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1.
基因重复指基因组中一个基因通过多样化的分子机制从一个基因拷贝形成两个或多个重复拷贝的过程,是新基因起源的重要途径之一,对真核生物基因组贡献了约为一半的基因,也推动了物种的适应性演化。在过去50年中,特别是近20年进入组学时代以来,演化遗传学领域对于重复基因的产生机制、演化历程与演化动力展开了广泛而深入的讨论。一方面,重复基因的序列相似性带来的功能冗余使机体具有更强的稳健性;另一方面,重复基因的功能分歧带来了新功能与可演化性的提升。本文全面介绍了上述基因重复的机制、重复基因的命运及演化模型,最后展望了三代测序技术、基因编辑等各种高通量技术将进一步推动重复基因在遗传-发育-演化网络中角色的解析。  相似文献   

2.
孙海悦  张志宏 《西北植物学报》2007,27(12):2571-2576
微型反向重复转座元件(miniature inverted repeat transposable element,MITE)是一类特殊的转座元件,在结构上与有缺失的DNA转座子相似,但具有反转录转座子高拷贝数的特点.MITE时常与基因相伴,对基因调控可能起重要作用,因此,MITE正逐渐成为基因和基因组进化及生物多样性研究的一种重要工具.本文综述了植物基因组MITE的结构、分类、活性及其应用研究进展.  相似文献   

3.
基因重复是普遍存在的生物学现象, 是基因组和遗传系统多样化的重要推动力量, 在生物进化过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。基因重复有何利弊, 基因发生重复后, 2个重复子拷贝的保留在基因功能方面是否存在偏好性, 子拷贝在表达和进化速率上如何分化, 以及重复基因为什么会被保留下来一直是进化生物学领域研究的热点问题之一。该文对以上重复基因研究的热点问题进行了介绍, 并对重复基因的进化机制和理论模型及其近年来的一些主要研究进展进行了综述。  相似文献   

4.
重复基因的进化--回顾与进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
孙红正  葛颂 《植物学报》2010,45(1):13-22
基因重复是普遍存在的生物学现象, 是基因组和遗传系统多样化的重要推动力量, 在生物进化过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。基因重复有何利弊, 基因发生重复后, 2个重复子拷贝的保留在基因功能方面是否存在偏好性, 子拷贝在表达和进化速率上如何分化, 以及重复基因为什么会被保留下来一直是进化生物学领域研究的热点问题之一。该文对以上重复基因研究的热点问题进行了介绍, 并对重复基因的进化机制和理论模型及其近年来的一些主要研究进展进行了综述。  相似文献   

5.
可转座基因与植物基因组多样性   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
高等植物基因组含有大量各式各样的串联重复序列和出现频率很高的散布重复序列,如转座子、反转座子、短散布核元件和一些新发现的小型转座子等,它们当中的大多数是具有移动能力的可转座基因.这些可转座基因在漫长的进化过程中对基因和基因组多样性的形成所起的作用,成为近年来分子生物学领域中的重要研究内容.  相似文献   

6.
MITEs(miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements)又称颠倒重复序列,是缺少转座酶序列的非自主型转座子,在真核生物基因组含量丰富,是基因组多态性形成的重要驱动力之一.该研究利用MITE Tracker软件,在毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)新版基因...  相似文献   

7.
基因组中重复序列的意义   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
艾对元 《生命的化学》2008,28(3):343-345
从原核生物到真核生物,其基因组中的重复序列呈递增趋势.重复序列的作用也被各种实验所揭示.各种重复序列的类型与它在染色体上的分布密切相关.重复序列不是垃圾,而是影响着生命的进化、遗传、变异;同时它对基因表达、转录调控、染色体的构建以及生理代谢都起着不可或缺的作用.它们的功能及演化也正在被逐步阐明.  相似文献   

8.
9.
玉米基因组的简单重复序列遗传研究进展   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
  相似文献   

10.
MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能的多样性   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
基因的重复(duplication)及其功能的多样性(diversification)为生物体新的形态进化提供了原材料。MADS-box基因在植物(特别是被子植物)的进化过程中发生了大规模的基因重复事件而形成一个多基因家族。MADS-box基因家族的不同成员在植物生长发育过程中起着非常重要的作用,在调控开花时间、决定花分生组织和花器官特征以及调控根、叶、胚珠及果实的发育中起着广泛的作用。探讨MADS-box基因家族的进化历史有助于深入了解基因重复及随后其功能分化的过程和机制。本文综述了MADS-box基因家族基因重复及其功能分化式样的研究进展。  相似文献   

11.
《遗传》2024,47(2)
基因重复指基因组中一个基因通过多样化的分子机制从一个基因拷贝形成两个或多个重复拷贝的过程;是新基因起源的重要途径之一;对真核生物基因组贡献了约为一半的基因;也推动了物种的适应性演化。在过去50年中;特别是近20年进入组学时代以来;演化遗传学领域对于重复基因的产生机制、演化历程与演化动力展开了广泛而深入的讨论。一方面;重复基因的序列相似性带来的功能冗余使机体具有更强的稳健性;另一方面;重复基因的功能分歧带来了新功能与可演化性的提升。本文全面介绍了上述基因重复的机制、重复基因的命运及演化模型;最后展望了三代测序技术、基因编辑等各种高通量技术将进一步推动重复基因在遗传-发育-演化网络中角色的解析。  相似文献   

12.
    
Ubiquitin (Ub) and Ub‐like proteins, collectively forming the ubiquiton family, regulate nearly all aspects of cellular processes via post‐translational modifications. Studies devoted to specific members suggested a large expansion of this family in plants; however, a lack of systematic analysis hinders the comparison of individual members at both evolutionary history and functional divergence levels, which may provide new insight into biological functions. In this work, we first retrieved a total of 5856 members of 17 known ubiquiton subfamilies in 50 plant genomes by searching both prior annotations and missing loci in each genome. We then applied this list to analyze the duplication history of major ubiquiton subfamilies in plants. We show that autophagy‐related protein 8 (ATG8), membrane‐anchored Ub‐fold (MUB), small Ub‐like modifier (SUMO) and Ub loci encode 88% of the plant ubiquiton family. Although whole genome duplications (WGDs) significantly expanded the family, we discovered contrasting duplication patterns both in species and in subfamilies. Within the family, the ATG8 and MUB members were primarily duplicated through WGDs, whereas a significant number of Ub and SUMO loci were generated through retroposition and tandem duplications, respectively. Although Ub coding regions are highly conserved in plants, promoter activity analysis demonstrated lineage‐specific expression patterns of polyUb genes in Oryza sativa (rice) and Arabidopsis, confirming their retroposition origin. Based on the theory of dosage balance constraints, our study suggests that ubiquiton members duplicated through WGDs play crucial roles in plants, and that the regulatory pathways involving ATG8 and MUB are more conserved than those controlled by Ub and SUMO.  相似文献   

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14.
    
Parental genomes are generally rearranged by two processes during meiosis: one is the segregation of homologous chromosomes and the other is crossing over between such chromosomes. Although the mechanisms underlying chromosome segregation and crossing over are well understood because of numerous genetic and molecular investigations, their contributions to the rearrangement of genetic information have not yet been analysed at a genome-wide level in Arabidopsis thaliana. We established 343 CAPS or SSLP markers to identify polymorphisms between two different Arabidopsis ecotypes, Col and Ler, which are distributed at an average distance of approximately 400kb between pairs of markers throughout the entire genome. Using these markers, crossover frequencies and chromosome segregation were quantified with respect to sex and age. Our large-scale analysis demonstrated that: (i) crossover frequencies during pollen formation were 1.79 and 1.37 times higher than those during megaspore formation in early and late flowers, respectively (P<0.001); (ii) the crossover frequencies during pollen formation were not significantly different between early and late flowers of main shoots (P>0.05), whereas the frequencies increased 1.30 times with shoot age during megaspore formation (P<0.001); (iii) the effect of aging depended on the developmental age of the individual shoot rather than on the age of the whole plant; and (iv) five chromosomes were randomly selected and mixed during meiosis.  相似文献   

15.
落叶松-杨栅锈菌是一种分布广且危害严重的林木病原真菌.了解基因组内发生的基因复制事件及基因组间的共线性关系,能为最终理解落叶松-杨栅锈菌适应性进化等生物学问题提供帮助.落叶松-杨栅锈菌全基因组水平上基因复制相关研究未见报道,共线性研究报道也较少.本研究利用落叶松-杨栅锈菌全基因组序列分析其基因复制模式.结果表明,落叶松...  相似文献   

16.
17.
  总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
Gene duplication plays important roles in organismal evolution, because duplicate genes provide raw materials for the evolution of mechanisms controlling physiological and/or morphological novelties. Gene duplication can occur via several mechanisms, including segmental duplication, tandem duplication and retroposition. Although segmental and tandem duplications have been found to be important for the expansion of a number of multigene families, the contribution of retroposition is not clear. Here we show that plant SKP1 genes have evolved by multiple duplication events from a single ancestral copy in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of eudicots and monocots, resulting in 19 ASK (Arabidopsis SKP1-like) and 28 OSK (Oryza SKP1-like) genes. The estimated birth rates are more than ten times the average rate of gene duplication, and are even higher than that of other rapidly duplicating plant genes, such as type I MADS box genes, R genes, and genes encoding receptor-like kinases. Further analyses suggest that a relatively large proportion of the duplication events may be explained by tandem duplication, but few, if any, are likely to be due to segmental duplication. In addition, by mapping the gain/loss of a specific intron on gene phylogenies, and by searching for the features that characterize retrogenes/retrosequences, we show that retroposition is an important mechanism for expansion of the plant SKP1 gene family. Specifically, we propose that two and three ancient retroposition events occurred in lineages leading to Arabidopsis and rice, respectively, followed by repeated tandem duplications and chromosome rearrangements. Our study represents a thorough investigation showing that retroposition can play an important role in the evolution of a plant gene family whose members do not encode mobile elements.  相似文献   

18.
孙洪超  付媛  缪伟  石团员 《菌物学报》2022,41(2):237-247
点滴复膜酵母Cyniclomyces guttulatus是一种定殖及生长于犬、兔、豚鼠、龙猫、大鼠和小鼠等动物胃肠道内的真菌。与大多数传统酵母相比,点滴复膜酵母具有耐酸(pH 1.5-4.5)、耐高温(38-42 ℃)的独特生长特性,可在体外快速增殖。腹泻动物粪便中可见大量点滴复膜酵母,尽管没有直接证据表明感染点滴复膜酵母会引起明显病状,但其被认为是多种动物的机会性致病菌。本研究通过全基因组测序和转录组测序明确点滴复膜酵母的基因结构和注释信息,获得点滴复膜酵母的系统性基因组和转录组数据。结果显示基因组大小为29.71 Mb,包含11 307个基因,转录组大小为17.67 Mb,GC含量分别为43.02%和43.09%;mRNA、CDS、外显子和内含子的平均长度分别为1 476、1 447、1 374和540 bp;点滴复膜酵母存在517个独特的基因家族,共包括1 162个基因,该酵母的独特基因特点为后续研究奠定基础。比较分析结果表明,点滴复膜酵母的基因组大小和数量明显大于其他12种酵母,提示该酵母可能存在全基因组复制,这可能与其独特的胃肠道定殖、耐酸和耐高温生长特性密切相关。  相似文献   

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20.
Genome shrinkage occurs after whole genome duplications (WGDs) and in the evolution of parasitic or symbiotic species. The dynamics of this process, whether it occurs by single gene deletions or also by larger deletions are however unknown. In yeast, genome shrinkage has occurred after a WGD. Using a computational model of genome evolution, we show that in a random genome single gene deletions cannot explain the observed pattern of gene loss in yeast. The distribution of genes deleted per event can be very well described by a geometric distribution, with a mean of 1.1 genes per event. In terms of deletions of a stretch of base pairs, we find that a geometric distribution with an average of 500-600 base pairs per event describes the data very well. Moreover, in the model, as in the data, gene pairs that have a small intergenic distance are more likely to be both deleted. This proves that simultaneous deletion of multiple genes causes the observed pattern of gene deletions, rather than deletion of functionally clustered genes by selection. Furthermore, we found that in the bacterium Buchnera aphidicola larger deletions than in yeast are necessary to explain the clustering of deleted genes. We show that the excess clustering of deleted genes in B. aphidicola can be explained by the clustering of genes in operons. Therefore, we show that selection has little effect on the clustering of deleted genes after the WGD in yeast, while it has during genome shrinkage in B. aphidicola.  相似文献   

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