多肽LSARLAF 直接引发整合素活化及信号传导的研究

目的:研究LSA引起信号传递以及PLC 2诱导的血小板聚集和分泌的作用。方法:通过酶联免疫吸附配体-受体结合及血小板聚集和分泌实验,研究LSA诱导血小板活化的作用及参与的信号分子。结果:LSA引起了整合素Ⅱb 3上LIBS表位表达明显增加,PLC 2可能以一种酪氨酸活化依赖性的方式参与了这种信号传递。结论:LSA引起的信号传递是由β3介导的,并且LSA可引起不依赖于聚集的活化剂的分泌,而这些活化剂能引发聚集依赖性Ⅱb 3信号传递。     

TCR介导“inside-out”信号通路调控整合素的活化

整合素（integrin）是一类重要的跨膜黏附分子,在T细胞定向迁移到淋巴器官、感染或炎症部位以及T细胞与抗原呈递细胞（antigen presenting cell,APC）之间相互作用等过程中起重要作用。T细胞受到抗原或趋化因子等的刺激后,启动细胞内大量的信号传导分子,并形成＂inside-out＂信号通路,导致整合素构像的改变（conformation change）或促进整合素在细胞表面的聚集（integrinclustering）,最终增强整合素的affinity或avidity,促进其与配体结合的能力,提高淋巴细胞间的黏附。近年来的研究已经鉴定出调控整合素活化的多个关键的信号分子及其形成的信号转导复合体。该文主要阐述T细胞受到抗原刺激后,由T细胞受体（T cell receptor,TCR）介导的＂inside-out＂信号通路中关键的信号分子如ADAP、SKAP-55、RapL、Rap1、Talin和Kindlins等如何与上下游信号分子协同作用,调控整合素LFA-1活化的分子机制。     

整合素连接激酶与肿瘤

整合素连接激酶（integrin—linked kinase,ILK）是一种Ser／Thr蛋白激酶。ILK可以与整合素结合,以依赖于P13K的方式激活,参与多种信号传导通路,包括整合素、生长因子及Wnt信号传导通路。ILK在调节细胞黏附、凋亡、铺展、迁移、生长、细胞周期、肿瘤形成等过程中发挥重要的作用。目前已经发现ILK在多种肿瘤中高表达,包括：神经胶母细胞瘤、黑色素瘤、胃癌、甲状腺肿瘤、卵巢癌、结肠癌、非小细胞肺癌和前列腺癌等。目前国内外大量实验证明ILK和肿瘤密切相关,所以ILK将成为肿瘤基因治疗和肿瘤药物的理想靶位点。     

ILK—整合素信号传导通路中的关键激酶

胸外基质与细胞的相互作用主要由整合素介导。由整合素介导的机械和生化信号调控胞浆激酶、生长因子受体、离子通道的活性并掏胞内肌动蛋白细胞骨架的组装。众多由整合素介导的信号传导通路最后可归于对细胞周期的调节、决定细胞存活或死亡、增殖或者退出细胞周期和分化。近年的研究发现,整合素连接激酶（inte-grin-linked kinase,ILK）在这些信号传导通路中具有关键作用。     

整合素及其信号传导通路

整合素是位于细胞表面的重要黏附分子,通过其双向信号传导通路,介导细胞与细胞外基质及细胞与细胞间的黏附.整合素由胞外域、跨膜域和胞内域3部分组成.胞内域与细胞内信号分子结合,启动胞内一胞外信号传导激活整合素,提高与相应配体亲合力.而胞外域与相应配体结合后,通过胞外-胞内信号传导,调节细胞生存、增殖、黏附、分化功能.近年研究显示,整合素结构功能及信号传导通路异常与多种疾病有关.     

整合素研究新进展

整合素是一类广泛存在于细胞表面的粘连分子．文章介绍了整合素的结构和功能,整合素是由α和β亚基（均属跨膜蛋白）通过非共价键形成异质二聚体分子,可参与细胞与胞外基质、细胞与细胞之间的粘连,并通过酪氨酸蛋白激酶系统和丝氨酸蛋白激酶系统介导细胞的信息传递．细胞恶变时,整合素表达的种类和数量均可发生改变．     

整合素活化及其介导的黏着斑成熟与肿瘤转移

整合素是一类由α和β两个亚基组成的异源二聚体单次跨膜细胞黏附分子,通过与其对应配体相互作用,介导细胞与细胞、细胞与胞外基质之间的黏附,同时可以将细胞外信号传递至胞内,并招募一系列胞内蛋白与整合素胞内段结合,在细胞膜上形成超分子结构,激活下游信号.整合素的活化进程伴随着其胞外结构域由折叠构象转变为伸展构象以及胞内结构域的...     

细胞外间质-整合素在牵张刺激心肌细胞肥大中的作用

应用牵张刺激培养细胞的模型,观察原原、纤维连接蛋白、层粘连素对牵张刺激心肌细胞肥大的影响,探讨细胞外间质－融洽纱受体在超负荷心肌肥大的跨膜信号传导机制中的作用。发现,胶原、纤维连接蛋白、层粘连素明显有助于培养心肌细胞的贴壁、伸展。牵张刺激后,胶原、纤维连接蛋白基质组心肌细胞的＾３Ｈ－亮氨酸掺入率和心肌细胞表面积均显著大于对照组,而层粘连素组无显著变化;可溶性纤维连接蛋白、ＲＧＤ肽均可显著抑制牵张刺     

整合素的构象变化与亲和力调控

整合素(integrin)是由α、β两个亚单位通过非共价键连接而组成的异源二聚体。每种α、β亚单位都是含有多种结构域的大分子量Ⅰ型穿膜糖蛋白。它在细胞与细胞间、细胞与基质间相互作用的过程中发挥着十分关键的作用。整合素多种结构域的空间排列决定了其构象特征,而整合素的不同构象状态与其亲和力呈高度相关。对αVβ133整合素晶体结构的解析使我们对整合素的结构与功能有了更进一步的理解。     

整合素的启动与关闭

整合素受体在细胞运动与因素活动中起着根本性作用，它们可以作为细胞骨架和胞外介质之间的结构性桥梁，在细胞膜内外进行双向信号传导。细胞中两个重要的整合素配体是踩蛋白和下游激酶1（Dok1），这两种蛋白都结合于细胞质尾端的整合素B3亚基，但是作用方向相反。     

Talin与整合蛋白的激活

整合蛋白的激活是通过细胞内信号来调控的,通过对整合蛋白胞质结构域的作用,诱导整合蛋白胞外结构域构象产生变化,从而导致整合蛋白对配体亲和力的增加。近来的研究结果表明talin与整合蛋白β尾部的结合是整合蛋白激活通路中最重要的环节。     

Transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in integrin activation and protein-protein interactions (Review)

Integrins are heterodimeric membrane-spanning adhesion receptors that are essential for a wide range of biological functions. Control of integrin conformational states is required for bidirectional signalling across the membrane. Key components of this control mechanism are the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the α and β subunits. These domains are believed to interact, holding the integrin in the inactive state, while inside-out integrin activation is accompanied by domain separation. Although there are strong indications for domain interactions, the majority of evidence is insufficient to precisely define the interaction interface. The current best model of the complex, derived from computational calculations with experimental restraints, suggests that integrin activation by the cytoplasmic protein talin is accomplished by steric disruption of the α/β interface. Better atomic-level resolution structures of the α/β transmembrane/cytoplasmic domain complex are still required for the resting state integrin to corroborate this. Integrin activation is also controlled by competitive interactions involving the cytoplasmic domains, particularly the β-tails. The concept of the β integrin tail as a focal adhesion interaction ‘hub’ for interactions and regulation is discussed. Current efforts to define the structure and affinity of the various complexes formed by integrin tails, and how these interactions are controlled, e.g. by phosphorylation and localization, are described.     

The structure of an integrin/talin complex reveals the basis of inside‐out signal transduction

Fundamental to cell adhesion and migration, integrins are large heterodimeric membrane proteins that uniquely mediate inside‐out signal transduction, whereby adhesion to the extracellular matrix is activated from within the cell by direct binding of talin to the cytoplasmic tail of the β integrin subunit. Here, we report the first structure of talin bound to an authentic full‐length β integrin tail. Using biophysical and whole cell measurements, we show that a specific ionic interaction between the talin F3 domain and the membrane–proximal helix of the β tail disrupts an integrin α/β salt bridge that helps maintain the integrin inactive state. Second, we identify a positively charged surface on the talin F2 domain that precisely orients talin to disrupt the heterodimeric integrin transmembrane (TM) complex. These results show key structural features that explain the ability of talin to mediate inside‐out TM signalling.     

整合蛋白信号转导研究进展

细胞外基质受体整合蛋白全方位影响细胞的形态、运动、存活和增殖。它通过介导复杂的信号通路,将细胞外信息内传,调控细胞的生命活动。本文综述了整合蛋白的活化过程、信号转导过程及其与生长因子受体信号通路相互关联研究的最新进展。     

Structural determinants of the integrin transmembrane domain required for bidirectional signal transmission across the cell membrane

Studying the tight activity regulation of platelet-specific integrin α_IIbβ₃ is foundational and paramount to our understanding of integrin structure and activation. α_IIbβ₃ is essential for the aggregation and adhesion function of platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis. Structural and mutagenesis studies have previously revealed the critical role of α_IIbβ₃ transmembrane (TM) association in maintaining the inactive state. Gain-of-function TM mutations were identified and shown to destabilize the TM association leading to integrin activation. Studies using isolated TM peptides have suggested an altered membrane embedding of the β₃ TM α-helix coupled with α_IIbβ₃ activation. However, controversies remain as to whether and how the TM α-helices change their topologies in the context of full-length integrin in native cell membrane. In this study, we utilized proline scanning mutagenesis and cysteine scanning accessibility assays to analyze the structure and function correlation of the α_IIbβ₃ TM domain. Our identification of loss-of-function proline mutations in the TM domain suggests the requirement of a continuous TM α-helical structure in transmitting activation signals bidirectionally across the cell membrane, characterized by the inside-out activation for ligand binding and the outside-in signaling for cell spreading. Similar results were found for α_Lβ₂ and α₅β₁ TM domains, suggesting a generalizable mechanism. We also detected a topology change of β₃ TM α-helix within the cell membrane, but only under conditions of cell adhesion and the absence of α_IIb association. Our data demonstrate the importance of studying the structure and function of the integrin TM domain in the native cell membrane.     

Inhibition of talin-induced integrin activation by a double-hit stapled peptide

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Crystal structure of kindlin-2 PH domain reveals a conformational transition for its membrane anchoring and regulation of integrin activation

Kindlin-2 belongs to a subfamily of FERM domain containing proteins, which plays key roles in activating integrin transmembrane receptors and mediating cell adhesion. Compared to conventional FERM domains, kindlin-2 FERM contains an inserted pleckstrin homology (PH) domain that specifically binds to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3) and regulates the kindlin-2 function. We have determined the crystal structure of kindlin-2 PH domain at 1.9 ? resolution, which reveals a conserved PH domain fold with a highly charged and open binding pocket for PIP3 head group. Structural comparison with a previously reported solution structure of kindlin-2 PH domain bound to PIP3 head group reveals that upon PIP3 insertion, there is a significant conformational change of both the highly positively charged loop at the entry of the PIP3 binding pocket and the entire β barrel of the PH domain. We propose that such “induced-fit” type change is crucial for the tight binding of PIP3 to anchor kindlin-2 onto the membrane surface, thereby promoting its binding to integrins. Our results provide important structural insight into kindlin-2-mediated membrane anchoring and integrin activation.     

The structure of the integrin αIIbβ3 transmembrane complex explains integrin transmembrane signalling

Heterodimeric integrin adhesion receptors regulate cell migration, survival and differentiation in metazoa by communicating signals bi‐directionally across the plasma membrane. Protein engineering and mutagenesis studies have suggested that the dissociation of a complex formed by the single‐pass transmembrane (TM) segments of the α and β subunits is central to these signalling events. Here, we report the structure of the integrin αIIbβ3 TM complex, structure‐based site‐directed mutagenesis and lipid embedding estimates to reveal the structural event that underlies the transition from associated to dissociated states, that is, TM signalling. The complex is stabilized by glycine‐packing mediated TM helix crossing within the extracellular membrane leaflet, and by unique hydrophobic and electrostatic bridges in the intracellular leaflet that mediate an unusual, asymmetric association of the 24‐ and 29‐residue αIIb and β3 TM helices. The structurally unique, highly conserved integrin αIIbβ3 TM complex rationalizes bi‐directional signalling and represents the first structure of a heterodimeric TM receptor complex.