银杏黄酮苷和萜类内酯含量的季节变化

以银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)2年生实生苗和大树为试材,分析根、茎和叶中银杏黄酮苷及萜类内酯含量的季节变化规律。银杏叶中萜类内酯含量从春季起逐渐增加,至夏末秋初达最高值,随后逐渐减少;根和茎中萜类内酯含量的季节变化与叶中相类似,但在冬季休眠期维持较高含量,进入春季伴随叶的萌发生长降低到全年的最低点。银杏茎中萜类内酯含量最低,相当于叶含量的1／3和根含量的1／2。叶中白果内酯含量在总萜类内酯中所占比例较高,而在根和茎中所占比例则较低。随着树龄增加,银杏叶萜类内酯含量下降,这可能与萜类内酯合成能力下降有关。银杏黄酮苷含量在春季幼叶中最高,夏季和秋季相对较低且变化不明显;长枝叶中槲皮素较多,而短枝叶中山柰黄素较多。对不同季节和不同部位的不同成分含量的相关机理进行了讨论。     

Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba products and a simple method to improve its detection

Extracts of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) leaf are widely available worldwide in herbal medicinal products, dietary supplements, botanicals and complementary medicines, and several pharmacopoeias contain monographs for ginkgo leaf, leaf extract and finished products. Being a high-value botanical commodity, ginkgo extracts may be the subject of economically motivated adulteration. We analysed eight ginkgo leaf retail products purchased in Australia and Denmark and found compelling evidence of adulteration with flavonol aglycones in three of these. The same three products also contained genistein, an isoflavone that does not occur in ginkgo leaf.Although the United States Pharmacopeia – National Formulary (USP-NF) and the British and European Pharmacopoeias stipulate a required range for flavonol glycosides in ginkgo extract, the prescribed assays quantify flavonol aglycones. This means that these pharmacopoeial methods are not capable of detecting adulteration of ginkgo extract with free flavonol aglycones.We propose a simple modification of the USP-NF method that addresses this problem: by assaying for flavonol aglycones pre and post hydrolysis the content of flavonol glycosides can be accurately estimated via a simple calculation. We also recommend a maximum limit be set for free flavonol aglycones in ginkgo extract.     

光强与光质对银杏光合作用及黄酮苷与萜类内酯含量的影响

对2年生银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)苗进行遮荫和光膜处理,测定光合速率及碳水化合物,银杏黄酮苷与萜类内酯的含量。光合速率在自然光下测定时从大到小依次为：黄膜＞蓝膜和红膜＞绿膜＞紫膜和白膜,在光膜下测定时为：黄膜＞红膜＞蓝膜、紫膜和白膜＞绿膜。光强和光质对碳水化合物含量有显著影响。光质对萜类内酯的生物合成和积累有影响,紫膜处理的银杏萜类内酯含量最高,为3.89mg/g,比白膜（对照） 高85．23％,其次是绿膜,为2．80mg/g。覆膜和蔗荫显著减少银杏黄酮苷含量,这可能与紫外辐射强度减弱有关。     

The occurrence of acylated flavonol glycosides in the cruciferae

Nine acylated glycosides of kaempferol or quercetin were identified in Sisymbrium gilliesii, and in three Crambe spp. They were usually present together with the related unacylated glycosides. Acylation is a very common characteristic of the four crucifer species studied.     

HPLC法测定银杏叶征剂中决黄酮甙的含量

银杏 (ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬｉｎｎ .)叶提取物 (ＧＢＥ)是银杏叶经提取、分离而得的干浸膏 ,是银杏叶制剂的主要原料。药理及临床表明 ,它能增加冠状动脉血流量 ,可用于动脉硬化及高血压所致的冠状动脉供血不全、心绞痛、心肌梗塞、脑血栓、脑血管痉挛等症[1] 。其活性成分主要是黄酮类和萜内酯[2 ] 。银杏叶黄酮类成分的测定方法 ,有紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱法 ,因前者专属性较差 ,现多数厂家均采用后者。高效液相色谱法测定总黄酮甙的含量时 ,在对照品的使用上 ,既有单用槲皮素 (ｑｕｅｒｃｅｔｉｎ)为对照品的测定方法[3 ] ,…     

银杏性别相关分子标记

利用RAPD技术寻找银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)中与性别相关的分子标记。筛选了1200个10bp的随机引物,产生了8372个RAPD条带。只有S1478产生一条大小为682bp、雄性特异的分子标记,该分子标记被命名为S1478—682,出现在所有雄性植株中,而所有雌性植株都不具有该分子标记。通过在北京和沈阳种植的银杏植株的RAPD推广验证,说明该分子标记可以用来检测银杏植株的性别。     

银杏产黄酮内生真菌的分离与鉴定

为实现真菌发酵生产黄酮,用HPLC和氯化铝比色法,从四川、贵州、山东等地采集的银杏根、茎、叶中分离到7株产黄酮真菌。分子和形态学鉴定结果表明:这些菌株分别属于Colletotrichum和Fusarium,菌株QC102经鉴定为Colletotrichumacutatum Simmonds,其总黄酮产量为8.2μg/mL。     

银杏叶中聚戊烯醇含量及其季节性变化

银杏 (ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ .)叶中聚戊烯醇 (ｐｏｌｙｐｒｅｎｏｌｓ)含量较高[1] ,聚戊烯醇在人体中是多萜醇的中间体[2 ] ,对细胞膜糖蛋白生物合成具有重要作用[3 ] ,用于多发性硬化症 (痛风 ,红斑狼疮等 )等免疫功能疾病、糖尿病、慢性肝炎及肿瘤病人化疗的辅助治疗     

银杏性别相关分子标记

利用RAPD技术寻找银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)中与性别相关的分子标记.筛选了1 200个10 bp的随机引物,产生了8 372个RAPD条带.只有S1478产生一条大小为682 bp、雄性特异的分子标记,该分子标记被命名为S1478-682,出现在所有雄性植株中,而所有雌性植株都不具有该分子标记.通过在北京和沈阳种植的银杏植株的RAPD推广验证,说明该分子标记可以用来检测银杏植株的性别.     

银杏细胞固定化培养及银杏内酯的产生

探讨利用银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)细胞固定化培养方法 ,大规模生产药用成分银杏内酯类化合物的可能性。考察了植物生长调节剂对银杏固定化培养细胞生长及发酵液中银杏内酯类成分产生的影响。结果显示 ,最优培养基生长调节剂配比为 2 ,4 D 8 0mg L KT 0 0 4mg L NAA 0 4mg L。优化培养后 ,固定化细胞最高生物量出现在第 1 2d ,为 0 4gDW 瓶。发酵液中银杏内酯含量 :GKA在 2 2d时最高 (2 0 0 μg L) ,GKB在 1 8d时最高 (1 2 2 μg L) ,GKC在 1 8d时最高 (5 0 9μg L)。     

Ginkgo biloba: The Ovuliferous Leaf and Its Phylogenetic Implication

This paper reports the occurrence of the ovuliferous leaves on a Maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba)growing in Longdong, Yiyuan County, Shandong Province. This phenomenon is discussed in connection with the history of Ginkgoales. It is believed that this discovery serves as an illustration of the hypothesis that the secondary apical position of ovules (Ginkgoales) is a modification of the marginal position (Pteridospermidae). Again, it probably leads to the assumption that, in Ginkgo, “the foliage leaves” bear some features of “thesporophylls” and they are derived from telomes.     

银杏叶内酯成分的指纹图谱研究

以白果内酯为参照物,应用HPLC法建立银杏叶药材的内酯指纹图谱研究。采用：色谱柱：Kromasil C18（250mm～4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-四氢呋喃-水梯度洗脱;检测器：蒸发光散射检测器;柱温：35℃;流速：O．8mL／min。本方法精密度和重复性试验均符合《中药注射剂指纹图谱研究的技术要求（暂行）》中要求,主要指纹峰9个。     

一株银杏内生真菌菌株的抑菌活性成分研究

从银杏叶柄分离筛选到具抗菌活性的内生真菌Colletotrichum.SP NTB-2菌株,利用硅胶柱色谱、制备高效液相色谱等方法在其发酵产物中分离到抗枯草芽孢杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌等具有广谱抑菌活性的化合物,经MS、NMR等波谱数据确认该活性成分为芹菜素-8-C-葡萄糖苷(apigenin-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside),该化合物首次从真菌中分离得到。     

银杏愈伤组织培养及其代谢产物银杏内酯的研究

筛选出了愈伤组织生长的最佳培养基;考察了各种理化因子对培养细胞生长及银杏内酯产生的影响;应用生物法和HPLC对愈伤组织中的银杏内酯A和B进行了成功的测试。结果显示,银杏愈伤组织培养物中银杏内酯的含量可达0.01%,属国际领先水平。     

银杏叶片形态研究

通过对银杏不同枝类、不同叶序的叶片形态进行调查,结果表明:银杏不同枝类的叶片形态差异较大,叶宽、叶柄长、叶基角:多年生鳞枝＞一年生鳞枝＞一年生长枝;叶长、叶形指数:一年生长枝＞一年生鳞枝＞多年生鳞枝;叶面积:一年生和多年生鳞枝＞一年生长枝;有缺刻叶比例:一年生长枝＞多年生鳞枝＞一年生鳞枝.一年生长枝叶片的叶宽、叶长、叶面积、叶柄长、叶基角均随叶序的增加逐渐减小,叶形指数和有缺刻叶的比例则增加.一年生和多年生鳞枝1～5叶的叶长、叶宽和叶面积随叶序增加而逐渐增加,第5～6叶达最大,以后随叶序增加而逐渐减小,叶形指数和叶柄长度随叶序增加而增加,叶基角随叶序增加而减小.一年生长枝的第2叶、一年和多年生鳞枝的第4叶可作为品种描述的标准叶.     

银杏内生真菌的生态分布

2004—2005年春夏秋3季,在江西省九江地区4个地点分别采集健康的银杏(Ginkgo biloba)植株,分离得到内生真菌198株,经形态学分类鉴定为6目、7科、22属。研究结果表明,银杏内生真菌的分布存在季节差异、组织部位差异、年龄差异;优势菌群的组成与数量随采样地点、分离组织部位、不同生长时期内生真菌的不同而变化。与中国其他地区的银杏植株内生真菌进行比较,结果表明,植物内生真菌的分布与地域具有一定的相关性,体现了内生真菌生态分布的多样性。     

银杏分子技术的研究进展

综述了近些年来分子技术在银杏研究中的应用情况,对银杏的遗传多样性、进化地位、品种鉴别、遗传连锁图谱、雌雄鉴别及其它相关研究进展进行了介绍,并对当前研究中存在的问题和今后的发展方向作了进一步探讨。     

Prenylated flavonol glycosides from Epimedium grandiflorum: Cytotoxicity and evaluation against inflammation and metabolic disorder

Two new prenylated flavonol glycosides, epimedigrandiosides A and B (1 and 2), and 28 previously known compounds including prenylated flavonol derivatives, flavonol glycoside, megastigmanes, phenyl alkanoids, sesquiterpenoid glycoside, lignan, and hexene glucoside were isolated from the methanol extract of Epimedium grandiflorum. Structure elucidation was achieved by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of sugars was determined by chemical methods Structure elucidation of 3‴-carbonyl-2″-β-l-quinovosyl icariin (19) was not previously described, so its ¹H and ¹³C NMR data were reported for the first time. The methanol extract and the isolated compounds were evaluated for their activity towards several targets related to inflammation and metabolic disorder including NF-κB, iNOS, PPARα and PPARγ. Moreover, their cytotoxic activity against four cancer cell lines (SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3) and two noncancerous kidney cell lines (LLC-PK1 and Vero) were also evaluated.     

银杏雌雄配子体发育及胚胎形成的研究进展

银杏（Ginkgo biloba）是现存最古老的裸子植物之一, 其生殖过程表现出许多原始特征和独特性状, 长期以来备受国内外专家的关注。经过近100年的研究取得了显著成果： （1） 银杏雄配子体发育周期长, 经历了从平周分裂到斜背式分裂,并最终垂周分裂形成带有鞭毛的游动精子; （2） 银杏雌配子体发育经历较长的游离核期和细胞化期, 分化形成颈卵器母细胞并经平周分裂、垂周分裂和斜向分裂形成成熟的颈卵器（包括有4个颈细胞和1个卵细胞）; （3） 推测其精细胞中的液泡状结构为受精过程中的遗传物质载体; （4） 原胚的形成经历了游离核期和细胞化期。该文针对国内外最新银杏生殖生物学方面的研究进展, 对银杏雌雄配子体发育、受精过程以及胚胎形成等方面进行较为系统全面的分析和总结, 为进一步的银杏生殖生物学研究提供有价值的参考资料。     

Trisubstituted flavonol glycosides in Coronilla emerus flowers

A novel trisubstituted kaempferol glycoside has been isolated from leaves and flowers of Coronilla emerus and identified as the 3-glucoside-7,4′-dirhamnoside. It co-occurs in the flowers with the 3-glucosides and 3-glucoside-7-rhamnosides of kaempferol and quercetin. A second kaempferol triglycoside based on glucose and xylose is also present. All six glycosides contribute to the UV patterning present in the wings of the flowers. This is the first report of kaempferol triglycosides with monosaccharide units substituting hydroxyl groups at the 3-, 7- and 4′-positions.