1982-2015年中国温带不同草地植被枯黄期对极端气候事件的响应

随着极端气候事件频率和强度的增加,植被物候正在发生深刻的变化。然而,植被枯黄期(EGS)对极端气候的响应机制目前尚未厘清,特别是对于干旱半干旱地区的草地而言。因此,聚焦我国温带草地,基于1982—2015年全球监测与模型研究工作组归一化植被指数(GIMMS NDVI3g)长时间序列数据提取草地物候参数,并分析其时空变化规律;运用随机森林模型等方法探究温带草地EGS对极端气候变化的响应特征。结果表明：(1)全区多年平均EGS主要发生于270—290儒略日(DOY),59.8%的区域呈延迟趋势,其中显著延迟(P<0.05)的区域分布在新疆天山、阿尔泰山一带和准噶尔盆地西部、黄土高原北部、呼伦贝尔高原的西部和东北小兴安岭。(2)EGS与极端气温暖极值(日最低气温的最大值、日最高气温的最大值、暖夜日数、暖昼日数)之间均以广泛的正相关关系为主;相比之下,极端降水事件与EGS之间的关系相对比较复杂,这与各草地类型自身的生理策略和所处环境密切相关。(3)整体而言,持续干旱日数、气温日较差和暖夜日数对全域草地EGS动态变化具有极大的重要性。就不同草地类型而言,温带草甸草原主要受到气温日较差的影响...     

Spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland: effects of mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution

Concomitant changes of annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution within the context of global climate change have dramatic impacts on aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) of grassland ecosystems. In this study, combining remote sensing products with in situ measurements of ANPP, we quantified the effects of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonal distribution (PSD) on the spatial variations in ANPP along a climate gradient in Eurasian temperate grassland. Our results indicated that ANPP increased exponentially with MAP for the entire temperate grassland, but linearly for a specific grassland type, i.e. the desert steppe, typical steppe, and meadow steppe from arid to humid regions. The slope of the linear relationship appeared to be steeper in the more humid meadow steppe than that in the drier typical and desert steppes. PSD also had significant effect on the spatial variations in ANPP. It explained 39.4% of the spatial ANPP for the entire grassland investigated, being comparable with the explanatory power of MAP (40.0%). On the other hand, the relative contribution of PSD and MAP is grassland type specific. MAP exhibited a much stronger explanatory power than PSD for the desert steppe and the meadow steppe at the dry and wet end, respectively. However, PSD was the dominant factor affecting the spatial variation in ANPP for the median typical steppe. Our results imply that altered pattern of PSD due to climate change may be as important as the total amount in terms of effects on ANPP in Eurasian temperate grassland.     

内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度变化及其与气象因子的关系

利用1982-1999年内蒙古地区NOAA/AVHRR的NDVI数字遥感影像,对内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度进行了反演,探讨了近20a来温带草原植被盖度的变化情况,并对植被盖度与不同组合方式的降水及气温数据进行了相关分析,探讨了植被盖度与气象因子的关系。结果表明:①近20a来温带草原植被盖度呈上升趋势,占总面积72%的草原植被盖度发生了增长,3种不同草原类型中典型草原盖度上升趋势最为明显;②温带草原生长季平均盖度、逐月盖度与降水成正相关关系,与气温呈负相关关系,其中降水对盖度的影响存在着时滞及累积效应;③3种草原类型植被盖度对气象因子的敏感性不同,荒漠草原植被盖度与气温和降水相关性最强,其次为典型草原与草甸草原。     

Temporal intraspecific trait variability drives responses of functional diversity to interannual aridity variation in grasslands

Interannual climate variation alters functional diversity through intraspecific trait variability and species turnover. We examined these diversity elements in three types of grasslands in northern China, including two temperate steppes and an alpine meadow. We evaluated the differences in community‐weighted means (CWM) of plant traits and functional dispersion (FDis) between 2 years with contrasting aridity in the growing season. Four traits were measured: specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC), and the maximum plant height (H). CWM for SLA of the alpine meadow increased in the dry year while that of the temperate steppe in Qinghai showed opposing trends. CWM of LDMC in two temperate steppes became higher and CWM of LNC in all grasslands became lower in the dry year. Compared with the wet year, FDis of LDMC in the alpine meadow and FDis of LNC in the temperate steppe in Qinghai decreased in the dry year. FDis of H was higher in the dry year for two temperate steppes. Only in the temperate steppe in Qinghai did the multi‐FDis of all traits experience a significant increase in the dry year. Most of the changes in CWM and FDis between 2 years were explained by intraspecific trait variation rather than shifts in species composition. This study highlights that temporal intraspecific trait variation contributes to functional responses to environmental changes. Our results also suggest it would be necessary to consider habitat types when modeling ecosystem responses to climate changes, as different grasslands showed different response patterns.     

The edge of two worlds: A new review and synthesis on Eurasian forest‐steppes

Aims

Eurasian forest‐steppes are among the most complex non‐tropical terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their considerable scientific, ecological and economic importance, knowledge of forest‐steppes is limited, particularly at the continental scale. Here we provide an overview of Eurasian forest‐steppes across the entire zone: (a) we propose an up‐to‐date definition of forest‐steppes, (b) give a short physiogeographic outline, (c) delineate and briefly characterize the main forest‐steppe regions, (d) explore forest‐steppe biodiversity and conservation status, and (e) outline forest‐steppe prospects under predicted climate change.

Location

Eurasia (29°–56°N, 16°–139°E).

Results and Conclusions

Forest‐steppes are natural or near‐natural vegetation complexes of arboreal and herbaceous components (typically distributed in a mosaic pattern) in the temperate zone, where the co‐existence of forest and grassland is enabled primarily by the semi‐humid to semi‐arid climate, complemented by complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors operating at multiple scales. This new definition includes lowland forest–grassland macromosaics (e.g. in Eastern Europe), exposure‐related mountain forest‐steppes (e.g. in Inner Asia), fine‐scale forest–grassland mosaics (e.g. in the Carpathian Basin) and open woodlands (e.g. in the Middle East). Using criteria of flora, physiognomy, relief and climate, nine main forest‐steppe regions are identified and characterized. Forest‐steppes are not simple two‐phase systems, as they show a high level of habitat diversity, with forest and grassland patches of varying types and sizes, connected by a network of differently oriented edges. Species diversity and functional diversity may also be exceptionally high in forest‐steppes. Regarding conservation, we conclude that major knowledge gaps exist in determining priorities at the continental, regional, national and local levels, and in identifying clear target states and optimal management strategies. When combined with other threats, climate change may be particularly dangerous to forest‐steppe survival, possibly resulting in compositional changes, rearrangement of the landscape mosaic or even the latitudinal or altitudinal shift of forest‐steppes.     

Effect of climate change over the past half century on the distribution,extent and NPP of ecosystems of Inner Mongolia

The response of natural vegetation to climate change is of global concern. In this research, changes in the spatial pattern of major terrestrial ecosystems from 1956 to 2006 in Inner Mongolia of China were analyzed with the Holdridge Life Zone (HLZ) model in a GIS environment, and net primary production (NPP) of natural vegetation was evaluated with the Synthetic model, to determine the effect of climate change on the ecosystem. The results showed that climate warming and drying strongly influenced ecosystems. Decreased precipitation and the subsequent increase in temperature and potential evapotranspiration caused a severe water deficiency, and hence decreased ecosystem productivity. Climate change also influenced the spatial distribution of HLZs. In particular, new HLZs began to appear, such as Warm temperate desert scrub in 1981 and Warm temperate thorn steppe in 2001. The relative area of desert (Cool temperate desert scrub, Warm temperate thorn steppe, Warm temperate desert scrub, Cool temperate desert and Warm temperate desert) increased by 50.2% over the last half century, whereas the relative area of forest (Boreal moist forest and Cool moist forest) decreased by 36.5%. Furthermore, the area of Cool temperate steppe has continuously decreased at a rate of 5.7% per decade; if the current rate of decrease continues, this HLZ could disappear in 173 years. The HLZs had a large shift range with the mean center of the relative life zones of desert shifting northeast, resulting a decrease in the steppe and forest area and an increase in the desert area. In general, a strong effect of climate change on ecosystems was indicated. Therefore, the important role of climate change must be integrated into rehabilitation strategies of ecosystem degradation of Inner Mongolia.     

Contingent productivity responses to more extreme rainfall regimes across a grassland biome

Climate models predict, and empirical evidence confirms, that more extreme precipitation regimes are occurring in tandem with warmer atmospheric temperatures. These more extreme rainfall patterns are characterized by increased event size separated by longer within season drought periods and represent novel climatic conditions whose consequences for different ecosystem types are largely unknown. Here, we present results from an experiment in which more extreme rainfall patterns were imposed in three native grassland sites in the Central Plains Region of North America, USA. Along this 600 km precipitation–productivity gradient, there was strong sensitivity of temperate grasslands to more extreme growing season rainfall regimes, with responses of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) contingent on mean soil water levels for different grassland types. At the mesic end of the gradient (tallgrass prairie), longer dry intervals between events led to extended periods of below-average soil water content, increased plant water stress and reduced ANPP by 18%. The opposite response occurred at the dry end (semiarid steppe), where a shift to fewer, but larger, events increased periods of above-average soil water content, reduced seasonal plant water stress and resulted in a 30% increase in ANPP. At an intermediate mixed grass prairie site with high plant species richness, ANPP was most sensitive to more extreme rainfall regimes (70% increase). These results highlight the inherent complexity in predicting how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to forecast novel climate conditions as well as the difficulties in extending inferences from single site experiments across biomes. Even with no change in annual precipitation amount, ANPP responses in a relatively uniform physiographic region differed in both magnitude and direction in response to within season changes in rainfall event size/frequency.     

Primary Productivity and Precipitation-Use Efficiency in Temperate Grassland in the Loess Plateau of China

Clarifying spatial variations in aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) of grasslands is critical for effective prediction of the response of terrestrial ecosystem carbon and water cycle to future climate change. Though the combination use of remote sensing products and in situ ANPP measurements, we quantified the effects of climatic [mean annual precipitation (MAP) and precipitation seasonal distribution (PSD)], biotic [leaf area index (LAI)] and abiotic [slope gradient, aspect, soil water storage (SWS) and other soil physical properties] factors on the spatial variations in ANPP and PUE across different grassland types (i.e., meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe) in the Loess Plateau. Based on the study, ANPP increased exponentially with MAP for the entire temperate grassland; suggesting that PUE increased with increasing MAP. Also PSD had a significant effect on ANPP and PUE; where more even PSD favored higher ANPP and PUE. Then MAP, more than PSD, explained spatial variations in typical steppe and desert steppe. However, PSD was the dominant driving factor of spatial variations in ANPP of meadow steppe. This suggested that in terms of spatial variations in ANPP of meadow steppe, change in PSD due to climate change was more important than that in total annual precipitation. LAI explained 78% of spatial PUE in the entire Loess Plateau temperate grassland. As such, LAI was the primary driving factor of spatial variations in PUE. Although the effect of SWS on ANPP and PUE was significant, it was nonetheless less than that of precipitation and vegetation. We therefore concluded that changes in vegetation structure and consequently in LAI and/or altered pattern of seasonal distribution of rainfall due to global climate change could significantly influence ecosystem carbon and water cycle in temperate grasslands.     

中国不同植被区对极端气候的响应差异

分析不同区域植被对极端气候的响应对于加深对植被与气候之间关系的理解以及制定应对极端气候条件的措施尤为重要。基于2001—2020年气候数据和归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,以植被区划为分析单元,分析中国8个植被区的NDVI和27个极端气候指数的时空变化趋势,探究各植被区植被NDVI对极端气候的响应特征与差异性。结果表明：(1)整个研究区及各植被区的平均NDVI年最大值呈显著增加趋势,其中,温带针叶、落叶阔叶混交林区增加趋势最明显,青藏高原高寒植被区增加趋势最弱。(2)极端高温指数多呈升高趋势。极端降水指数在研究区东部呈升高趋势,在西南部呈减少趋势。(3)在不同植被区对NDVI影响最大的极端气候指数不同,其中在寒温带针叶林区影响最大的指数为温暖时间持续指数(WSDI);在温带针叶、落叶阔叶混交林区和热带季风雨林、雨林区影响最大的指数为最高低温(TNx);在暖温带落叶阔叶林区和亚热带常绿阔叶林区为简单降水强度指数(SDII);在温带草原区为最高高温(TXx);在温带荒漠区为年总降水量(PRCPTOT);在青藏高原高寒植被区为结冰天数(ID)。     

The Palaearctic steppe biome: a new synthesis

The Palaearctic steppes range from the Mediterranean basin towards China, forming one of the largest continuous terrestrial biomes. The literature on steppe ecology and conservation is vast but scattered and often not available in English. We provide a review of some key topics based on a new definition of steppes, which includes also Mediterranean steppes and alpine rangelands of the Asian Highlands. Revisiting the terrestrial ecoregions of the world, we estimate that the Palaearctic steppe biome extends over ca. 10.5 million km². Major chorological regions differ in their macroclimatic niche with a clear distinction between Middle Asia with its winter precipitation and the Central Asian summer-rain regions of the Mongolian plateau and of Tibet. Steppe soils store large amounts of carbon, yet the sequestration potential is debated and depends on land use. Major physiognomic-ecological steppe types include forest-, typical-, desert-, and alpine-steppe, which vary in the importance of grasses, mainly C3 species. The steppes host a specialised fauna, and Middle Asia, Tibet, and especially Mongolia, have large herds of migrating ungulates. The share of pristine and protected sites is low in the steppe regions, with conversion into croplands being the most important land use impact in Europe, Middle Asia, and the Mediterranean, while grazing has a severe impact in some parts of Mongolia and Tibet. There are major gaps in our knowledge on: (1) the effects of climate change on the crucial seasonal patterns; (2) the role of steppe soils in the global carbon budget; and (3) the ecology and distribution of most animal groups except vertebrates.     

华北泥河湾盆地植被、气候与早期人类生存环境研究进展

中国北方泥河湾盆地可以与非洲奥杜威峡谷相媲美,它们具有十分相似的地质演化过程,这里河湖相沉积发育,并且蕴藏着丰富的古生物化石和大量古人类遗迹,是研究东亚早期人类生存环境变化的重要区域。基于前人积累的晚上新世以来植被、气候及早期人类生存环境的大量研究资料,经分析发现在大约2.6Ma(百万年),泥河湾盆地的植被由阔叶林转变为以针叶林为主;大约1.92 Ma以后,植被以温带森林-草原(主要是松属、蒿属及藜科)/温带草原(主要是蒿属和禾本科等)为主。通过对比发现,晚上新世以来中国北方从西部到中部,由森林转变为以森林-草原为主的植被类型出现的时段呈现明显的阶梯型。此外,泥河湾盆地气候出现了13个冷暖旋回, 15个干湿旋回,显著的冷干事件发生在2.8 Ma、2.6 Ma、1.92 Ma及143.8 ka (千年),湿润事件发生在43、32和6.6 ka。早期人类生活在森林-草原或以草原为主的植被环境中,气候冷暖干湿波动较大,水源丰富,大量哺乳动物共存。建议在建立泥河湾人类遗址更为精细地层的年代框架下,开展古气候温度与降水参数的定量化研究,将有助于精准重建古人类生存环境及揭示其变化规律。     

1982-2020年内蒙古地区极端气候变化及其对植被的影响

内蒙古地处生态环境脆弱区,对气候变化尤为敏感。在全球气候变暖背景下,探究极端气候变化及其影响显得尤为重要。基于内蒙古地区115个气象站点1982—2020年的逐日气象数据,从强度、持续时间、频率3个维度出发计算了18个极端气候指数,在综合分析极端气候的时空变化特征的基础上,运用地理探测器和皮尔逊相关分析方法,定量评估极端气候对该区植被的影响。结果表明：(1)极端暖指数均呈增加趋势,说明1982—2020年期间内蒙古地区极端偏暖现象增多。(2)持续干旱日数与持续湿润日数呈减少趋势,说明39年来内蒙古地区连续性无降水天数和降水天数均减少。(3)极端气候指数与归一化植被指数(NDVI)的相关关系表现出明显的空间异质性,表明内蒙古不同区域NDVI对各极端气候指数的响应程度不同。(4)因子探测器结果表明极端降水指数相对于极端气温指数来说,对内蒙古植被生长变化的影响较大。研究结果可为内蒙古地区防灾减灾与生态修复工程提供一定的科学依据。     

The role of anthropogenic and natural factors in changes in mesophilic rodent distribution in steppes between the Ural and Volga Rivers

A rapid increase in the average annual temperature (mainly due to rise in temperature during the cold season) and total annual precipitation is observed against the background of climate warming in the Northern Hemisphere as a whole and in the steppe zone between the Ural and Volga Rivers in particular. This has resulted in a change in many natural processes. As the dynamics of climate parameters is ostensibly regional in character, it is expedient to describe these changes in the course of regional studies. We demonstrate this phenomenon using the change in the distribution of mesophilic rodents in steppes of Zavolzh’ye as an example. We also show the role of flood-lands of steppe rivers, dammed beds of hollows and of roadside, field-sheltering, and other forest belts in provision for expansion processes.     

内蒙古荒漠草原牧户对气候变化的感知和适应

荒漠草原是气候变化影响的脆弱和敏感地区.荒漠草原的牧户主要依赖天然草原维持生计,正面临着严峻的气候变化挑战.本文采用问卷调查的实证分析方法,在获取内蒙古苏尼特右旗荒漠草原牧户对气候变化和极端气候事件感知和适应的第一手资料基础上,分析了荒漠草原牧户对气候变化趋势和极端气候事件感知和适应的现状与行为特征.结果表明:在降水稀少、气象灾害频繁发生的荒漠草原,干旱是影响范围最广、影响程度最深、发生频率最高的极端气候事件;牧户不仅对干旱的敏感度远高于其他极端气候事件,而且对大风、沙尘暴和大雪等极端气候事件的深刻感知伴随着对干旱的感知而产生;相对于长期气候变化的感知,牧户对短期气候变化趋势的感知更深刻、准确,并主要依据近10年气候变化的感知结果来判断较长期气候变化的总体趋势;牧户认为,气候变化在很大程度上影响了牲畜健康和草场产量,但牧户应对气候变化的行为相对单一,且多为自发性被动适应,缺乏行之有效的主动适应.     

近60年来印江河流域极端气候演变及其对净初级生产力和归一化植被指数的影响

极端气候事件的发生改变了区域水热条件,并影响着生态环境变化。然而,目前长时间尺度上极端气候的演变规律及其对生态环境的影响尚不明晰。采用Mann-Kendall趋势及突变检验法、连续小波变换和Hurst指数法揭示了喀斯特槽谷印江河流域极端气候的变化趋势、突变时间、周期性特征和未来演变规律,并利用Lindeman-Merenda-Gold模型定量评估了极端气候溶变对生态环境变化的影响。结果表明：(1)印江河流域极端气温显著上升,降雨量增多,呈现湿热多雨的气候特征。未来极端气温事件持续等级将更高,持续强度也更强。(2)同类型极端气候具有潜在的关联性,但不同类型极端气候间的影响较小,且多呈负相关。(3)印江河流域平均净初级生产力(NPP)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)在2000—2015年间呈现相反的变化趋势,NPP平均值为598.53 g C m^-2 a^-1,平均减少速率为-3.32 g C m^-2 a^-1。NDVI平均值为0.59,平均增长速率为0.0013/a。(4)冷持续指数(CSDI)、平均温差(D...     

Differentiations of determinants for the community compositions of bacteria,fungi, and nitrogen fixers in various steppes

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论草划原区和荒漠草原区在宁夏东部的界限

以盐池县为主的宁夏东部草原地区,地处典型草原向荒漠草原的过渡地带,饲养着全自治区近五分之二的二毛裘皮滩羊,是区内重要的畜牧业生产基地之一。这一地区在1955—1961年间曾由不同的专业队进行过多次自然资源综合考察[6,8,10,17],主要单位有中国科学院黄河中游水土保持综合考察队,中国科学院治沙工作队,中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队以及自治区综合勘察队和宁夏农学院等。虽然积累了一些有关这一地区草原植被方面的资料,但正式发表的不多,并且在草原界线的划分上由于认识的不同,分歧较大。如划分界线时有的主要考虑地形或土壤因子[8],而对植被本身的差异注意得不够,甚至建群针茅的种类也还没有搞清楚[17];还有的把隐域植被(沙生植被)与地带性植被混同起来,并过分强调少量入侵的荒漠植物(刺叶柄棘豆)的作用。1977年以来我们连续在这一地区进行草场植被资源调查和草原生态定位研究,现就我们的认识对宁夏东部草原的属性、界线及其资源特征,提出一些看法。     

Extreme temperature events alter demographic rates,relative fitness,and community structure

The frequency and magnitude of extreme events are predicted to increase under future climate change. Despite recent advancements, we still lack a detailed understanding of how changes in the frequency and amplitude of extreme climate events are linked to the temporal and spatial structure of natural communities. To answer this question, we used a combination of laboratory experiments, field experiments, and analysis of multi‐year field observations to reveal the effects of extreme high temperature events on the demographic rates and relative dominance of three co‐occurrence aphid species which differ in their transmission efficiency of different agricultural pathogens. We then linked the geographical shift in their relative dominance to frequent extreme high temperatures through a meta‐analysis. We found that both frequency and amplitude of extreme high temperatures altered demographic rates of species. However, these effects were species‐specific. Increasing the frequency and amplitude of extreme temperature events altered which species had the highest fitness. Importantly, this change in relative fitness of species was consistent with significant changes in the relative dominance of species in natural communities in a 1 year long field heating experiment and 6 year long field survey of natural populations. Finally, at a global spatial scale, we found the same relationship between relative abundance of species and frequency of extreme temperatures. Together, our results indicate that changes in frequency and amplitude of extreme high temperatures can alter the temporal and spatial structure of natural communities, and that these changes are driven by asymmetric effects of high temperatures on the demographic rates and fitness of species. They also highlight the importance of understanding how extreme events affect the life‐history of species for predicting the impacts of climate change at the individual and community level, and emphasize the importance of using a broad range of approaches when studying climate change.     

Can animal habitat use patterns influence their vulnerability to extreme climate events? An estuarine sportfish case study

Global climate forecasts predict changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events (ECEs). The capacity for specific habitat patches within a landscape to modulate stressors from extreme climate events, and animal distribution throughout habitat matrices during events, could influence the degree of population level effects following the passage of ECEs. Here, we ask (i) does the intensity of stressors of an ECE vary across a landscape? And (ii) Do habitat use patterns of a mobile species influence their vulnerability to ECEs? Specifically, we measured how extreme cold spells might interact with temporal variability in habitat use to affect populations of a tropical, estuarine‐dependent large‐bodied fish Common Snook, within Everglades National Park estuaries (FL US). We examined temperature variation across the estuary during cold disturbances with different degrees of severity, including an extreme cold spell. Second, we quantified Snook distribution patterns when the passage of ECEs is most likely to occur from 2012 to 2016 using passive acoustic tracking. Our results revealed spatial heterogeneity in the intensity of temperature declines during cold disturbances, with some habitats being consistently 3–5°C colder than others. Surprisingly, Snook distributions during periods of greatest risk to experience an extreme cold event varied among years. During the winters of 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 a greater proportion of Snook occurred in the colder habitats, while the winters of 2012–2013 and 2015–2016 featured more Snook observed in the warmest habitats. This study shows that Snook habitat use patterns could influence vulnerability to extreme cold events, however, whether Snook habitat use increases or decreases their vulnerability to disturbance depends on the year, creating temporally dynamic vulnerability. Faunal global change research should address the spatially explicit nature of extreme climate events and animal habitat use patterns to identify potential mechanisms that may influence population effects following these disturbances.     

黄土高原极端气温变化特征及其与平均气温的相关性

近几十年来,黄土高原极端气候频发,研究和预测极端气候的发生显得尤为重要。目前,关于极端气候的研究多关注事件本身的变化特征,而忽略了平均气温与其变化趋势的相关分析。本研究基于1986—2019年黄土高原79个气象站的逐日最高气温、最低气温和平均气温资料,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验以及Pearson相关分析方法,对黄土高原地区极端气温的变化趋势及其与平均气温的相关性进行研究。结果表明: 研究期间,黄土高原地区极端气温暖指数呈显著上升趋势,冷指数呈显著下降趋势,极端高温事件发生频率增加;大多极端气温指数在20世纪90年代中后期和2012年发生突变,且极端气温在1998—2012年整体呈现下降趋势,较好地响应了全球变暖停滞现象;平均气温在西部黄土高塬沟壑区、土石山区及河谷平原区的上升趋势较其他区域明显,且极端气温指数大幅变化趋势的站点几乎都发生在平均气温大幅上升的区域;平均气温的小幅上升显著增加了极端高温事件发生的频率,其中,极端低温的变化幅度和速率大于极端高温,气候变暖对极端气温指数产生了不同影响,平均气温的微小变化使得黄土高原整体气候分布向着更易发生热浪的方向转移。