控释肥在水稻栽培上的施用效果

控释肥是一种新型、环保、高效肥料,能够有效捕捉化肥营养元素,使水稻田内肥料保持持续供应。控释肥的使用大大降低了环境的污染程度,为我国可持续发展战略做出了重要的贡献,通过控释肥与普通复合肥施用效果的对比分析,表明控释肥能有效改善水田内养分环境,使水稻生长健壮,是水稻生长所必需的肥料,是水稻生长的"好搭档"。     

减量化肥配施有机肥一次性基施对烤烟大田生育期养分积累、分配及利用的影响

为了提高烤烟种植中的肥料利用率,降低化肥施用量,简化施肥程序,以贵烟202为试材,采用二因素随机区组试验设计进行大田试验,探究减量化肥配施有机肥一次性基施对烤烟大田生育期养分积累量、养分利用率及分配率动态变化的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,减量化肥配施有机肥一次性基施有利于提高烤烟大田生育期干物质积累量,改善N、P₂O₅、K₂O积累量以及N、P₂O₅、K₂O利用率,提高烤烟移栽后35d时根系和叶片中干物质以及N、P₂O₅、K₂O分配比例;减施化肥比例相同时,配施2250 kg·hm^–2有机肥处理的干物质积累量,N、P₂O₅、K₂O积累量和N、P₂O₅、K₂O利用率高于配施750kg·hm^–2处理;配施有机肥相同时,化...     

控释肥对夏玉米产量及田间氨挥发和氮素利用率的影响

在大田条件下研究了树脂包膜控释肥（CRF）和硫包膜控释肥（SCF）对夏玉米产量、田间氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响.结果表明：控释肥能显著提高玉米产量.在相同施肥量（N、P、K量相同）情况下,全量控释肥CRF(1428 kg·hm^-2)和SCF（1668 kg·hm^-2）分别比全量普通复合肥CCF（1260 kg·hm^-2）增产13.15%和14.15%;控释肥施肥量减少25%（CRF 1071 kg·hm^-2;SCF 1251 kg·hm^-2）时,分别比CCF增产9.69%和10.04%;控释肥施肥量减少50%时（CRF 714 kg·hm^-2;SCF 834 kg·hm^-2）,其产量与CCF无显著差异.对夏玉米田间土壤原位氨挥发进行研究表明,控释肥处理氨挥发速率上升缓慢,最大挥发高峰出现时间比普通肥处理晚7 d,土壤氨挥发量在0.78～4.43 kg N·hm^-2,比普通肥处理(9.11 kg N·hm^-2)减少51.34%～91.34%.控释肥的氮肥利用率和农学效率也均显著高于普通肥处理.     

春小麦施磁肥的增产效应研究

试验结果表明,春小麦每公顷种子拌1500g磁肥,可命名春小麦次生根和分蘖增加,防倒伏能力增强,穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均优于对照,公顷产量达3780kg。     

控释肥对菊花叶片叶绿素荧光特性及观赏品质的影响

以切花菊品种‘白马’为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了控释肥对菊花叶片叶绿素荧光参数、叶绿素和养分含量及观赏品质的影响.结果表明:未施肥处理(对照)的菊花叶片PSⅡ原初光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)与施肥处理相比显著下降;两种普通复合肥CCFA(N∶P∶K=20∶8∶10)和CCFB(N∶P∶K=14∶14∶14)处理的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ在前期(30~60 d)比两个控释肥CRFA(N∶P∶K=20∶8∶10)和CRFB(N∶P∶K=14∶14∶14)处理有所增高,但在中后期(75~120 d)比两个控释肥处理显著下降.CRFA处理的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和光化学猝灭系数(qP)比CRFB处理有所增高.两种控释肥处理的非化学猝灭系数(NPQ)与对照和两种普通复合肥处理相比显著下降.各处理叶绿素含量变化规律与Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo和ΦPSⅡ基本一致.切花采收期CRFA和CRFB处理的叶片N、P、K含量以及花梗长、花梗粗、花径、花鲜质量和干质量均高于CCFA、CCFB和对照,而且CRFA处理的花鲜质量和干质量比CRFB处理显著增高.表明控释肥可以通过提...     

机插配合控释掺混肥对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响

在浙江黄泥田进行两年田间试验,研究了不同栽培与施肥方式结合对水稻产量和成熟期土壤养分、微生物生物量碳、氮以及脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性的影响.结果表明: 机插配合控释掺混肥处理的水稻平均产量比手插配合常规化肥处理高16.3%,比直播配合控释掺混肥处理高27.0%,与手插配合控释掺混肥处理无显著差异;与手插配合常规化肥相比,机插配合控释掺混肥处理的土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量分别提高了21.6%、13.6%和41.6%,土壤微生物生物量碳提高了27.1%,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别提高了50.0%、22.2%和46.2%.表明机插配合控释掺混肥技术是一种值得推广的高效水稻轻简栽培方式.     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

有机无机肥配施提高麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮肥利用率的机制

采用盆栽试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对麦-稻轮作系统中水稻氮素累积动态和土壤氮素供应动态的影响,并从微生物学角度探讨了有机无机肥协同提高水稻氮肥利用率的机制.结果表明：有机无机肥配施处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和矿质态氮在水稻分蘖期前低于化肥处理,而在抽穗期至灌浆期显著高于其他处理.土壤氮素供应动态与水稻吸收利用氮素规律吻合程度最高,促进了水稻产量、生物量和氮素累积量的增加,显著提高了水稻的氮肥利用率.其主要机制是有机无机肥配施促进了土壤微生物繁殖,使其在水稻生育前期固持了较多的矿质氮,在水稻生育中、后期这些氮素逐渐被释放以供水稻吸收利用,较好地满足了水稻各阶段生长发育对氮素养分的需求.     

施N对不同水稻品种N肥利用率及根际硝化作用和硝化微生物的影响

发生在水稻根际的硝化作用对水稻的氮素（N）营养受到人们越来越大的关注。在田间条件下研究了不同N效率粳稻品种（4007、武运粳7号和Elio）在无肥（0kgN/hm^2）、中肥（180kgN/hm^2）和高肥（300kgN/hm^2）水平下籽粒产量、吸N量、N肥利用率、根际土壤铵态氮（NH4^＋-N）和硝态氮（NO3^--N）含量、硝化强度和氨氧化细菌（AOB）数量。结果表明不同水稻品种的籽粒产量在3个N处理中差异极显著,4007在中肥处理中获得最高产量11117kg/hm^2,而Eilo在所有处理中籽粒产量均最低。各品种地上部吸N量随施N量增加而增加,但各品种之间差异不显著。不同水稻品种N肥利用率差异显著,4007显著高于武运粳7号和Elio。本试验根据不同品种水稻在不施N肥水平下的籽粒产量与N肥利用率的大小,将3个品种分为N肥高效敏感型（4007）、N肥高效不敏感型（武运粳7号）和N肥低效不敏感型（Elio）。在水稻中后期干湿交替的水分管理条件下,无肥和中肥区的水稻根际土壤以NO3^--N为主;而在高肥区则以NH4^＋-N为主。随着施N量增加,水稻根际土壤铵、硝态N含量也随之增加。NH4^＋-N含量在无肥、中肥和高肥水平下分别为0.88、0.94mg/kg和13.5mg/kg,而NO3^--N含量分别为1.61、1.73mg/kg和2.33mg/kg。不同水稻品种根际土壤硝化强度之间差异极显著,在3个施N水平下均表现为4007〉武运粳7号〉Elio。其平均值分别为6.94、5.46μg/（kg·h）和2.42μg/（kg·h）。在3个施N水平下,Elio根际土壤AOB数量均显著低于4007和武运粳7号。4007根际土壤AOB数量在高肥水平下达最大值2.02×106个/g土,而最小值为中肥水平下Elio的根际土壤（1.89×105个/g土）。相关性分析表明,水稻根际土壤硝化强度在无肥、中肥和高肥条件下与产量呈极显著正相关关系（r=0.799,0.877,0.934）,而且在中肥条件下与水稻N肥利用率显著相关（r=0.735）。水稻根际土壤AOB数量分别和硝化强度以及水稻籽粒产量呈极显著正相关关系。试验结果表明,水稻根际的硝化作用较大程度上决定着水稻籽粒产量或水稻N肥利用率。     

控释尿素条施深度对鲜食玉米田间氨挥发和氮肥利用率的影响

为提高鲜食玉米一次性施肥的氮肥利用率并降低氮肥的环境影响,通过田间试验,以不施氮处理为对照(CK),研究了控释尿素不同条施深度(0、5、10、15、20 cm)对鲜食玉米田间土壤氨挥发特征、鲜穗产量和氮肥利用率的影响. 结果表明: 玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的土壤氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的前2周,而窄行施肥带的土壤氨挥发在施肥后持续约1个月. 与CK相比,控释尿素表施(0 cm)处理不仅大幅度地提高了窄行施肥带的氨挥发损失量,同时也显著增加了玉米种植带和宽行非施肥带的氨挥发损失量. 不同深度施肥处理全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量差异较大,为3.1～25.5 kg N·hm^-2,占施氮量的1.7%～14.2%.其中控释尿素条施10、15和20 cm深度处理的全生育期土壤氨挥发损失总量相差不大,分别较表施(0 cm)和浅施(5 cm)处理显著降低了85.9%～87.8%和67.0%～71.6%. 在一定范围内增加控释尿素条施深度有利于提高鲜穗产量、植株氮积累量以及氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥表观利用率,各指标均以15 cm深度处理最高. 综上所述,控释尿素合理深施可以显著降低氨挥发损失,提高鲜穗产量和氮肥利用效率,本研究条件下控释尿素的最适宜施用深度为15 cm.     

控释尿素施用方式及用量对夏玉米氮肥效率和产量的影响

在大田条件下以不施氮为对照,研究了施氮量为75和150 kg N·hm^-2条件下,普通尿素底施、控释尿素底施和侧施对夏玉米光合性能、氮肥效率和产量的影响.结果表明：与普通尿素相比,相同施氮水平下,包膜控释尿素处理玉米果穗叶光合速率、叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性、籽粒灌浆速率均显著提高,玉米籽粒产量比普通尿素平均提高9.5%;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施使玉米籽粒产量提高6.2%.包膜控释尿素处理的氮肥农学利用率（AE）和偏生产力（PFP）比普通尿素平均分别提高74.5%和11.0%;与包膜控释尿素侧施相比,底施使AE和PFP分别提高26.8%和5.7%.控释尿素施用量较高时,玉米光合性能得到改善,产量、AE和PFP显著提高;与控释尿素侧施相比,底施对玉米产量、AE和PFP的增加效果更显著.     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对小麦产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对小麦产量、品质和耕层土壤无机氮含量及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明：与普通尿素相比,硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素均能显著提高小麦籽粒产量和品质,增产幅度达10.4%～16.5%,小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量分别提高5.8%～18.9%和0.3%～1.4%;两种控释肥均能有效保持耕层土壤无机氮含量,且其氮素后移的功效满足了小麦生育后期对氮素的需求;有效提高了氮肥偏生产力,降低了土壤氮素依存率（降幅11.0%～17.3%）,提高了氮素利用率（增幅58.2%～101.2%）.其中,树脂膜控释尿素比硫膜控释尿素表现出更好的增产效应,实现了氮素的高效利用.     

缓/控释肥料研究进展

缓/控释肥料对作物产量的影响因作物种类、肥料种类和试验条件而异,大多数植物增产比较明显,如大豆使用长效尿素,与普通尿素相比增产幅度最高可达33%。各种类型的缓/控释肥料,均可不同程度的提高肥料利用率。缓/控释肥料在农业上的应用能有效地保护生态环境,如抑制土壤NH4 向NO3-氧化,减少土壤NO3-的积累,从而减少氮肥以NO3-形式淋溶损失,减少了施肥对环境的污染;可以减少土壤N2O的释放等。提出了目前缓/控释肥料在农业应用中存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

减量施氮下基肥后移对南方冬小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响

过量施用氮肥导致氮肥利用率降低,环境风险加大.合理降低施氮量、优化氮肥运筹对于小麦高产高效栽培具有重要意义.本研究采用大田试验,以常规施氮方式(240 kg N·hm^-2, 基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥=5∶3∶2)为对照,研究了不同施氮量(240、180、150 kg N·hm^-2,分别用N₂₄₀、N₁₈₀、N₁₅₀表示)及基苗肥施用时期(基施、4叶期施、6叶期施,分别用L₀、L₄、L₆表示)对小麦产量和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明: 小麦籽粒产量随施氮量的降低而降低,但N₁₈₀与N₂₄₀处理相比无显著差异,而N₁₅₀处理显著降低;氮肥农学效率和吸收效率均以N₁₈₀处理最高.不同施肥时期间,L₄处理的籽粒产量和氮肥利用率最高.N₁₈₀四叶施肥(N₁₈₀L₄)处理的产量与对照无显著差异,但氮肥利用率显著提高.N₁₈₀L₄处理叶面积指数、旗叶光合速率、叶片氮含量、旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、拔节后干物质和氮素积累量较对照未显著降低.适量降低氮肥用量配合基肥后移能够提高生育后期光合生产能力和氮素吸收同化能力,在保持高产的条件下实现氮素利用效率的同步提高.     

Nutrient use efficiency in evergreen and deciduous species from heathlands

Summary The nutrient (N, P) use efficiency (NUE: g g^–1 nutrient), measured for the entire plant, of field populations of the evergreen shrubs Erica tetralix (in a wet heathland) and Calluna vulgaris (in a dry heathland) and the deciduous grass Molinia caerulea (both in a wet and a dry heathland) was compared. Erica and Calluna are crowded out by Molinia when nutrient availability increases. NUE was measured as the product of the mean residence time of a unit of nutrient in the population (MRT: yr) and nutrient productivity (A: annual productivity per unit of nutrient in the population, g g^–1 nutrient yr^–1. It was hypothesized that 1) in low-nutrient habitats selection is on features leading to a high MRT, whereas in high-nutrient habitats selection is on features leading to a high A; and that 2) due to evolutionary trade-offs plants cannot combine genotypically determined features which maximize both components of NUE.Both total productivity and litter production of the Molinia populations exceeded that of both evergreens about three-fold. Nitrogen and phosphorus resorption from senescing shoots was much lower in the evergreens compared with Molinia. In a split-root experiment no nutrient resorption from senescing roots was observed. Nutrient concentrations in the litter were equal for all species, except for litter P-concentration of Molinia at the wet site. Both Erica and Calluna had a long mean residence time of both nitrogen and phosphorus and a low nitrogen and phosphorus productivity. The Molinia populations showed a shorter mean residence time of N and P and a higher N- and P-productivity. These patterns resulted in an equal nitrogen use efficiency and an almost equal phosphorus use efficiency for the species under study. However, when only aboveground NUE was considered the Molinia populations had a much higher NUE than the evergreens.The results are consistent with the hypotheses. Thus, the low potential growth rate of species from low-nutrient habitats is probably the consequence of their nutrient conserving strategy rather than a feature on which direct selection takes place in these habitats.     

Cereal area and nitrogen use efficiency are drivers of future nitrogen fertilizer consumption

At a global scale, cereal yields and fertilizer N consumption have increased in a near-linear fashion during the past 40 years and are highly correlated with one another. However, large differences exist in historical trends of N fertilizer usage and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) among regions, countries, and crops. The reasons for these differences must be understood to estimate future N fertilizer requirements. Global nitrogen needs will depend on: (i) changes in cropped cereal area and the associated yield increases required to meet increasing cereal demand from population and income growth, and (ii) changes in NUE at the farm level. Our analysis indicates that the anticipated 38% increase in global cereal demand by 2025 can be met by a 30% increase in N use on cereals, provided that the steady decline in cereal harvest area is halted and the yield response to applied N can be increased by 20%. If losses of cereal cropping area continue at the rate of the past 20 years (-0.33% per year) and NUE cannot be increased substantially, a 60% increase in global N use on cereals would be required to meet cereal demand. Interventions to increase NUE and reduce N losses to the environment must be accomplished at the farm- or field-scale through a combination of improved technologies and carefully crafted local policies that contribute to the adoption of improved N management; uniform regional or national directives are unlikey to be effective at both sustaining yield increases and improving NUE. Examples from several countries show that increases in NUE at rates of 1% per year or more can be achieved if adequate investments are made in research and extension. Failure to arrest the decrease in cereal crop area and to improve NUE in the world's most important agricultural systems will likely cause severe damage to environmental services at local, regional, and global scales due to a large increase in reactive N load in the environment.     

氮肥水平对不同基因型水稻氮素利用率、产量和品质的影响

以不同基因型的水稻品种日本晴、N70、N178和OM052为供试品种,氮肥采用尿素,按基肥(70%)和蘖肥(30%)两次施用,设置3个施氮水平(N用量设0、120、270 kg·hm^-2)的田间小区试验,研究氮素水平对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥合理施用和氮高效水稻品种创制提供科学依据.结果表明:施氮能增加水稻品种产量的原因是提高了有效穗数和每穗实粒数;与对照(0 kg·hm^-2)相比,当施氮量为120和270 kg·hm^-2时,OM052籽粒产量在4个品种中增幅最大,分别为41.1%和76.8%;品种产量增幅不同是由于氮素利用效率的差异,在120、270 kg·hm^-2氮处理下,4个供试品种中,日本晴籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(40.90 g·g^-1、18.56 g·g^-1)都最低,为氮低效品种,OM052籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(145.9 g·g^-1、81.24 g·g^-1)都最高,为氮高效品种.施N能够增加各品种的直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,使胶稠度变长,降低垩白率、垩白度和碱消值;随施氮量增加,热浆黏度、峰值黏度、回复值和崩解值递减,而消碱值递增.相关性分析表明,低N水平下,供试品种产量及产量构成因子与外观品质、蒸煮食味的相关性更显著.综上,OM052是一个籽粒产量和氮素利用效率“双高”基因型品种,合理施用氮肥可以显著增加水稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数,改善稻米籽粒品质,实现高产和优质的协同.     

植物养分利用效率研究综述

养分利用效率的概念是理解生态系统功能的中心。本文从植物养分利用效率的概念出发,对养分利用效率的表示与计算方法、影响因素以及养分再吸收的生物化学基础等进行综述,分析目前研究中存在的问题,最后指出今后应加强研究的方面。     

北方稻田生态系统养分平衡研究

１９９４～１９９６年研究了５种不同模式水稻田生态系统养分平衡及养分效率．结果表明,不同模式的水稻田生态系统中,Ｎ输入输出基本相抵,处于平衡状态;Ｋ输入输出稍有盈余,唯Ｐ施用量较输出高１倍,使土壤中Ｐ有所积累．通过合理水肥调控措施,使水稻单产有所提高,肥料和养分利用率也得到不同程度的提高     

Cereal area and nitrogen use efficiency are drivers of future nitrogen fertilizer consumption

At a global scale, cereal yields and fertilizer N consumption have increased in a near-linear fashion during the past 40 years and are highly correlated with one another. However,large differences exist in historical trends of N fertilizer usage and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)among regions, countries, and crops. The reasons for these differences must be understood to estimate future N fertilizer requirements. Global nitrogen needs will depend on: (i) changes in cropped cereal area and the associated yield increases required to meet increasing cereal demand from population and income growth, and (ii) changes in NUE at the farm level. Our analysis indicates that the anticipated 38% increase in global cereal demand by 2025 can be met by a 30% increase in N use on cereals, provided that the steady decline in cereal harvest area is halted and the yield response to applied N can be increased by 20%. If losses of cereal cropping area continue at the rate of the past 20 years (-0.33% per year) and NUE cannot be increased substantially, a 60% increase in global N use on cereals would be required to meet cereal demand. Interventions to increase NUE and reduce N losses to the environment must be accomplished at the farm- or field-scale through a combination of improved technologies and carefully crafted local policies that contribute to the adoption of improved N management; uniform regional or national directives are unlikey to be effective at both sustaining yield increases and improving NUE. Examples from several countries show that increases in NUE at rates of 1% per year or more can be achieved if adequate investments are made in research and extension. Failure to arrest the decrease in cereal crop area and to improve NUE in the world's most important agricultural systems will likely cause severe damage to environmental services at local, regional, and global scales due to a large increase in reactive N load in the environment.