影响到水生克隆植物生长。     

大气CO2浓度和温度升高对作物生理生态的影响

论述了大气CO₂浓度和温度升高下的植物生长、光合作用、产量以及水分养分利用效率等方面的研究进展.未来高CO₂浓度下,光合作用速率有不同程度的提高,生物量和产量增加;气孔导度降低,水分利用效率(WUE)提高;一般地上部分和根系尤其是细根生物量增加,凋落物量随之增加,C/N比率提高,植物残体的腐解速率降低.CO₂浓度升高后,会给根际微生物带来更多的底物,从而提高了微生物活性,加速养分的矿化过程,改善植物的养分状况.     

大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物-昆虫相互关系的影响

综述了CO2浓度升高对植物与昆虫相互关系影响的研究结果。大量研究表明,高浓度CO2对植物生理生化活动有显著的影响,植物营养物质的变化对植食性昆虫亦产生不同程度的影响,高浓度CO2条件对咀嚼式口器昆虫的取食、生长发育和生殖有不同程度的不良影响,昆虫为了获得足够的氮素营养而增加取食强度和时间,从而更易于受到天敌的攻击,这些昆虫的生长率、繁殖和生存率有下降的趋势;而对刺吸韧皮部汁液的昆虫来说,多引起种群数量增加或无显著影响。并对研究中存在的问题进行了分析,提出了今后研究的方向。     

全球大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响

全球大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响蒋高明（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００４４）ＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＧＬＯＢＡＬＩＮＣＲＥＡＳＩＮＧＯＦＣＯ＿２ＯＮＰＬＡＮＴＳＪｉａｉｎｇＧａｏ－ｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,Ａｃａｄｅｍｉａ,...     

New insights into the cellular mechanisms of plant growth at elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO₂]) significantly influences plant growth, development, and biomass. Increased photosynthesis rate, together with lower stomatal conductance, has been identified as the key factors that stimulate plant growth at elevated [CO₂] (e[CO₂]). However, variations in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance alone cannot fully explain the dynamic changes in plant growth. Stimulation of photosynthesis at e[CO₂] is always associated with post‐photosynthetic secondary metabolic processes that include carbon and nitrogen metabolism, cell cycle functions, and hormonal regulation. Most studies have focused on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in response to e[CO₂], despite the emerging evidence of e[CO₂]'s role in moderating secondary metabolism in plants. In this review, we briefly discuss the effects of e[CO₂] on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance and then focus on the changes in other cellular mechanisms and growth processes at e[CO₂] in relation to plant growth and development. Finally, knowledge gaps in understanding plant growth responses to e[CO₂] have been identified with the aim of improving crop productivity under a CO₂ rich atmosphere.     

大气二氧化碳浓度增加对木本植物BVOCs释放的影响

植物挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)在近地表臭氧和二次有机气溶胶生成中有重要作用,而大气CO2浓度上升对植物BVOCs释放有显著影响。利用Meta-analysis方法对已发表的数据进行整合分析发现:(1)总体而言,大气CO2浓度增加会导致不同木本植物(常绿与落叶) BVOCs释放降低;(2)就不同木本植物BVOCs释放而言,大气CO2浓度增加主要导致落叶植物BVOCs释放速率降低,而常绿植物则以增加为主;(3)就植物释放BVOCs种类而言,大气CO2浓度增加显著降低异戊二烯的释放速率,对单萜烯释放速率则无显著影响。结果可为阐明陆地生态系统BVOCs释放对全球CO2浓度增加的响应提供依据。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbiota in calcareous grassland

Microbial responses to three years of CO₂ enrichment (600 μL L^–1) in the field were investigated in calcareous grassland. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and soil organic C and nitrogen (N) were not significantly influenced by elevated CO₂. Microbial C:N ratios significantly decreased under elevated CO₂ (– 15%, P = 0.01) and microbial N increased by + 18% (P = 0.04). Soil basal respiration was significantly increased on one out of 7 sampling dates (+ 14%, P = 0.03; December of the third year of treatment), whereas the metabolic quotient for CO₂ (qCO₂ = basal respiration/microbial C) did not exhibit any significant differences between CO₂ treatments. Also no responses of microbial activity and biomass were found in a complementary greenhouse study where intact grassland turfs taken from the field site were factorially treated with elevated CO₂ and phosphorus (P) fertilizer (1 g P m^–2 y^–1). Previously reported C balance calculations showed that in the ecosystem investigated growing season soil C inputs were strongly enhanced under elevated CO₂. It is hypothesized that the absence of microbial responses to these enhanced soil C fluxes originated from mineral nutrient limitations of microbial processes. Laboratory incubations showed that short-term microbial growth (one week) was strongly limited by N availability, whereas P was not limiting in this soil. The absence of large effects of elevated CO₂ on microbial activity or biomass in such nutrient-poor natural ecosystems is in marked contrast to previously published large and short-term microbial responses to CO₂ enrichment which were found in fertilized or disturbed systems. It is speculated that the absence of such responses in undisturbed natural ecosystems in which mineral nutrient cycles have equilibrated over longer periods of time is caused by mineral nutrient limitations which are ineffective in disturbed or fertilized systems and that therefore microbial responses to elevated CO₂ must be studied in natural, undisturbed systems.     

大气CO2浓度升高对红桦幼苗根系的影响

应用封闭式生长室系统,研究了CO2浓度升高对红桦(Betula albosinensis)幼苗的根/冠、粗根和细根的干质量、非结构性碳水化合物类含量、碳含量和碳/氮、氮和磷的含量及氮磷吸收量的影响。结果表明:CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗粗根和细根的干质量增加,同时根/冠值显著升高,表明CO2浓度升高使红桦幼苗生物量向根系的分配增加;与对照相比,粗根的还原糖、蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著增加,而在细根中没有显著变化;粗根、细根的淀粉和总的非结构性碳水化合物含量显著增加;CO2浓度升高下粗根和细根的碳含量有升高的趋势但未达到显著水平,同时氮含量降低,碳/氮值升高;氮的吸收量在粗根和细根中均无显著变化。上述结果表明,CO2浓度升高下红桦幼苗根系氮含量下降是由非结构性碳水化合物(主要是淀粉)含量升高和(或)根系生物量增加产生的稀释效应引起的。     

Effects of elevated CO2 and/or O3 on growth, development and physiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Alexandria and Hanno) and three cultivars of winter wheat (cvs. Riband, Mercia and Haven) were grown at two concentrations of CO₂ [ambient (355 pmol mol^?1) and elevated (708 μmol mol^?1)] under two O₃ regimes [clean air (< 5 nmol mol^?1 O₃) and polluted air (15 nmol mol^?1 O₃ at night rising to a midday maximum of 75 nmol mol^?1)] in a phytotron at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Between the two-leaf stage and anthesis, measurements of leaf gas-exchange, non-structural carbohydrate content, visible O₃ damage, growth, dry matter partitioning, yield components and root development were made in order to examine responses to elevated CO₂ and/or O₃. Growth at elevated CO₂ resulted in a sustained increase in the rate of CO₂ assimilation, but after roughly 6 weeks' exposure there was evidence of a slight decline in the photosynthetic rate (c.-15%) measured under growth conditions which was most pronounced in the winter cultivars. Enhanced rates of CO₂ assimilation were accompanied by a decrease in stomatal conductance which improved the instantaneous water use efficiency of individual leaves. CO₂ enrichment stimulated shoot and root growth to an equivalent extent, and increased tillering and yield components, however, non-structural carbohydrates still accumulated in source leaves. In contrast, long-term exposure to O₃ resulted in a decreased CO₂ assimilation rate (c. -13%), partial stomatal closure, and the accumulation of fructan and starch in leaves in the light. These effects were manifested in decreased rates of shoot and root growth, with root growth more severely affected than shoot growth. In the combined treatment growth of O₃-treated plants was enhanced by elevated CO₂, but there was little evidence that CO₂ enrichment afforded additional protection against O₃ damage. The reduction in growth induced by O₃ at elevated CO₂ was similar to that induced by O₃ at ambient CO₂ despite additive effects of the individual gases on stomatal conductance that would be expected to reduce the O₃ flux by 20%, and also CO₂-induced increases in the provision of substrates for detoxification and repair processes. These observations suggest that CO₂ enrichment may render plants more susceptible to O₃ damage at the cellular level. Possible mechanisms are discussed.     

氮素对高大气CO2浓度下小麦叶片光合作用的影响

通过测定小麦拔节期叶片的光合气体交换参数和光强-光合速率（P_n）响应曲线,研究了氮素对长期高大气CO₂浓度（760 μmol·mol^-1）下小麦叶片光合作用的影响.结果表明：在长期高大气CO₂浓度下,增施氮肥能提高小麦叶片P_n、蒸腾速率（T_r）和瞬时水分利用效率（WUE_i）;与正常大气CO₂浓度相比,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片的P_n和WUE_i增加,气孔导度（G_s）和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i）降低.随光合有效辐射的增强,高大气CO₂浓度下小麦叶片的P_n和WUE_i均高于正常大气CO₂浓度处理,G_s则较低,而C_i和T_r无显著变化.高氮水平下小麦叶片G_s与P_n、T_r、WUE_i呈线性正相关,G_s与C_i在正常大气CO₂浓度下呈线性负相关,但高大气CO₂浓度下二者无相关性;低氮水平下小麦叶片的G_s与P_n、WUE_i无相关性,而与C_i和T_r呈线性正相关,表明高大气CO₂浓度下低氮水平的小麦叶片P_n由非气孔因素限制.     

Isoprene emissions from plants are mediated by atmospheric CO2 concentrations

The tropical African tree species Acacia nigrescens Oliv. was grown in environmentally controlled growth chambers at three CO₂ concentrations representative of the Last Glacial Maximum (～180 ppmv), the present day (～380 ppmv), and likely mid‐21st century (～600 ppmv) CO₂ concentrations. Isoprene (C₅H₈) emissions, per unit leaf area, were greater at lower‐than‐current CO₂ levels and lower at higher‐than‐current CO₂ levels relative to controls grown at 380 ppmv CO₂. Changes in substrate availability and isoprene synthase (IspS) activity were identified as the mechanisms behind the observed leaf‐level emission response. In contrast, canopy‐scale emissions remained unaltered between the treatments as changes in leaf‐level emissions were offset by changes in biomass and leaf area. Substrate concentration and IspS activity‐CO₂ responses were used in a biochemical model, coupled to existing isoprene emission algorithms, to model isoprene emissions from A. nigrescens grown for over 2 years at three different CO₂ concentrations. The addition of the biochemical model allowed for the use of emission factors measured under present day CO₂ concentrations across all three CO₂ treatments. When isoprene emissions were measured from A. nigrescens in response to instantaneous changes in CO₂ concentration, the biochemical model satisfactorily represented the observed response. Therefore, the effect of changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration on isoprene emission at any timescale can be modelled and predicted.     

不同氮素水平下增温及[CO2]升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗生物量及其分配的影响

 蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)是东北地区天然次生林重要组成树种, 研究该树种对未来气候变暖的响应, 可为预测未来气候变暖情况下蒙古栎林的发展动态、制定合理的经营措施提供科学参考。该文旨在探讨不同的供氮水平下, CO₂浓度和温度升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗生物量及其分配的影响。实验采用人工气候箱控制, 控制条件分别为温度升高4 ℃(ET)、CO₂浓度倍增(700 μmol CO₂ ·mol^–1) × 温度升高4 ℃ (ECET)和对照(正常温度, CO₂浓度为400 μmol CO₂·mol^–1) (CK), 每个控制条件幼苗的基质分别用3种氮素水平处理: N1 (15 mmol·L^–1 N)、N2 (7.5 mmol·L^–1 N)和N3 (不施氮)。研究结果显示, 1)在ET条件下, N1明显促进幼苗茎的高生长、径生长和生物量积累, 幼苗生物量的分配随氮素浓度的增加, 地下生物量所占的比例增大。2) ECET条件下N1明显促进幼苗的高生长, 但对径生长影响不显著, 对幼苗总生物量积累的影响不显著。但N1增加了地下生物量的比例。3) ET与ECET条件下幼苗叶片的碳氮比均随供氮水平降低而升高, 但ECET下碳氮比的升高是由于叶片碳含量较高引起的, 而ET条件下则是由于叶片氮含量的降低而引起的。ECET和ET条件较低的氮素供应水平综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗的生物量积累无促进作用。因此, 在未来气候变化情况下, 土壤中充足的氮供给可能将促进蒙古栎幼苗的生长, 增加其天然更新潜力, 并增加其碳库容。     

The effect of nitrogen source on photosynthesis of carob at high CO2 concentrations

Carob seedlings ( Ceratonia siliqua L. cv. Mulata), fed with nitrate or ammonium, were grown in growth chambers containing two levels of CO₂ (360 or 800 μl l⁻¹), three root temperatures (15, 20 or 25°C), and the same shoot temperature (20/24°C, night/day temperature). The response of the plants to CO₂ enrichment was affected by environmental factors such as the type of inorganic nitrogen in the medium and root temperature. Increasing root temperature enhanced photosynthesis rate more in the presence of nitrate than in the presence of ammonium. Differences in photosynthetic products were also observed between nitrate- and ammonium-fed carob seedlings. Nitrate-grown plants showed an enhanced content of sucrose, while ammonium led to enhanced storage of starch. Increase in root temperature caused an increase in dry mass of the plants of similar proportions in both nitrogen sources. The enhancement of the rates of photosynthesis by CO₂ enrichment was proportionally much larger than the resulting increases in dry mass production when nitrate was the nitrogen source. Ammonium was the preferred nitrogen source for carob at both ambient and high CO₂ concentrations. The level of photosynthesis of a plant is limited not only by atmospheric CO₂ concentration but also by the nutritional and environmental conditions of the root.