Teaching Industrial Ecology to Graduate Students: Experiences at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology

We reflect on our experiences in developing and teaching industrial ecology to interdisciplinary classes of M.Sc. and Ph.D. students. During a three-year period different ways of teaching a course in industrial ecology were tested. We conclude that an industrial ecology course has positive effects on the students' ability to acquire a holistic understanding of life-cycle environmental performance, a skill much in demand by industry. Such a course should be based on problem-oriented learning. We recommend the use of thematically-focused seminars with time for both lectures and workshops. We found that substantial participation by teachers from different disciplines and partners from industry and government is very effective. Such a course also facilitates a broader process of change within the university. Implementing industrial ecology in the university requires a joint effort and collaboration among various faculties and departments, where research activities, student projects, as well as regular student teaching and tutoring, must be complementary elements of a major interdisciplinary strategy. Such a strategy has been employed at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) since the first initiatives in this area were taken in 1993, and this has led to our present more comprehensive Industrial Ecology Programme (IndEcol).     

优化整合多种教学法在临床教学中的应用

临床教学是医学教育的重要组成部分,是医学生提高专业素质的根本保障。临床教学阶段对于医学生来讲至关重要,也是医学院和教学医院的工作重心。现代社会对医生的要求越来越高,而临床教学的质量直接关系到医学生的培养质量,因此提高临床教学水平势在必行。传统的以授课为基础的教学模式对学生临床技能、临床思维以及医德医风等医学基本素质的提高并不明显。近年来教育工作者以提高学生学习兴趣和综合能力为出发点,提出了多种新的教学方法,如以问题为中心教学法、以案例为中心教学法、情景模拟教学法、以小组为中心教学法等。笔者从实际应用出发、认真剖析各种教学法的优缺点,将其科学整合,应用于临床教学的不同阶段,切实有效地提高了临床教学效果。     

Exploring the Relationship between the Engineering and Physical Sciences and the Health and Life Sciences by Advanced Bibliometric Methods

We investigate the extent to which advances in the health and life sciences (HLS) are dependent on research in the engineering and physical sciences (EPS), particularly physics, chemistry, mathematics, and engineering. The analysis combines two different bibliometric approaches. The first approach to analyze the ‘EPS-HLS interface’ is based on term map visualizations of HLS research fields. We consider 16 clinical fields and five life science fields. On the basis of expert judgment, EPS research in these fields is studied by identifying EPS-related terms in the term maps. In the second approach, a large-scale citation-based network analysis is applied to publications from all fields of science. We work with about 22,000 clusters of publications, each representing a topic in the scientific literature. Citation relations are used to identify topics at the EPS-HLS interface. The two approaches complement each other. The advantages of working with textual data compensate for the limitations of working with citation relations and the other way around. An important advantage of working with textual data is in the in-depth qualitative insights it provides. Working with citation relations, on the other hand, yields many relevant quantitative statistics. We find that EPS research contributes to HLS developments mainly in the following five ways: new materials and their properties; chemical methods for analysis and molecular synthesis; imaging of parts of the body as well as of biomaterial surfaces; medical engineering mainly related to imaging, radiation therapy, signal processing technology, and other medical instrumentation; mathematical and statistical methods for data analysis. In our analysis, about 10% of all EPS and HLS publications are classified as being at the EPS-HLS interface. This percentage has remained more or less constant during the past decade.     

Bioinformatics Commons: The Cornerstone of Life and Health Sciences

正Bioinformatics, an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, mathematics, computer science, medicine, and health science, to integrate, analyze, and interpret biological data, is now becoming increasingly data-intensive. To dig out the treasure from big data powered by high-throughput sequencing technologies, it is highly dependent on Bioinformatics Commons that involves a variety of fundamental resources, includ-     

PBL联合CBL教学方法在胃肠外科临床见习教学中的应用

目的:探讨PBL联合CBL教学模式在医学生胃肠外科见习教学中的应用效果.方法:选取50名2008级胃肠外科见习医学生作为研究对象,将其随机分成两组:实验组采用PBL联合CBL教学模式,对照组则仅采用传统LBL教学模式.通过出科考核及问卷调查两种方式评价胃肠外科见习教学效果.结果:显示PBL+ CBL组的考试成绩要明显优于LBL组,差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05),并且见习后的问卷调查结果提示学生对PBL+ CBL的教学模式满意度较高.结论:我们的研究结果表明PBL+ CBL双轨教学模式受到学生欢迎,在提高学生理论知识水平方面比LBL模式更为有效.     

多元化教学模式在烧伤外科研究生教学中的应用

目的:探讨LBL、PBL与CBL相结合的多元化教学模式在烧伤外科研究生临床教学中的效果。方法:研究对象为我院烧伤外科硕士研究生48人,随机分为A、B、C三组,A组采用传统的LBL+CBL模式进行教学,B组采用CBL+PBL模式进行教学,C组采用LBL+CBL+PBL模式进行教学,通过问卷调查和试卷考核两方面比较教学效果。结果:通过问卷调查,C组学生在对教学的满意度、学习主动性、学习兴趣、知识量和解决问题能力方面显著高于A组,在知识量和解决问题能力方面显著高于B组,B组学生在对教学的满意度、学习主动性和解决问题能力显著高于A组;通过试卷考核,C组学生在理论考核和临床思维考核方面显著高于A组,在理论考核方面显著高于B组,B组学生在理论考核方面显著低于A组。结论:PBL教学法还不能完全替代LBL教学法,而LBL、PBL与CBL结合的教学法在各个方面均优于传统教学,有助于提高临床能力。     

动物福利在研究生实验动物学教学中的应用初探

在医学研究中,实验动物具有不可替代的地位和作用,越来越多的人开始关心动物福利。各医学院校是培养未来科研工作者的机构,实验动物在医学院校的使用量非常大,因此,在课堂教学中,培养医学生树立保护动物福利的观念具有重要意义。本文从课堂教育、实验动物处理、3R原则的实施等方面探讨了如何在教学过程中开展动物福利教育。     

必须十分重视学生的微生物学实验技能的训练

就微生物学专业研究生入学考试面试的实验操作技能测试中暴露出一些考生的微生物学基本实验技能比较差的问题,分析其产生的原因,提出实验基本技能也是创新能力的一部分,没有很强的动手能力,不但不能创新,就连基本的模仿工作也不能开展。希望能引起同行的注意,在培养学生创新能力的同时,要重视对本科生微生物学基本实验技能的培养。