国内生物样本库建设现状分析与对策探讨

?????? 生物样本库既包括生物样本实体也包括样本的相关信息,生物样本库的建设逐渐被全球所重视。中国拥有庞大的临床样本资源,如果能把这些宝贵的资源收集起来,合理利用,势必能为医学研究创造无限价值。文章描述了国内外生物样本库的建设情况,提出了关于我国生物样本库建设的一些建议。

     

Blood,sweat, and tears: Embedding biological samples in social science research on children,

Abstract

In the first decade of the 21^st Century, calls for interdisciplinary research are commonplace. Yet, relatively few papers discuss how to complete such research successfully. In this paper, I describe the details of data collection focused on five, six and seven‐year old children. The project examined the effect of environmental contaminants on children's educational outcomes. It included a primary caregiver interview, a skill test with the child, and a venous blood draw from the child to test for lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, nicotine, and cotinine. This paper describes key issues and the solutions I adopted. Challenges discussed here include navigating the Institutional Review Board Process, analyzing the blood, obtaining the supplies needed to draw blood, banking blood for future research, hiring a phlebotomist, and recruiting subjects. While not all details will apply directly to other research projects, this paper provides some perspective on the current realities facing social scientists who decide to collect biological samples.     

Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal System and Its Biomimetic Implications： A Review

Biological musculoskeletal system （MSK）, composed of numerous bones, cartilages, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments etc., provides form, support, movement and stability for human or animal body. As the result of million years of selection and evolution, the biological MSK evolves to be a nearly perfect mechanical mechanism to support and transport the human or animal body, and would provide enormously rich resources to inspire engineers to innovate new technology and methodology to develop robots and mechanisms as effective and economical as the biological systems. This paper provides a general review of the current status of musculoskeletal biomechanics studies using both experimental and computational methods. This includes the use of the latest three-dimensional motion analysis systems, various medical imaging modalities, and also the advanced rigid-body and continuum mechanics musculoskeletal modelling techniques. Afterwards, several representative biomimetic studies based on ideas and concepts inspired from the structures and biomechanical functions of the biological MSK are dis- cussed. Finally, the major challenges and also the future research directions in musculoskeletal biomechanics and its biomimetic studies are proposed.     

From intestine transport to enzymatic regulation: The works of the Spanish biochemist Alberto Sols (1917–1989)

In this paper the scientific trajectory of Spanish influential biochemist Alberto Sols (1917–1989) is presented in comparative perspective. His social and academic environment, his research training under the Cori's in the US in the early 1950s and his works when coming back to Spain to develop his own scientific career are described in order to present the central argument of this paper on his path from physiological research to research on enzymatic regulation. Sols' main contributions were both scientific and academic. He and his collaborators not only contributed to biological knowledge on the biochemistry of metabolic regulation but to the active reception of biochemistry in the Spanish academia and to update of Spanish medical education.     

Contact microscopy with synchrotron radiation

Soft X-ray contact microscopy with synchrotron radiation offers the biologist, and especially the microscopist, a way to morphologically study specimens that could not be imaged by conventional TEM, STEM, or SEM methods (i.e., hydrated samples, samples easily damaged by an electron beam, electron-dense samples, thick specimens, unstained, low-contrast specimens) at spatial resolutions approaching those of the TEM, with the additional possibility to obtain compositional (elemental) information about the sample as well. Although flash X-ray sources offer faster exposure times, synchrotron radiation provides a highly collimated, intense radiation that can be tuned to select specific discrete ranges of X-ray wavelengths or specific individual wavelengths that optimize imaging or microanalysis of a specific sample. This paper presents an overview of the applications of X-ray contact microscopy to biological research and some current research results using monochromatic synchrotron radiation to image biological samples.     

《名古屋议定书》获取与惠益分享制度对传统生物防治研究的影响与对策

为了保证公平和公正地分享利用遗传资源所产生的惠益,研究和开发中使用的遗传资源必须按照《名古屋议定书》中规定的获取与惠益分享制度进行收集和利用.截至2020年7月,该议定书的缔约方中已有67个国家制定了相关立法,另有57个国家正在制定法律,行政或政策措施.传统生物防治通常是从有害生物的原产地或自然分布区引进天敌资源,用于可持续防治外来入侵有害生物.本文基于履约现状与挑战,分析了获取与惠益分享制度对于传统生物防治研究的影响,并以国际应用生物科学中心为例介绍了获取与惠益分享政策和最佳做法以及履约实践与对策,以期为我国从事传统生物防治研究的机构和科研人员遵守并执行《名古屋议定书》提供参考.     

Us and them: From prejudice to racism. An original analysis of race and racism

This paper present the content of the Musée de l'Homme exhibition “Us and them: from prejudice to racism” and provides a detailed explanation of how this content has been presented to the public. In a second section of this paper we explain some of the analysis and concepts, from a biological anthropology perspective, that were the foundation of the exhibition and provides some information about the current situation in France.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子在肝纤维化过程中的研究进展

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b-FGF)是在人体内广泛分布而又含量极少的一种生物因子,但是却在信号传导,细胞增值分化,促进血管生成,损伤组织修复等过程中起到相当重要的作用,目前在医学的各个领域对b-FGF的研究取得了一定的成就,同时也存在着一些问题,尤其是在肝纤维化相关疾病中的研究。肝纤维化是肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌三部曲中的一个动态过程与共同病理途径。肝纤维化发展的核心环节和共同通路是肝星状细胞(HSC)激活和以及大量ECM的合成分泌。而HSC的激活成为肝纤维化的关键,许多生物因子参与了这个病理过程,而碱性成纤维细胞生长因子就是其极为个最重要的几个因子之一。本文就近些年b-FGF的基本概况,作用机制,b-FGF在急慢性肝炎中的表达情况,在肝癌中的表达和信号传导情况,以及它在肝纤维化相关疾病中的作用机制及相关因素等进行系统整理归纳,另外就b-FGF未来的发展前景做一简单介绍,本文就以上内容的研究进展作一综述。     

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Metals are essential for protein function as cofactors to catalyze chemical reactions. Disruption of metal homeostasis is implicated in a number of diseases including Alzheimer''s and Parkinson''s disease, but the exact role these metals play is yet to be fully elucidated. Identification of metalloproteins encounters many challenges and difficulties. Here we report an approach that allows metalloproteins in complex samples to be quantified. This is achieved using size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). Using six known metalloproteins, the size exclusion column can be calibrated and the respective trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine) can be used for quantification. SEC-ICP-MS traces of human brain and plasma are presented. The use of these metalloprotein standards provides the means to quantitatively compare metalloprotein abundances between biological samples. This technique is poised to help shed light on the role of metalloproteins in neurodegenerative disease as well as other diseases where imbalances in trace elements are implicated.     

生态代谢组学研究进展

代谢组学指某一生物系统中产生的或已存在的代谢物组的研究,以质谱和核磁共振技术为分析平台,以信息建模与系统整合为目标。随着代谢组学中的研究方法与技术成为生态学研究的有力工具,生态代谢组学概念应运而生,即研究某一个生物体对环境变化的代谢物组水平的响应。理清代谢组学与生态代谢组学学科发展的脉络,综述代谢组学研究中的常用技术及其优势与局限性,论述代谢组学技术在生态学研究中的应用现状,展望代谢组学技术与其他系统生物学组学技术的结合在生态学中的应用前景,提出生态代谢组学研究者未来要完成的任务和面对的挑战。     

Career and training patterns of students entering Canadian medical schools in 1965.

This paper follows the careers of the 1128 students who entered Canadian medical schools in 1965, most of whom graduated in 1969. The type of career pursued (whether general or specialty practice or some combination thereof), the type of specialty undertaken, the place of internship and residency training and the 1973 practice location of the graduates are examined. The wide variation in careers followed by the 12 schools'' graduates provides the major focus of the paper.     

Multi-input deep learning approach for Cardiovascular Disease diagnosis using Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and clinical data

PurposeAccurate detection and treatment of Coronary Artery Disease is mainly based on invasive Coronary Angiography, which could be avoided provided that a robust, non-invasive detection methodology emerged. Despite the progress of computational systems, this remains a challenging issue. The present research investigates Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods in competing with the medical experts' diagnostic yield. Although the highly accurate detection of Coronary Artery Disease, even from the experts, is presently implausible, developing Artificial Intelligence models to compete with the human eye and expertise is the first step towards a state-of-the-art Computer-Aided Diagnostic system.MethodsA set of 566 patient samples is analysed. The dataset contains Polar Maps derived from scintigraphic Myocardial Perfusion Imaging studies, clinical data, and Coronary Angiography results. The latter is considered as reference standard. For the classification of the medical images, the InceptionV3 Convolutional Neural Network is employed, while, for the categorical and continuous features, Neural Networks and Random Forest classifier are proposed.ResultsThe research suggests that an optimal strategy competing with the medical expert's accuracy involves a hybrid multi-input network composed of InceptionV3 and a Random Forest. This method matches the expert's accuracy, which is 79.15% in the particular dataset.ConclusionImage classification using deep learning methods can cooperate with clinical data classification methods to enhance the robustness of the predicting model, aiming to compete with the medical expert's ability to identify Coronary Artery Disease subjects, from a large scale patient dataset.     

PROFITS AND PLAGIARISM: THE CASE OF MEDICAL GHOSTWRITING

This paper focuses on medical ghostwriting in the United States. I argue that medical ghostwriting often involves plagiarism and, in those cases, can be treated as an act of research misconduct by both the federal government and research institutions. I also propose several anti‐ghostwriting measures, including: 1) journals should implement guarantor policies so that researchers may be better held accountable for their work; 2) research institutions and the federal government should explicitly prohibit medical ghostwriting and outline appropriate penalties; and 3) a publicly available database should be created to record researchers' ethics violations.     

Introduction

The edition of a special issue entitled “Neuroscience in China” provides a unique opportunity to introduce neuroscience research undertakings in China today. Among the biological sciences at large, neuroscience is one of the most advanced fields in China. To take two examples, more than 70% of the articles published in the Chinese Journal of Physiology were in the category of neuroscience; among the members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), scientists in the field of neuroscience outnumber scientists in other disciplines of basic medical sciences. This assay tries to analyze the historical and contemporary background underlying the current status.     

The first Seriatum study of growth by R. E. Scammon

Richard E. Scammon's article, “The First Seriatim Study of Human Growth,” provided one of the best‐known visuals in the field of human biology. Scammon resurrected longitudinal height data of one child from Buffon's Histoire Naturelle, converted them to metric, and plotted these measurements as a function of age. The result was the first graph of one individual's growth curve from birth to 18 years of age. This image was subsequently reproduced in numerous texts on human growth and biology. Published in 1927, Scammon's article provides a snapshot of the state of growth research at the time and gives a (literal) picture of the future of human biology. The graph of the growth of one child symbolizes the importance of process and variation in biological anthropology.     

Laser Capture Microdissection in the Tissue Biorepository

An important need of many cancer research projects is the availability of high-quality, appropriately selected tissue. Tissue biorepositories are organized to collect, process, store, and distribute samples of tumor and normal tissue for further use in fundamental and translational cancer research. This, in turn, provides investigators with an invaluable resource of appropriately examined and characterized tissue specimens and linked patient information. Human tissues, in particular, tumor tissues, are complex structures composed of heterogeneous mixtures of morphologically and functionally distinct cell types. It is essential to analyze specific cell types to identify and define accurately the biologically important processes in pathologic lesions. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is state-of-the-art technology that provides the scientific community with a rapid and reliable method to isolate a homogeneous population of cells from heterogeneous tissue specimens, thus providing investigators with the ability to analyze DNA, RNA, and protein accurately from pure populations of cells. This is particularly well-suited for tumor cell isolation, which can be captured from complex tissue samples. The combination of LCM and a tissue biorepository offers a comprehensive means by which researchers can use valuable human biospecimens and cutting-edge technology to facilitate basic, translational, and clinical research. This review provides an overview of LCM technology with an emphasis on the applications of LCM in the setting of a tissue biorepository, based on the author''s extensive experience in LCM procedures acquired at Fox Chase Cancer Center and Hollings Cancer Center.     

Alzheimer's disease: advances in basic research and therapies

The International Study Group on the Pharmacology of Memory Disorders Associated with Aging met in Zurich, Switzerland in January of 1987 to report and discuss advances in basic research and therapies in regard to Alzheimer's disease. Participants included 121 scientists of 14 nations associated with academic institutions, food and drug companies, granting agencies and the medical community. Approaches to research included those of genetics, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, anatomy and physiology, neurochemistry, neuropathology and experimental animal studies. This report provides an overview of the highlights of the conference.     

Unification and coherence as methodological objectives in the biological sciences

In this paper I respond to Wim van der Steen's arguments against the supposed current overemphasis on norms ofcoherence andinterdisciplinary integration in biology. On the normative level, I argue that these aremiddle-range norms which, although they may be misapplied in short-term attempts to solve (temporarily?) intractable problems, play a guiding role in the longer-term treatment of biological problems. This stance is supported by a case study of apartial success story, the development of the one gene — one enzyme hypothesis. As that case shows, thegoal of coherent interdisciplinary integration not only provides guidance for research, but also provides the standard for recognizingfailed integrations of the sort that van der Steen criticizes.     

Reciprocal altruism as a felony: Antitrust and the prisoner's dilemma

Biologist study reciprocity. Because U.S. law outlaws cooperative commercial efforts to establish and maintain cartelized prices, for almost a century lawyers and judges also have been interested in the phenomenon of reciprocity. Judges and enforcement officials have set policy based upon intuitive hunches about the likelihood of reciprocity. This law is not consistent. Older court decisions exhibit fear that reciprocity is probable, while more recent doctrine and commentary have disparaged the likelihood of successful cooperation. This antitrust dispute can be understood in game theoretic terms similar to analyses of reciprocity developed by biological theorists. Axelrod's recent research on the repeated prisoner's dilemma game provides an explanation of how cooperative pricing can evolve despite competitive adversity. This research implies both support for the older antitrust fear of collusive reciprocity as well as criticism of recent and supposedly modern skepticism about the older view. But Axelrod's research as it stands is too simplistic for the market context. Before antitrust can use it, this research must be extended to account for three factors: for the existence of more than two equally sized players, for uncertainty in players' communication, and for the manner in which firms learn their managerial strategies.     

纳米技术与生物学实验的微型化

纳米技术是近年来发展迅速的新技术,有着几乎无限的潜力。一方面生物分子的尺度是纳米与亚纳米级的,纳米技术可以从生物科学学到许多生物分子作用的奥秘;另一方面,纳米技术为生物学的研究提供新材料、新方法,使生物学研究可以多快好省地进行。本文简单介绍几种利用纳米技术开展生物学研究的思路与方法。