光学相干层析用于牙齿病变的检测

阐述了适用于牙齿结构成像的光学相干层析成像(OCT)系统。系统光源中心波长为1 310 nm,成像分辨率10μm,在牙内成像深度2 mm,成像速度1幅/秒,系统信噪比100 dB。利用此OCT仪清晰检测到牙齿样品的牙釉质和牙本质,观察到牙釉质与牙本质的分界面以及正常牙齿牙釉质与龋齿牙齿牙釉质OCT图像的区别。进一步设计研制了适用于口腔内探测的小型OCT探头。     

Optical Coherence Tomography and Autofluorescence Imaging of Human Tonsil

For the first time, we present co-registered autofluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography (AF/OCT) of excised human palatine tonsils to evaluate the capabilities of OCT to visualize tonsil tissue components. Despite limited penetration depth, OCT can provide detailed structural information about tonsil tissue with much higher resolution than that of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and Ultrasound. Different tonsil tissue components such as epithelium, dense connective tissue, lymphoid nodules, and crypts can be visualized by OCT. The co-registered AF imaging can provide matching biochemical information. AF/OCT scans may provide a non-invasive tool for detecting tonsillar cancers and for studying the natural history of their development.     

Convolution Neural Networks and Support Vector Machines for Automatic Segmentation of Intracoronary Optical Coherence Tomography

Cardiovascular diseases are closely associated with deteriorating atherosclerotic plaques. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed intravascular imaging technique with high resolution approximately 10 microns and could provide accurate quantification of coronary plaque morphology. However, tissue segmentation of OCT images in clinic is still mainly performed manually by physicians which is time consuming and subjective. To overcome these limitations, two automatic segmentation methods for intracoronary OCT image based on support vector machine (SVM) and convolutional neural network (CNN) were performed to identify the plaque region and characterize plaque components. In vivo IVUS and OCT coronary plaque data from 5 patients were acquired at Emory University with patient’s consent obtained. Seventy-seven matched IVUS and OCT slices with good image quality and lipid cores were selected for this study. Manual OCT segmentation was performed by experts using virtual histology IVUS as guidance, and used as gold standard in the automatic segmentations. The overall classification accuracy based on CNN method achieved 95.8%, and the accuracy based on SVM was 71.9%. The CNN-based segmentation method can better characterize plaque compositions on OCT images and greatly reduce the time spent by doctors in segmenting and identifying plaques.     

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT has been used extensively in ophthalmology, dermatology, and gastroenterology^1-3. Using a thinned-skull cortical window (TSCW), we employ spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT) modality as a tool to image the cortex in vivo. Commonly, an opened-skull has been used for neuro-imaging as it provides more versatility, however, a TSCW approach is less invasive and is an effective mean for long term imaging in neuropathology studies. Here, we present a method of creating a TSCW in a mouse model for in vivo OCT imaging of the cerebral cortex.     

金纳米棒-聚苯胺核壳纳米材料的光学相干层析成像能力研究

对比试剂的使用能够显著提升光学相干层析(OCT)的成像效果。聚苯胺(PANI)是一种有机导电聚合物,在近红外(NIR)区有着很强的光吸收。本文采用PANI对常见的OCT成像对比试剂--金纳米棒(GNRs)进行修饰,合成了PANI/GNRs核壳粒子,并对其OCT成像对比能力进行了研究。PANI/GNRs展现出良好的NIR光吸收特性;同时,PANI对GNRs的包裹也显著提升了金纳米结构的稳定性、降低了GNRs原有的毒性。选用离体猪肝组织作为检测样本,发现纳米材料使用能够显著提升OCT的成像效果。与未修饰的GNRs及PANI粒子相比,PANI/GNRs的OCT成像对比效果明显更好。因此,PANI包裹的GNRs核壳纳米材料有望成为一种低毒性且效果良好的OCT对比试剂用于生物组织成像。     

MEMS-Based Handheld Fourier Domain Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography for Intraoperative Microvascular Anastomosis Imaging

Purpose

To demonstrate the feasibility of a miniature handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) imager for real time intraoperative vascular patency evaluation in the setting of super-microsurgical vessel anastomosis.

Methods

A novel handheld imager Fourier domain Doppler optical coherence tomography based on a 1.3-µm central wavelength swept source for extravascular imaging was developed. The imager was minimized through the adoption of a 2.4-mm diameter microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanning mirror, additionally a 12.7-mm diameter lens system was designed and combined with the MEMS mirror to achieve a small form factor that optimize functionality as a handheld extravascular OCT imager. To evaluate in-vivo applicability, super-microsurgical vessel anastomosis was performed in a mouse femoral vessel cut and repair model employing conventional interrupted suture technique as well as a novel non-suture cuff technique. Vascular anastomosis patency after clinically successful repair was evaluated using the novel handheld OCT imager.

Results

With an adjustable lateral image field of view up to 1.5 mm by 1.5 mm, high-resolution simultaneous structural and flow imaging of the blood vessels were successfully acquired for BALB/C mouse after orthotopic hind limb transplantation using a non-suture cuff technique and BALB/C mouse after femoral artery anastomosis using a suture technique. We experimentally quantify the axial and lateral resolution of the OCT to be 12.6 µm in air and 17.5 µm respectively. The OCT has a sensitivity of 84 dB and sensitivity roll-off of 5.7 dB/mm over an imaging range of 5 mm. Imaging with a frame rate of 36 Hz for an image size of 1000(lateral)×512(axial) pixels using a 50,000 A-lines per second swept source was achieved. Quantitative vessel lumen patency, lumen narrowing and thrombosis analysis were performed based on acquired structure and Doppler images.

Conclusions

A miniature handheld OCT imager that can be used for intraoperative evaluation of microvascular anastomosis was successfully demonstrated.     

光学相干层析术高分辨率活体成像泼尼松龙诱导的骨质疏松斑马鱼模型

本研究利用光学相干层析术OCT对泼尼松龙诱导的斑马鱼骨质疏松模型进行活体成像,并结合电镜能谱技术定量分析斑马鱼模型骨质的钙磷元素含量及分布情况,共同探讨OCT方法在基于斑马鱼模型开展的骨质疏松研究中的使用价值。选取40条3月龄野生型斑马鱼暴露于50μmol/L泼尼松龙溶液和含0. 5%DMSO的溶液中(对照组),28. 5℃下培养,分别于第5、10、20天取出浸药组和对照组进行OCT活体成像,比较两者光散射特征。在每个时间点的成像之后,将浸药组的5条斑马鱼处死,然后取颅骨进行元素含量电镜扫描能谱分析。本研究利用50μmol/L泼尼松龙溶液培养斑马鱼至第20天,成功构建了斑马鱼骨质疏松模型。与对照组相比,模型组活体OCT成像显示骨组织光散射减弱,光子量明显减少,呈不均匀分布。能谱元素检查结果说明颅骨内所含钙、磷比例明显下降,证实骨质疏松发生,骨量减少。OCT成像方法在对斑马鱼骨质疏松模型进行活体、实时、无创等研究方面具有重要价值,本试验也为骨质疏松疾病的研究和药物筛选等方面提供了新的有效的方法。     

Enhanced Vitreous Imaging in Healthy Eyes Using Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose

To describe enhanced vitreous imaging for visualization of anatomic features and microstructures within the posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface in healthy eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The study hypothesis was that long-wavelength, high-speed, volumetric SS-OCT with software registration motion correction and vitreous window display or high-dynamic-range (HDR) display improves detection sensitivity of posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal features compared to standard OCT logarithmic scale display.

Design

Observational prospective cross-sectional study.

Methods

Multiple wide-field three-dimensional SS-OCT scans (500×500A-scans over 12×12 mm²) were obtained using a prototype instrument in 22 eyes of 22 healthy volunteers. A registration motion-correction algorithm was applied to compensate motion and generate a single volumetric dataset. Each volumetric dataset was displayed in three forms: (1) standard logarithmic scale display, enhanced vitreous imaging using (2) vitreous window display and (3) HDR display. Each dataset was reviewed independently by three readers to identify features of the posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface. Detection sensitivities for these features were measured for each display method.

Results

Features observed included the bursa premacularis (BPM), area of Martegiani, Cloquet''s/BPM septum, Bergmeister papilla, posterior cortical vitreous (hyaloid) detachment, papillomacular hyaloid detachment, hyaloid attachment to retinal vessel(s), and granular opacities within vitreous cortex, Cloquet''s canal, and BPM. The detection sensitivity for these features was 75.0% (95%CI: 67.8%–81.1%) using standard logarithmic scale display, 80.6% (95%CI: 73.8%–86.0%) using HDR display, and 91.9% (95%CI: 86.6%–95.2%) using vitreous window display.

Conclusions

SS-OCT provides non-invasive, volumetric and measurable in vivo visualization of the anatomic microstructural features of the posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface. The vitreous window display provides the highest sensitivity for posterior vitreous and vitreoretinal interface analysis when compared to HDR and standard OCT logarithmic scale display. Enhanced vitreous imaging with SS-OCT may help assess the natural history and treatment response in vitreoretinal interface diseases.     

Potential Measurement Errors Due to Image Enlargement in Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

The effect of interpolation and super-resolution (SR) algorithms on quantitative and qualitative assessments of enlarged optical coherence tomography (OCT) images was investigated in this report. Spectral-domain OCT images from 30 eyes in 30 consecutive patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and 20 healthy eyes in 20 consecutive volunteers were analyzed. Original image (OR) resolution was reduced by a factor of four. Images were then magnified by a factor of four with and without application of one of the following algorithms: bilinear (BL), bicubic (BC), Lanczos3 (LA), and SR. Differences in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, photoreceptor layer status, and parallelism (reflects the complexity of photoreceptor layer alterations) were analyzed in each image type. The order of PSNRs from highest to lowest was SR > LA > BC > BL > non-processed enlarged images (NONE). The PSNR was statistically different in all groups. The NONE, BC, and LA images resulted in significantly thicker RNFL measurements than the OR image. In eyes with DME, the photoreceptor layer, which was hardly identifiable in NONE images, became detectable with algorithm application. However, OCT photoreceptor parameters were still assessed as more undetectable than in OR images. Parallelism was not statistically different in OR and NONE images, but other image groups had significantly higher parallelism than OR images. Our results indicated that interpolation and SR algorithms increased OCT image resolution. However, qualitative and quantitative assessments were influenced by algorithm use. Additionally, each algorithm affected the assessments differently.     

图形处理器在实时光学相干断层成像中的应用

光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)技术在成像过程中具有极大的数据量和计算量,传统的基于中央处理器(central processing unit,CPU)的计算平台难以满足OCT实时成像的需求。图形处理器(graphics processing unit,GPU)在通用计算方面具有强大的并行处理能力和数值计算能力,可以突破OCT实时成像的瓶颈。本文对GPU做了简要介绍并阐述了GPU在OCT实时成像及功能成像中的应用及研究进展。     

大鼠乙酸性胃溃疡模型的光学相干层析成像研究

应用光学相干层析成像技术对大鼠乙酸胃溃疡模型的愈合过程进行初步检测,探讨光学层析成像技术在消化性溃疡疾病中的诊断价值及其意义.实验中应用乙酸局部刺激法建立大鼠胃溃疡模型,应用光学相干层析成像系统于模型复制后不同时期进行扫描,观察在其自然愈合过程中溃疡组织的变化情况,并且对其图像进行比较分析.结果显示:利用光学相干层析成像技术能够很准确的区别正常和非正常的胃组织,并且能够区分不同的愈合时期胃溃疡组织的图像,以及对病变组织进行一定深度的扫描.研究表明:光学相干层析成像系统对乙酸胃溃疡的愈合和复发情况的观察是一种很有发展潜力的检测手段,对其愈合质量判定亦具有一定的价值.     

用于全眼段成像和视轴参数测量的四焦点开关光学相干断层扫描

本文演示了四焦点开关傅里叶域光学相干断层扫描系统用于全眼段成像和体内视轴参数(VAP)测量的可行性.使用包括不同厚度平行玻璃板的两个同步转盘来将探测光束的焦点位置从角膜以及晶状体的前部和后部切换到视网膜.该过程同时增加了参考光束的深度范围.这种多级聚焦的方法可以使探测光束完全聚焦在人眼的每个部分.初步实验表明,该方法可...     

Central and Midperipheral Corneal Thickness Measured with Scheimpflug Imaging and Optical Coherence Tomography

Purpose

To compare corneal thickness measurements using Pentacam (Oculus, Germany), Sirius (CSO, Italy), Galilei (Ziemer, Switzerland), and RTVue-100 OCT (Optovue Inc., USA).

Methods

Sixty-six eyes of 66 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Three consecutive measurements were performed with each device. The mean value of the three measurements was used for subsequent analysis. Central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), and midperipheral corneal thickness (MPCT; measured at superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal locations with a distance of 1 mm (CT_2mm) or 2.5 mm (CT_5mm) from the corneal apex) were analyzed. Differences and agreement between measurements were assessed using the repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bland-Altman analyses, respectively.

Results

Statistically significant differences (p<0.001) among the four devices were revealed in CCT, TCT and CT_2mmmeasurements. The CCT, TCT, and CT_2mm values were ranked from the thickest to the thinnest as follows: Galilei>Sirius>Pentacam>RTVue OCT. For these measurements, agreement between measurements by Sirius and Pentacam was good, whereas Galilei overestimated and RTVue underestimated corneal thickness compared to Sirius and Pentacam. As regards CT_5mm measurements, Pentacam provided the largest values, whereas RTVue OCT yielded the smallest values. Agreement of the CT_5mm measurements was good between the Pentacam, Sirius, moderate between Galilei and the other two Scheimpflug systems, and poor between the RTVue OCT and the remaining devices.

Conclusions

The Pentacam and Sirius can be used interchangeably for CCT measurements, while the Galilei and RTVue systematically over- and underestimate CCT, respectively. The three Scheimpflug cameras, but not the RTVue, may be used interchangeably for MPCT measurements.     

Optical Coherence Tomography for live imaging of mammalian development

Understanding the nature and mechanism of congenital defects of the different organ systems in humans has heavily relied on the analysis of the corresponding mutant phenotypes in rodent models. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has recently emerged as a powerful tool to study early embryonic development. This non-invasive optical methodology does not require labeling and allows visualization of embryonic tissues with single cell resolution. Here, we will discuss how OCT can be applied for structural imaging of early mouse and rat embryos in static culture, cardiodynamic and blood flow analysis, and in utero embryonic imaging at later stages of gestation, demonstrating how OCT can be used to assess structural and functional birth defects in mammalian models.     

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography of Retinal Circulation

Noncontact retinal blood flow measurements are performed with a Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using a circumpapillary double circular scan (CDCS) that scans around the optic nerve head at 3.40 mm and 3.75 mm diameters. The double concentric circles are performed 6 times consecutively over 2 sec. The CDCS scan is saved with Doppler shift information from which flow can be calculated. The standard clinical protocol calls for 3 CDCS scans made with the OCT beam passing through the superonasal edge of the pupil and 3 CDCS scan through the inferonal pupil. This double-angle protocol ensures that acceptable Doppler angle is obtained on each retinal branch vessel in at least 1 scan. The CDCS scan data, a 3-dimensional volumetric OCT scan of the optic disc scan, and a color photograph of the optic disc are used together to obtain retinal blood flow measurement on an eye. We have developed a blood flow measurement software called "Doppler optical coherence tomography of retinal circulation" (DOCTORC). This semi-automated software is used to measure total retinal blood flow, vessel cross section area, and average blood velocity. The flow of each vessel is calculated from the Doppler shift in the vessel cross-sectional area and the Doppler angle between the vessel and the OCT beam. Total retinal blood flow measurement is summed from the veins around the optic disc. The results obtained at our Doppler OCT reading center showed good reproducibility between graders and methods (<10%). Total retinal blood flow could be useful in the management of glaucoma, other retinal diseases, and retinal diseases. In glaucoma patients, OCT retinal blood flow measurement was highly correlated with visual field loss (R²>0.57 with visual field pattern deviation). Doppler OCT is a new method to perform rapid, noncontact, and repeatable measurement of total retinal blood flow using widely available Fourier-domain OCT instrumentation. This new technology may improve the practicality of making these measurements in clinical studies and routine clinical practice.     

光学相干层析成像技术在内窥镜中的应用

光学相干层析成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)技术是继X射线成像、核磁共振成像、超声成像等之后的一种新型的成像技术,其可光纤化的特点使得它易于医用电子内窥镜相结合。OCT内窥镜技术可实现对人体内部器官的高速率、高分辨率、无损伤、实时成像。主要介绍了OCT技术的种类、基本原理以及包括探测深度和纵向分辨率等的参数;简述了OCT内窥镜的发展历史以及最新成果,重点分析了光源对OCT内窥镜的影响。总结了OCT内窥镜的主要应用。     

位相分辨偏振灵敏光学相干层析术:组织双折射特性的成像与定量分析

我们研制了一种基于光纤的位相分辨偏振灵敏光学相干层析成像系统。该系统中的偏振状态控制设量在参考臂而非光源臂上,因而使得光抵达样品的传输效率大大提高。鉴于光源的部分偏振性,入射于样品上的光含有任意偏振状态的分量,通过对参考光偏振状态的调制,就可相干地提取对应于入射光四种正交偏振状态并经样品后向散射的光信号。基于斯托克斯矢量夹角在无损光纤系统传输的变换不变性,我们能利用测量臂中光信号的斯托克斯参数来确定双折射样品深度分辨的位相延迟信息。利用所研制的偏振灵敏光学相干层析成像系统,不仅确认了韧带和软骨的双折射性质,而且定量分析了不同条件下韧带的双折射变化．研究结果表明：韧带松弛可使其双折射特性明显减弱,而韧带经拉伸后,其双折射特性的变化却不明显。     

Visualization of Plant Tissues by Optical Coherence Tomography

The internal structure of plant tissues was visualized with optical coherence tomography (OCT). This noninvasive method is suitable for examining intact plants; it produces two-dimensional images of plant tissues at a penetration depth of 1–2 mm from the surface. The potential use of OCT was assessed on Tradescantia blossfeldiana Mild. Plant tissue images measuring 1.5 × 2 mm were obtained in vivo with a spatial resolution of 15 m. The radiation power incident on a sample was 0.5 mW. The acquisition of a two-dimensional image consisting of 200 × 200 pixels required 1–3 s. The OCT method can be used to visualize not only plant tissues and tissue boundaries but also the structure of individual cells.     

光学相干层析分子成像方法初探

介绍了分子对比剂在光学相干层析成像(optical coherence tom ography,OCT)技术中的研究现状,概述了迄今出现的几种不同的光学相干层析分子成像方法(m olecu lar contrast OCT,简称为MCOCT),讨论了MCOCT的几个重要的实际问题:对比剂的选择范围、激发光强的限制、各种方法灵敏度比较以及MCOCT应用于临床与生物学领域需要考虑的因素。     

Biomechanics of the Chick Embryonic Heart Outflow Tract at HH18 Using 4D Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging and Computational Modeling

During developmental stages, biomechanical stimuli on cardiac cells modulate genetic programs, and deviations from normal stimuli can lead to cardiac defects. Therefore, it is important to characterize normal cardiac biomechanical stimuli during early developmental stages. Using the chicken embryo model of cardiac development, we focused on characterizing biomechanical stimuli on the Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) 18 chick cardiac outflow tract (OFT), the distal portion of the heart from which a large portion of defects observed in humans originate. To characterize biomechanical stimuli in the OFT, we used a combination of in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, physiological measurements and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. We found that, at HH18, the proximal portion of the OFT wall undergoes larger circumferential strains than its distal portion, while the distal portion of the OFT wall undergoes larger wall stresses. Maximal wall shear stresses were generally found on the surface of endocardial cushions, which are protrusions of extracellular matrix onto the OFT lumen that later during development give rise to cardiac septa and valves. The non-uniform spatial and temporal distributions of stresses and strains in the OFT walls provide biomechanical cues to cardiac cells that likely aid in the extensive differential growth and remodeling patterns observed during normal development.