米曲霉产氨基酰化酶最佳活力条件的研究

通过在不同的反应时间,反应温度,缓冲液种类及pH条件下测定氨基酰化酶的活力,得出氨基酰化酶的最佳活力条件。试验结果表明,氨基酰化酶在反应温度为37℃、磷酸缓冲液pH为7.5、与底物反应30 m in时,活力最高。     

锌离子对氨基酰化酶构象及其稳定性的影响

天然氨基酰化酶和脱谷氨基酰化酶无论在二级结构（用ＣＤ和ＦＴＩＲ监测）还是三级结构上（以荧光发射光谱监测）都有明显的差异,表明了脱锌后酶的有序度降低;当比较天然和脱锌氨基酸化酶对去圬剂的稳定性时,结果表明脱锌后酶的构象的稳定性明显降低．因此可以认为锌离子对维持酶分子活性部位的特定构象以及构象的稳定性具有重要的作用．     

刺孢小克银汉霉菌体氨基酰化酶的性质研究

首次选育出有较高氨基酰化酶活性的菌株刺孢小克银汉霉（Cunninghamella echinulata）9980,并进行液体培养,比较了3种不同培养基中菌体细胞氨基酰化酶活性,考察了几种因素对菌体细胞酶活的影响。结果表明：蛋白胨培养基中菌体细胞酶活最高,达680u／g。菌体细胞酶活最适温度55％,最适pH7．0,最佳底物浓度为0．2mol／L,缓冲液中的无机离子对酶活有抑制作用,10^-3-10^-4mol／L的Co^2＋对酶活有激活作用。     

胍和脲溶液对氨基酰化酶活性和构象的影响

 本文研究了不同浓度盐酸胍和脲溶液对猪肾氨基酰化酶活性和构象的影响。研究结果表明,在低浓度的胍和脲溶液中(小于2mol/L),酶分子的整体构象变化的程度与活力变化的程度基本是平行的;而在高浓度的胍和脲溶液中(2mol/L以上),失活程度稍大于构象变化的程度。这些结果与分子量和亚基组成基本相同,但不含金属配基的肌酸激酶的结果,以及小分子量的胰凝乳蛋白酶和牛胰核糖核酸酶的结果相比较来看,可以认为配基锌离子的存在对酶分子的活性部位区域构象的稳定作用有一定的贡献,致使氨基酰化酶的活性部位的构象状态不象后三种酶那样脆弱。同时,我们还发现锌离子的存在对酶分子整体构象的稳定性上贡献很小。     

刺孢小克银汉霉菌体氨基酰化酶的性质研究*

首次选育出有较高氨基酰化酶活性的菌株刺孢小克银汉霉(Cunningham ella echinula-ta)9980,并进行液体培养,比较了3种不同培养基中菌体细胞氨基酰化酶活性,考察了几种因素对菌体细胞酶活的影响。结果表明:蛋白胨培养基中菌体细胞酶活最高,达680u/g。菌体细胞酶活最适温度55℃,最适pH7.0,最佳底物浓度为0.2mol/L,缓冲液中的无机离子对酶活有抑制作用,10^-3~10^-4mol/L的Co²⁺对酶活     

猪肾酰化酶作用机制的研究——Ⅰ.金属离子与酶活力的关系

(1)大多数金属絡合剂除EDTA和迭氮化鈉外都能抑制酰化酶的活力,在可逆抑制情况下加入不同金属离子能部分或全部恢复酶活力。在固定絡合剂的浓度下酶活力的恢复程度与所加的金属离子浓度有关,每一金属离子都有一最适浓度。从以上結果推测酰化酶中的金属离子可能是Co~( )或Mn~( )离子。(2)在温和的条件下并有底物存在时,邻二氮菲和巯基乙酸对酰化酶的抑制是属于竞爭性,K_i值分別为1.28×10~(-4)M和1.74×10~(-3)M;一分子酶是与二分子抑制剂相結合。推測酰化酶可能是以二聚体形式存在。当抑制剂的浓度增大或使反应温度升高时都将引起不可逆的抑制。若酶与抑制剂預先一起保温亦得到类似的結果。(3)用电透析或在不同pH緩冲液下透析以除去酰化酶中的金属离子,都将导致酶的不可逆失活,因此酶中金属离子除起与底物結合的作用外,尚与維持蛋白貭的构型有关。     

酶法合成羟头孢霉素

本文报道具有青霉素酰化酶的大肠杆菌(E. coli PN-66)细胞酶促合成羟头孢霉素的研究结果。酶反应的最适温度为20℃,最适pH为6．0。羟头孢霉素的合成率随着母核7一氨基脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸的浓度的增加而提高,随侧链对羟基苯甘氨酸甲酯盐酸盐在与7一氨基脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸的配比中的增加而提高。苯乙酸和苯氧乙酸对羟头孢霉素的合成有着强烈的抑制作用。在合适的条件下,羟头孢霉素的合成率可达90％以上。     

双底物酶促反应动力学机制判别的优化方法

研究双底物酶促反应动力学机制的常用方法是二次作图法.本文针对二次作图法存在的问题提出了一种基于最小二乘拟合的优化算法.该算法利用最小二乘原理对顺序机制和乒乓机制下的双倒数速度方程的常系数进行拟合求解,通过比较两种拟合方程下得到的残差平方和判别酶促反应的动力学机制.通过实例计算证明该优化算法具有可靠性强、计算过程简单的特点,在双底物酶促反应动力学机制判别的准确性方面更具优势.     

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的低底物浓度动力学

本文报道了对蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的低底物浓度的动力学研究,采用酸碱指示剂方法能在0.25μmol/L的低底物浓度下对酶活力进行准确的测定。通过对动力学行为的分析,提出了蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的作用机制的模型,认为在低底物浓度和高底物浓度的情况下,酶催化水解果糖1,6-二磷酸的机制不同。推导得到了酶的初速度方程,用电子计算机拟合求得了七个表观动力学参数。统计检验表明,本文提出的机制能够较好地拟合实验结果。     

氨基酰化酶活性部位的差示红外光谱研究

本文利用付立叶变换红外差示技术,获得了氨基酰化酶,脱Zn(Ⅱ)氨基酰化酶酶蛋白,和Co(Ⅱ)重组氨酰化酶水溶液的远红外吸收谱.结果表明,510cm~(-1)至500cm~(-1)的一个吸收峰是由活性部位中金属离子与其配位原子间的伸缩振动所引起.我们认为,付立叶变换红外光谱法可以为金属酶活性部位的结构与功能的研究直接提供有用的信息.     

Kinetics of inactivation of Ulva pertusa Kjellm alkaline phosphatase by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium

Ulva pertusa Kjellm alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.3.3.1) is a metalloenzyme, the active site of which contains a tight cluster of two zinc ions and one magnesium ion. The kinetic theory described by Tsou of the substrate reaction during irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity has been employed to study the kinetics of the course of inactivation of the enzyme by EDTA. The kinetics of the substrate reaction at different concentrations of the substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) and inactivator EDTA indicated a complexing mechanism for inactivation by, and substrate competition with, EDTA at the active site. The inactivation kinetics are single phasic, showing that the initial formation of an enzyme-EDTA complex is a relative rapid reaction, following by a slow inactivation step that probably involves a conformational change of the enzyme. The presence of Zn2+ apparently stabilizes an active-site conformation required for enzyme activity.     

Kinetics of inactivation of green crab (Scylla Serrata) alkaline phosphatase during removal of zinc ions by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium

Green crab (Scylla Serrata) alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1.) is a metalloenzyme, the each active site in which contains a tight cluster of two zinc ions and one magnesium ion. The kinetic theory of the substrate reaction during irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity previously described by Tsou has been applied to a study on the kinetics of the course of inactivation of the enzyme by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA). The kinetics of the substrate reaction with different concentrations of the substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (PNPP) and inactivator EDTA suggested a complexing mechanism for inactivation by, and substrate competition with, EDTA at the active site. The inactivation kinetics are single phasic, showing the initial formation of an enzyme-EDTA complex is a relatively rapid reaction, followed a slow inactivation step that probably involves a conformational change of the enzyme. Zinc ions are finally removed from the enzyme. The presence of metal ions apparently stabilizes an active-site conformation required for enzyme activity.     

Alkylation of cysteinyl residues of pig heart NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase by iodoacetate.

Pig heart NAD-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase is inactivated by reaction with iodoacetate at pH 6.0. Loss of activity can be attributed to the formation of 1-2 mol of carboxymethyl-cysteine per peptide chain. The rate of inactivation is markedly decreased by the combined addition of Mn2+ and isocitrate, but not by alpha-ketoglutarate, the coenzyme NAD or the allosteric activator ADP. The substrate concentration dependence of the decreased rate of inactivation yields a dissociation constant of 1.6 mM for the enzyme-manganous-dibasic isocitrate complex, a value that is 50 times higher than the Km for this substrate. This result suggests that in protecting the enzyme against iodoacetate, isocitrate may bind to a region distinct from the catalytic site. Isocitrate and Mn2+ also prevent thermal denaturation, with an affinity for the enzyme close to that observed for the iodoacetate-sensitive site. The alkylatable cysteine residues may contribute to a manganous-isocitrate binding site which is responsible for stabilizing an active conformation of the enzyme.     

Chemical modifications of histidyl and tyrosyl residues of inorganic pyrophosphatase from Escherichia coli

Chemical modifications by photooxidation in the presence of rose bengal (RB) and with tetranitromethane (TNM) were carried out to elucidate the amino acid residues involved in the active site of inorganic pyrophosphatase (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase) [EC 3.6.1.1] from Escherichia coli Q13. The photooxidation caused almost complete inactivation, which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics depending on pH and concentration of RB. The presence of Mg2+ or complex between Mg2+ and substrate or substrate analogues, imidodiphosphate and sodium methylenediphosphate, gave partial protection against the photoinactivation, whereas the substrate alone showed no protective effect. The enzyme was almost completely inactivated by chemical modification with TNM, depending upon the concentration of TNM. The amino acid analyses and enzyme activity measurements revealed that 2 histidyl residues among 5 photooxidized residues and 2 tyrosyl residues per subunit were essential for the enzyme activity. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra in the far ultraviolet region showed no significant alteration during these two modifications, indicating that the polypeptide chain backbone of the enzyme remained unaltered. However, the modifications altered considerably the CD bands in the near ultraviolet region and the fluorescence spectra, indicating that subtle change in conformation had occurred in the vicinity of the active site in the enzyme molecule. These results strongly suggest that histidyl and tyrosyl residues may be involved in the active site or be located in the vicinity of the active site and seem to participate in the mechanism of stability against heat inactivation.     

Influence of complexing agents on stability and activity.

Metal ion-complexing agents, like KCN, EDTA etc., inactivate alkaline phosphatase of pig kidney. This inactivation is reversible at low concentrations of the complexing agents and irreversible at high concentrations. The reversible inhibition is probably due to removal of Zn2+ ions from the active site, where they are necessary for catalytic action, whereas the irreversible inhibition results from the removal of Zn2+ ions necessary for preservation of the structure. The inactivation is pseudo-first order. It depends on the concentration, size and charge of the complexing agents. Beta-Glycerophosphate and Mg2+ ions protect the enzyme from inactivation by complexing agents. Quantitative examination of the effect of substrate leads to a model that is similar to the "sequential model" proposed by D.E. Koshland, G. Nemethy & D. Filmer (1966) (Biochemistry 5, 365-385) to explain allosteric behavior of enzymes. It describes the sequential addition of two substrate molecules at two active centres of the dimer enzyme. The binding of the substrate molecules is accompanied by changes in the conformation, which lead to stabilization of the enzyme against attack by complexing agents.     

Inactivation and conformational changes of aminoacyclase in trifluoroethanol solutions

The inactivation and unfolding of aminoacyclase (EC 3.5.1.14) during denaturation by different concentrations of trifluoroethanol (TFE) have been studied. A marked decrease in enzyme activity was observed at low TFE concentrations. The kinetic theory of the substrate reaction during irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity described previously by Tsou [Tsou (1988),Adv. Enzymol. Related Areas Mol. Biol. 61, 381–436] was applied to study the kinetics of the inactivation course of aminoacyclase during denaturation by TFE. The inactivation rate constants for the free enzyme and substrate-enzyme complex were determined by Tsou's method. The inactivation reaction was a monophasic first-order reaction. The kinetics of the unfolding course were a biphasic process consisting of two first-order reactions. At 2% TFE concentration, the inactivation rate of the enzyme was much faster than the unfolding rate. At a higher concentration of TFE (10%), the inactivation rate was too fast to be determined by conventional methods, whereas the unfolding course remained as a biphasic process with fast and slow reactions occurring at measurable rates. The results suggest that the aminoacyclase active site containing Zn²⁺ ions is situated in a limited and flexible region of the enzyme molecule that is more fragile to the denaturant than the protein as a whole.     

Chloride as allosteric effector of yeast aminopeptidase I

Activation of yeast aminopeptidase I by chloride was studied by kinetic methods. Several effects contributed to overall activity enhancement: At low concentrations of Zn2+ (an essential component of aminopeptidase I) chloride increased the amounts of active enzyme by reducing the cooperativity of metal binding. In addition, substrate turnover was enhanced due to increased kcat and a moderate decrease of Km. At high concentrations of Zn2+ substrate saturation curves were sigmoidal. Under these conditions chloride activated by restoring Michaelis-Menten kinetics of substrate turnover. At the same time, reconstitution of active enzyme from apoprotein and Zn2+ was substantially accelerated and its inactivation due to loss of Zn2+ was retarded. Co2+-Substituted aminopeptidase I, although catalytically active, was much less sensitive to chloride activation. Apparent binding constants for chloride, as estimated from its effects on metal binding and catalysis, respectively, were different. This suggests that two independent activation mechanisms may be operative. Both appear to be mediated by conformational changes of the enzyme protein.     

Effects of calcium ion on ternary complexes formed between 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and the two-zinc insulin hexamer

As a means for probing the microenvironment of zinc in the insulin hexamer and to investigate the effects of calcium ion on the assembly and the structure of the two-zinc insulin hexamer, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the reaction between the chromophoric divalent metal ion chelator 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) and zinc-insulin have been investigated over a wide range of conditions. For [PAR]0 much greater than [Zn2+]0 and [Zn2+]/[In] less than or equal to 0.33, the reaction leads to the sequestering and ultimate removal of all of the insulin-bound Zn2+; for [Zn2+]0 much greater than [PAR]0, two stable ternary complexes are formed where Zn2+ has ligands derived from PAR as well as from hexameric insulin. For [Zn2+]/[In] ratios below 0.33, the equilibrium distribution between the two ternary complexes is dependent on the [Zn2+]/[In] ratio. One of the complexes is assigned to the monoanion of PAR coordinated to Zn2+ that resides in a His-B10 site. The other complex is proposed to involve the coordination of (PAR)Zn to the site formed by the alpha-NH2 group of Phe-B1 and the gamma-carboxylate ion of Glu-A17 across the dimer-dimer interface on the surface of the hexamer. With either PAR or zinc-insulin in large excess, the kinetics of the PAR optical density changes are remarkably similar and biphasic. The faster step is first order in PAR and first order in insulin-bound Zn2+ (k congruent to 3 X 10(3) M-1 s-1) and involves the formation of an intermediate in which PAR is coordinated to insulin-bound zinc at the His-B10 site.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent fructose-specific phosphotransferase system in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. EIIFru possesses a Zn2+-binding site and a dithiol/disulfide redox centre

Two interrelated sites have been detected on the fructose carrier in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: an activity-linked dithiol and a Zn2+-binding site. Binding of Zn2+ brings EIIFru into a new conformation that to some extent mimics the conformation of phosphorylated EIIFru, an essential intermediate in the turnover of the enzyme. Binding of zinc to EIIFru or phosphorylating the enzyme protects it against trypsin inactivation relative to the dephosphorylated zinc-free enzyme. A dithiol is essential for activity. Interchanges between the redox states of the enzyme can be brought about by dithiothreitol and ferricyanide, but not, or very slowly, by molecular oxygen. The dithiol is protected, in the EIIFru-Zn2+ complex, against alkylation by MalNEt, reversible oxidation by Fe(CN)6(3-) and Cu2+, irreversible oxidation by Cu2+. The pK value of the activity linked thiol is 7.8. Protection experiments show that the dithiol is not located in any of the substrate-binding sites. The redox state of the enzyme does not influence the rate of inactivation of EIIFru by trypsin.     

Effect of ferric and cupric ions on the inactivation rate of dextransucrase

When ferric ion was added to solutions of the enzyme dextransucrase, first-order followed by second-order inactivation behavior was observed. The initial rapid activity loss was attributed to a ferric ion interacting with the thiol group of the native monomer to form a less active enzyme-ion complex; the second inactivation stage involved enzyme-ion complex aggregation and disulfide cross-link formation. In contrast, Cu²⁺ ion inactivation demonstrated simple first-order kinetics. As with Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ ions can form complexes with enzyme thiol groups. However, unlike ferric ions, cupric ions can also strongly interact with the imidazole ring of histidine. Since the dextransucrase active site contains two key histidines, imidazole-cupric-ion interactions could potentially inhibit enzymatic activity. Thus, it was hypothesized that first-order Cu²⁺ inactivation kinetics involved the adsorption of this ion to the enzyme's activity site. The addition of a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol can inhibit the second enzyme aggregation stage by breaking disulfide cross-links but cannot restrict the initial formation of metal-enzyme complexes.