全球气候变化的中国自然植被的净第一性生产力研究

本文根据已建立的植物生理生态学特点与水热平衡关系的植物净第一性生产力模型对中国自然植被的净第一性生产力现状及全球变化后的自然植被的净第一性生产力进行了分析,给出了中国陆地生态系统自然植被的净第一性生产力在全球气候变化条件下的变化图景,为合理开发、利用自然资源,以及监测和预测中国陆地生态系统自然植被净第一性生产力的变化及应采取的策略提供了科学依据。     

Environmental heterogeneity patterns and predictive models of chlorophyll a in a Brazilian coastal lagoon

The spatial and temporal patterns of environmental heterogeneity in a Brazilian coastal lagoon were described by means of principal component analysis. Carapebus Lagoon has been subject to eutrophication, due to increased nutrient loading from domestic and industrial sewage. Spatial variations in the trophic state and temporal variations in the degree of marine influence are the major sources of environmental heterogeneity in this lagoon. The close and significant relation between total phosphorus and chlorophyll a (r² = 60, p <0.05), and the high TN:TP ratios (up to 50:1) suggest that phosphorus might be the major nutrient controlling phytoplankton biomass in this lagoon. However, nitrogen might be more important as a growth-limiting nutrient in the eutrophic site of the lagoon, where high total phosphorus concentration (up to 338 μg l-1) and low TN:TP mass ratios (<10:1) were found. In a multiple regression model, total phosphorus and electric conductivity explained together a high and significant (R²=0.86, p < 0.001) amount of variance in chlorophyll yields. This predictive model of chlorophyll a is important as a tool for Carapebus lagoon management because it allows one to predict the algal biomass development of the lagoon in response to nutrients and marine water inputs resulting from man's activities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Potential distribution of semi-deciduous forests in Castile and Leon (Spain) in relation to climatic variations

About 45% of the total surface area of the Castile and Leon region today can potentially be occupied by semi-deciduous forests, chiefly dominated by Quercus faginea Willd. and Quercus pyrenaica Lam. On the basis of extrapolated trends in annual mean temperature and precipitation in Castile and Leon observed over the 37-year period from 1961 to 1997 [del Río et al. 2005], predicted changes in the areas covered by Q. faginea and Q. pyrenaica forests in 2025, 2050 and 2075 were made. A decrease in Q. faginea forests may occur if observed trends in temperature and precipitation continue. With respect to Q. pyrenaica forests, they may increase in present Mediterranean areas and decreases in Temperate Submediterranean areas. In some cases, both types of forests could be replaced by deciduous forests. The predicted results in the natural distribution of vegetation types by the bioclimatic models can be used to establish policies for improved future nature conservation and land management.     

Changes in the high-mountain vegetation of the Central Iberian Peninsula as a probable sign of global warming

Aerial images of the high summits of the Spanish Central Range reveal significant changes in vegetation over the period 1957 to 1991. These changes include the replacement of high-mountain grassland communities dominated by Festuca aragonensis, typical of the Cryoro-Mediterranean belt, by shrub patches of Juniperus communis ssp. alpina and Cytisus oromediterraneus from lower altitudes (Oro-Mediterranean belt). Climatic data indicate a shift towards warmer conditions in this mountainous region since the 1940s, with the shift being particularly marked from 1960. Changes include significantly higher minimum and maximum temperatures, fewer days with snow cover and a redistribution of monthly rainfall. Total yearly precipitation showed no significant variation. There were no marked changes in land use during the time frame considered, although there were minor changes in grazing species in the 19th century. It is hypothesized that the advance of woody species into higher altitudes is probably related to climate change, which could have acted in conjunction with discrete variations in landscape management. The pronounced changes observed in the plant communities of the area reflect the susceptibility of high-mountain Mediterranean species to environmental change.     

Climate and land use change impacts on Mediterranean high-mountain vegetation in the Apennines since the 1950s

Background: High-mountain ecosystems are centres of plant diversity that are particularly sensitive to land-use and climate change.

Aims: We investigated the ecological trends associated with land use and climate change since the 1950s in different vegetation types in high-mountain habitats in the central Apennines.

Methods: We analysed temporal changes in: Pinus mugo scrub, calcareous subalpine grasslands and alpine scree vegetation, comparing historical and recent vegetation records from vegetation plots from two periods (1955–1980 and 1990–2014) for their ecological indicator values (Landolt temperature and nutrient indicators) and structural traits (growth forms) over time using generalised linear models (GLMs).

Results: We observed significant temporal differences in the ecology and structure of the analysed habitats. In the Pinus mugo scrub we detected a reduction of subalpine and herbaceous species and in calcareous alpine screes we observed an increment of the lower montane, montane and subalpine species and of dwarf shrubs. Conversely, subalpine grasslands were stable over time.

Conclusions: Ecological changes that have occurred in the Central Apennines, following changes in type and intensity of land use and recent warming are consistent with those observed in other European mountains, for which climate and land-use changes are claimed as the main driving forces.     

上海城市植被变化轨迹及其成因分析

通过TM影像解译,获取上海市1989、1997和2003年共3个时期的植被分布,构造植被变化轨迹,分析轨迹的空间格局;选择距离、人口和景观等3类共12个影响因子,使用Logistic回归进行成因分析.研究结果表明:①14年来,上海市的植被面积呈现持续下降趋势,浦东新区植被减少最多;3个时期均为植被的轨迹占总面积的一半以上,其次是3个时期均为非植被的轨迹占总面积的1/5.早期植被转化为非植被的轨迹主要在城区周围,而近期的转化的轨迹发生在距城区较远的地区;植被与非植被的交替变化轨迹,说明了植被并不是一味地被破坏,而是出现了可逆的变化过程.②Logistic回归分析发现,各因子对植被变化轨迹的影响强度大小依次是,离道路的距离＞离行政中心的距离＞离植被-非植被边界的距离＞离商业中心的距离＝1990年人口密度＞离河流的距离＞离高速公路的距离＞土地利用多样性＞2003年与1990年人口密度差＝离上海市中心的距离.③回归模型的精度是满意的,其中二分类Logistic模型精度高于多分类Logistic模型.总体上,离道路的距离对植被变化影响最明显;变化轨迹表明在部分地区植被出现了植被-非植被反复变化的过程;植被分布不但具有空间依赖性,还具有较强的时间依赖性.     

Long-term persistence in a changing climate: DNA analysis suggests very old ages of clones of alpine Carex curvula

Carex curvula is a very slow-growing rhizomatous sedge that forms extensive stands in the European an alpine belt. The recruitment of sexual progeny is extremely rare and propagation occurs predominantly through clonal growth. The randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to analyse clonal structure in a small patch (2.0x0.4 m sampling transect plus some additional samples) of a high-alpine population of the species. Amplification of the DNA of 116 tiller samples from the patch with eight ten-base primers yielded a total of 95 bands, of which 73 were polymorphic. Based on the RAPD amplification profiles a total of 15 multilocus genotypes (putative clones) were identified. Due to the high number of polymorphic loci the number of genetic markers delineating individual clones was high (range: 16–39 markers) which suggests that our estimates of clonal diversity are precise. More than half of the sampled tillers were identified as belonging to a single clone which formed a relatively homogeneous disc intermingling with other clones only at its margin. Based on the maximum diameter of this large clone of more than 7000 tillers and estimates of annual expansion growth of rhizomes (0.4 mm year^-1), the age of the clone was calculated to be around 2000 years. This demonstrates that clones of C. curvula may persist on a single spot over long periods with quite diverse alpine climates ranging from rather mild periods in the Middle Ages to cool periods during the so called little ice age in the last century. Our results suggest caution with plant migration scenarios based on shifting isotherms where late-successional clonal species, which dominate the alpine vegetation all over the world, are concerned.     

Leaf miner assemblies: effects of plant succession and grazing management

Abstract. 1. Changes in leaf-miner assemblies during 4 years of secondary succession, under different controlled sheep-grazing treatments, are described and compared to the miner fauna of older grazed grassland nearby.
2. Multivariate analyses were used in conjunction with examination of individual common species to assess the independent effects of time, grazing treatment, plant species composition and architecture on the leaf-miner assemblies.
3. Leaf-miner species composition was strongly related to plant species composition, but was modified by plant structure under different grazing treatments. There was a strong successional trend in miner assemblies, even when the effects of changes in plant composition had been taken into account. Conversely, local variation in miner species composition generally reflected foodplant distribution alone.
4. Grazed treatments had fewer mines than controls, but there were also species specializing in grazed areas, despite the abundance of their foodplants elsewhere. There was a weak indication that miner species in grazed treatments were more likely to fluctuate in abundance than those in controls.
5. The results are discussed in relation to the assembly of grassland insect communities during succession, and the use of 'indicator groups' in management for nature conservation.     

植物群落分布与环境的多元线性模型

 本文根据植物群落主成分分析三维排序与植物群落类型的关系,应用多元线性模型理论建立了江苏省盐城珍禽自然保护区盐土植物群落类型与环境的多元线性模型。研究结果表明该模型较好地描述了该保护区植物群落分布的格式,同时,也有助于更明确地揭示植物群落主成分分析各排序轴所反映的环境梯度。     

中国温带草地物候对气候变化的响应及其对总初级生产力的贡献

气候变暖引起的植物物候变化影响了陆地生态系统功能和碳循环。目前研究着重关注温带和热带森林物候变化趋势、驱动因素,关于干旱半干旱地区草地物候变化及其对生态系统总初级生产力(gross primary productivity, GPP)影响仍知之甚少。因此,开展草地植物物候与生产力之间的关系研究对预测草地生态系统响应未来气候变化和区域碳循环至关重要。基于1982—2015年气象资料和GIMMS NDVI3g数据,分析了中国温带草原植被返青期(start of the growing season, SGS)和枯黄期(end of the growing season, EGS)变化及其对气候的响应,并借助一阶差分法量化物候对GPP动态变化的贡献。结果表明：(1)季前1—2个月的夜间温度增温会显著提前SGS,而当月至季前2个月的白天温度对SGS有着微弱的促进作用;季前3个月的累积降水对SGS提前作用最为强烈,累积太阳辐射在各个时期对SGS影响相对较弱。(2)不同季前时间尺度昼夜温度对草地EGS均表现出相反的作用,短期累积降水对EGS起到显著延迟的区域范围最大,太阳辐射随着季前时间的增加对草地枯黄期的延迟作用逐渐转变为提前作用。(3)EGS对草地GPP年际变化趋势的相对贡献率强于返青期。研究结果有助于深化陆地生态系统与气候变化、碳循环之间相互作用的认识,为草地适应未来气候变化和生态建设提供科学依据。