银杏植物各部位及银杏组织培养细胞中银杏内酯B和白果内酯含量的初步研究

用高压液相色谱法对五年生扦插银杏各部位及银杏组织培养细胞中银杏内酯B和白果内酯的含量进行了测定.结果表明银杏内酯B和白果内酯在银杏植物各部位的含量差异很大.银杏内酯B在银杏叶中含量最高,白果内酯在银杏侧根中含量最高.在6,7-v培养基下银杏组织培养细胞中同时测出银杏内酯B和白果内酯,提示用植物组织培养方法有可能同时产生银杏内酯B和白果内酯.     

银杏萜内酯的分布与矮壮素对其生物合成的调节

银杏萜内酯分为银杏内酯A、B、C、J、M(ginkgolide A、B、C、J、M)和白果内酯(bilobalide),主要存在于银杏叶与根内,近年的研究指出银杏萜内酯分别在银杏叶和根中生物合成[1],Cartayrade等人[2]通过叶片生根实验发现生根叶片的银杏萜内酯含量显著高于未生根叶,因而认为银杏萜内酯是在根部合成,然后运输到叶中积累,目前对此还缺乏进一步的研究报道.     

银杏细胞悬浮培养及其银杏内酯产生的研究

对银杏细胞悬浮培养及其次生代谢产物银杏内酯的产生进行了研究。考察了各种理化因子对细胞生长及银杏内酯产生的影响;对培养物中银杏内酯进行了定性及定量测定。HPLC测定结果显示,银杏悬浮细胞培养物中银杏内酯的含量可达0.0099%。     

银杏致密细胞团颗粒悬浮培养生产银杏内酯研究

以MS培养基上培养的银杏高产细胞系MH－3为材料,SH培养基为出发培养基,通过优化营养元素和激素配比,建立银杏致密细胞团悬浮培养体系,在培养过程中添加前体异戊二烯和香叶醇有助于提高银杏内酯产量。结果表明：颗粒粒径大小影响银杏内酯的产生,选用0．8SH培养基,添加浓度为3mg/L的2,4－D和2mg/L的6－BA,致密颗粒的平均粒径为3．36mm,细胞中银杏内酯的含量为557μg/g.dw.在培养过程中的10d添加100mg/L的香叶醇,细胞中银杏内酯的含量达到676μg/g.dw。     

银杏叶萜内酯含量的变化及其与叶绿素荧光特性的关系

为探究银杏(Ginkgo biloba)叶萜类内酯含量和光合同化作用的关系,对其内酯含量和叶绿素荧光特性进行了研究。结果表明,不同采收时间银杏叶中白果内酯和银杏内酯含量有显著差异,总体上,5月份含量较低,此后逐渐升高,8月份达到高峰,然后快速下降,10月底最低;与此同时,银杏叶片的光合色素以及叶绿素荧光参数也呈现周期性变化。白果内酯以及萜内酯含量与叶绿素荧光参数Y(NPQ)之间呈极显著正相关关系,因此,可以通过银杏叶片的叶绿素荧光参数预测白果内酯和萜内酯含量。     

UPLC-TOF-MS快速测定不同核用银杏品种银杏叶中银杏内酯和白果内酯含量

为比较鄂西南不同核用银杏品种叶片中银杏内酯和白果内酯含量,采用超高压液相色谱-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-TOF-MS)联用方法测定微量银杏内酯和白果内酯含量,分析柱为ZORBAX C18(2.1×50 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液,采用梯度洗脱,飞行时间质谱作为检测器,选择离子采集方式。方法测定银杏内酯和白果内酯的线性范围为0.2~4μg/m L,相关系数为0.9996以上,相对标准偏差小于1.65%。测定结果表明,在四个核用银杏品种中,恩银23号具有较高的银杏内酯和白果内酯含量,同时白果内酯和银杏内酯A、B及C总含量比例较佳,可以作为叶用银杏发展的优选品种。     

不同银杏无性系叶药用成分差异及聚类分析

运用HPLC技术分析了54个银杏(Ginkgo biloba)无性系叶总黄酮和萜内酯及其组分含量的差异,并进行了聚类。结果表明,银杏无性系间叶中总黄酮、萜内酯及其组分含量存在遗传变异,且萜内酯及其组分含量的变异系数明显高于总黄酮及其组分。总黄酮含量较高的无性系有18、42、32和50号,其槲皮素、异鼠李素、山奈酚含量均较高。萜内酯含量较高的无性系为13、42、33、51和65号,其银杏内酯A(GA)、银杏内酯B(GB)、银杏内酯C(GC)及白果内酯(BB)含量均较高。通过对总黄酮-萜内酯进行联合复选,显示叶中总黄酮和萜内酯含量均较高的无性系为13、65、33、51、18、32和42号。这些无性系可通过嫁接、扦插直接在银杏采叶园进行推广种植,或作为叶用银杏新品种的育种材料。     

银杏愈伤组织培养及其代谢产物银杏内酯的研究

筛选出了愈伤组织生长的最佳培养基;考察了各种理化因子对培养细胞生长及银杏内酯产生的影响;应用生物法和HPLC对愈伤组织中的银杏内酯A和B进行了成功的测试。结果显示,银杏愈伤组织培养物中银杏内酯的含量可达0.01%,属国际领先水平。     

缺氧胁迫法选育高产银杏内酯悬浮细胞系研究

以银杏优良品种的种子萌发的幼苗诱导愈伤组织,考察了不同培养基地对愈伤组织生长和银杏内酯产生的影响。采用缺氧胁迫小细胞团法从愈伤组织中共选育出7个高产悬浮细胞系,其合成银杏内酯的能力比选前的愈伤组织有了显著提高,其中细胞系MH－3培养周期18d,细胞生物量增加3．71倍,银杏内酯含量达到细胞干重的0．048％,比选育前提高了182．4％,为国内领先水平。并对MH－3在遥瓶培养时其生产银杏内酯能力的稳定性进行了研究。     

银杏叶中银杏内酯B及白果内酯的分离鉴定

前文中作者已报道从我国特有植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.)的叶子中分到银杏内酯A及C(ginkgolide A,C),本文报道从银杏叶中分到的另外二个结晶,经理化性质、薄层层析、红外光谱及质谱分析,鉴定结晶Ⅲ为银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B),结晶Ⅳ为白果内酯(bilobalide),后者为国内首次分离。     

Effect of biotic elicitors on the accumulation of bilobalide and ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures

The effect of biotic elicitors on the production of bilobalide and ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba cell suspension cultures was studied. The treatment of cell cultures with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus as elicitors increased the amounts of bilobalide (BB), ginkgolide A (GA) and ginkgolide B (GB), with slight growth inhibition. The native bacterial elicitor was more effective for secondary metabolite accumulations both in cells and culture medium than autoclaved. However, exposure times of the cells to the elicitors strongly influenced the production of BB, GA and GB. This study suggests that biotic elicitors can regulate the production of BB, GA and GB either directly or indirectly. These results also describe the establishment of optimum conditions that determine the effects of biotic elicitors on secondary metabolism of bilobalides.     

从香蕉胚性细胞悬浮系获得再生植株

2个主栽香蕉品种的未成熟雄花诱导产生的胚性愈伤组织接种至液体培养基中,经3～4个月的继代培养后长成质地均匀的胚性细胞悬浮系(ECS),悬浮系中60%～80%是胚性细胞团.ECS接种至体胚再生培养基上约4～5周后开始出现再生体胚,萌发的体胚以MS培养基培养后可获得再生植株.     

Rapid production of wheat cell suspension cultures directly from immature embryos

The aim of this study was to produce suspension cultures of winter wheat directly from immature embryos bypassing the callus stage, and to determine their capacity for growth and regeneration in comparison to suspension cultures produced from callus. The study was carried out using Polish winter wheat varieties: ‘Grana’ and ‘Rosa’. Immature embryos were isolated, homogenized and transferred directly to liquid medium supplemented with 2,4-D. Actively dividing cell cultures were obtained within 2 months after the cultures were started. Suspension cultures from callus of immature embryos was also produced. With both cultivars, faster growth was observed in the suspension cultures produced directly from embryos than in the suspensions produced from callus. Metabolic activity was higher in the suspension culture produced directly from embryos than in the suspension derived from callus only in ‘Grana’. The production of 1-amiocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), an ethylene precursor, was lower in the suspension cultures produced directly from embryos than in the suspensions produced from callus. Morphogenic capacity was significantly higher in aggregates derived directly from embryos than in aggregates derived from callus. With ‘Rosa’, about one third of the aggregates derived directly from embryos regenerated shoots. Production of ACC was lower in ‘Rosa’ cell culture that regenerated then in other cell cultures that did not. Photosystem II reactions were more efficient in dark green aggregates than in light green or pale green aggregates which were unable to regenerate. With the method presented, wheat cell suspension cultures with a regeneration potential can be produced in 2 or 3 months less time than with traditional methods.     

Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation/mass spectrometry: a rapid and selective method for the quantitative determination of ginkgolides and bilobalide in ginkgo leaf extracts and phytopharmaceuticals

In order to evaluate the composition of active constituents in phytopharmaceutical preparations, valid analytical methods are required. For the determination of the active terpene constituents of Ginkgo biloba (the ginkgolides and bilobalide), a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method has been developed using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) in the negative ion mode. This detection mode was found to be much more sensitive and selective compared to UV; indeed the ginkgo terpene trilactones lack strong UV chromophores and flavonoids interfere with their UV detection. LC-APCI/MS detection allowed a considerable reduction in analysis time when compared to LC-UV, because LC resolution was only needed between the pair of isomers ginkgolide B and ginkgolide J. All compounds were selectively detected by single ion monitoring of their specific deprotonated molecules [M-H]-. The samples were directly injected without pre-purification, and a fast gradient was applied, reducing the total time of analysis to 14 min. With this method, the ginkgo terpene trilactones were detected on-line in the picogram range. Several commercial ginkgo preparations on the Swiss market were analysed, and the ginkgolide and bilobalide contents were evaluated using the method described.     

Aggregate cell suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. for triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine production

The relationships between aggregate cell types, cell growth, and the triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine content in aggregate cell suspension cultures of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. were examined. Aggregate cells larger than 2?mm grew quickly and constituted the majority of the white aggregates. The accumulation of triptolide was strongly correlated with the size of the aggregates and the length of the culture period. The aggregates 0.5?C2?mm in diameter accumulated higher triptolide content than those with other sizes throughout the culture. However, the size of the aggregate cells did not significantly affect on the wilforgine and wilforine content. Two other kinds of aggregate cells, the brown and green aggregate cells, also formed in the suspension cultures. The smallest aggregates (0.1?C0.5?mm) had a lower biomass and growth rate and had more chloroplasts and higher alkaloid content. The results of this study can be used to improve the selection process for the mass production of triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine from cell suspension cultures.     

Effect of supplementing terpenoid biosynthetic precursors on the accumulation of bilobalide and ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba cell cultures

The effect of precursor feeding on the production of bilobalide and ginkgolides was studied with suspension cell cultures of Ginkgo biloba. The precursors greatly influenced the productivity of bilobalide and ginkgolides. Precursor supplementation increased the accumulation of both bilobalide and ginkgolides, and with positive effect on cell growth. The GA accumulation by cell cultures was influenced by precursors upstream in the metabolism, whereas the BB accumulation was under the influence of downstream precursors of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Furthermore, precursor feeding modified the ratios of the BB, GA and GB in cells and cell cultures of G. biloba. The studies also aid in understanding effect of precursor feeding on the bilobalide and ginkgolides biosynthetic pathway.     

Factors influencing efficiency of somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana kurroo (Royle) cell suspension

In this paper, we would like to show unexpected morphogenic potential of cell suspensions derived from seedling explants of Gentiana kurroo (Royle). Suspension cultures were established with the use of embryogenic callus derived from seedling explants (root, hypocotyl and cotyledons). Proembryogenic mass proliferated in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l⁻¹ 2,4-D and 1.0 mg l⁻¹ Kin. The highest growth coefficient was achieved for root derived cell suspensions. The microscopic analysis showed differences in aggregate structure depending on their size. To assess the embryogenic capability of the particular culture, 100 mg of cell aggregates was implanted on MS agar medium supplemented with Kin (0.0–2.0 mg l⁻¹), GA₃ (0.0–2.0 mg l⁻¹) and AS (80.0 mg l⁻¹). The highest number of somatic embryos was obtained for cotyledon-derived cell suspension on GA₃-free medium, but the best morphological quality of embryos was observed in the presence of 0.5–1.0 mg l⁻¹ Kin, 0.5 mg l⁻¹ GA₃ and 80.0 mg l⁻¹ AS. The morphogenic competence of cultures also depended on the size of the aggregate fraction and was lower when size of aggregates decreased. Flow cytometry analysis reveled luck of uniformity of regenerants derived from hypocotyl suspension and 100% of uniformity for cotyledon suspension.