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1.
Little is known about the fate of adult male residents after they are ousted from bisexual one-male troops of Hanuman langurs
(Presbytis entellus) in the course of adult male replacements. In a long term study at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, it was possible to reconstruct partial
life histories of several ousted residents. One resident was killed during the male change. Ousted residents did not regain
residency despite their continued invasions into bisexual troops. It is assumed that the males' chances to take over and to
defend a troop are restricted to an age of 9–14 years, when the males are in prime physical condition. One male became solitary
for some months while trying to regain residency of his old troop, before joining some “alien” males. As a rule, males are
likely to rejoin their own male bands if they are ousted after short periods of residency. If the residency exceeds 3 months
then the ongoing structural change in the former band may prevent their reintegration. However, in such cases, ousted residents
which belonged to the same band may reunite and mingle with another male band which lacks prime males. Weaned sons may follow
their fathers after ousting. In the case of numerous weaned offspring, fathers and sons may together form at least temporary
new male bands. 相似文献
2.
A. Srivastava 《Primates; journal of primatology》1991,32(2):237-241
Earlier studies on Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) around Jodhpur found them entirely vegetarian (Mohnot, 1974;Winkler, 1988). However, recent observations in the open scrub forests of Jodhpur reveal that scale insects may constitute a regular
part of their diet and that insectivory is particularly prevalent in the monsoon months July – September. The insect eating
in this habitat seems to support the “Energy/nutrient maximization” hypothesis ofHamilton andBusse (1978). 相似文献
3.
Govindasamy Agoramoorthy 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(2):225-238
I studied the process of adult male replacement and social change in two one- male troops (B20 and B21) of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)at Jodhpur, India. Male-male competition lasted for about 6 months before the successful takeover of one troop (B20). During
that period, five adult males from three neighboring bands (AMB7, AMB9, and AMB10) and a resident male of a neighboring troop
(B21) were involved in taking over the troop. The latter male also copulated with six females during his interim residency,
which suggests that he may have opportunistically maximized his mating chances with females of a neighboring group. During
an intertroop interaction, a 14-month-old female infant of the other troop (B21) was fatally attacked by an adult female of
the first troop and the infant eventually died. The attacker may have taken advantage of the disorganization created by male-male
competition, perhaps to eliminate a future food competitor. In addition, the first troop gained an additional feeding area
from the other troop’s range; it included a sleeping site and a waterhole, indicating that territorial fights during social
instability may have led to the expansion of the winner’s resource area. 相似文献
4.
In the present study, we obtained quantitative behavioral data on the integration process of an adult female with her dependent
daughter into a resident zoo population of six bonobos (Pan paniscus). During the whole observation time of almost two months, the integration happened very peacefully without significant increases
of aggressive or agonistic tendencies. The integration was mediated and actively supported mainly by two processes: contacts
of resident infants and juveniles towards the immigrating animals and contacts of the immigrating adult female to a “specific
senior female” of the resident group. Adult males and adolescent females seemed not to play a role in the social integration
of new group members. The new adult female soon became a preferred partner for sexual interactions such as genito-genital
rubbing. The social integration of the 18-month-old young was controlled by her mother and finished only after the adult female
had reached a stable and safe position in the new group. According to our observations, the exchange of an adult female bonobo
including her young between zoos has no negative effects on the animals involved. 相似文献
5.
Based on cross-sectional and longitudinal data collected in 1967–1988 by various observers, male reproductive success was
studied in the Hanuman langurs of Jodhpur, India. The harem-structured social organization ensures a high degree of paternity
certainty. Births occur throughout the year, with significant peaks and minima in March and November, respectively (n =398).The interbirth interval averages 16.7 months (n = 114).The duration of harem residencies varies between 3 days and ≥ 74.0 months, with a mean of 26.5 (n = 64). Harem holder replacements
occur during all months of the year. No male achieves residency in more than one troop, suggesting that residency is associated
with a distinct peak in the resource holding potential of a given male. Reproductive success among males varies considerably.
Male mortality is high due to migration and intrasexual competition, leading to an adult sex ratio of 1:4.9. It is estimated
that one-quarter of all adult males will never gain harem residency. Conceptions achieved outside harem residencies are so
rare (4.7%) that a viable low-risk strategy, opting for longevity instead of harem residency, is unlikely. Tenure length has
a stronger influence on male reproductive success than harem size because interbirth intervals are significantly shorter in
small harems than in larger ones. It is assumed that females in one-male breeding structures compete for sperm and that such
competition is more intense in larger harems. 相似文献
6.
Two pairs of twins were observed in free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) at Jodhpur, India. Each twin had a preferred nipple for suckling, the preference of which developed during the first 5 weeks
of life. The behaviour of the twins was mostly synchronized. In more than 60% of all activity bouts both showed the same behaviour,
with “nipple contact” and “playing” prevailing. Differences in physical strength and development were apparent within each
pair. While the total amount of allomothering was almost the same, individual weekly scores differed considerably. 相似文献
7.
Paula Sánchez-Hernández Martha P. Ramírez-Pinilla Miguel Molina-Borja 《Acta ethologica》2012,15(1):65-71
There have been relatively few attempts to quantitatively describe behaviours in scincid lizards. Chalcides viridanus is a small body-sized skink endemic of Tenerife (Canary Islands). We describe and quantify 18 behaviour patterns (both social
and agonistic) of this species, some of which have not been described before for other scincids. Video recordings of male–male,
female–female, and male–female interactions were made under laboratory conditions, with controlled light–dark cycle and temperature.
We describe several agonistic and courtship behaviour patterns. Within the first context, we detected a new agonistic behaviour
for a scincid, “Snout to body”, that appeared at the beginning of agonistic sequences; it consisted of each animal placing
its snout in contact with the other individual’s lateral side of the body. The amplitude of head movement during “Head bobbing”
was lower than that described for many other lizard species. Agonistic behaviours were shown in intrasexual staged encounters
both within males and females. The comparison of behaviour patterns of both types of intrasexual encounters showed that females
were more active, exhibiting significantly higher frequencies of behaviour than males. Specifically, females showed the “Snout
to body” pattern more frequently than males. In male–female encounters we detected courtship and copulation patterns only
in April, when males performed “Bites” and “Snout to body” directed at females. 相似文献
8.
Ten years data on birth peak, birth rate and interbiith interval inPresbytis entellus of Jodhpur have been presented. Although Hangman langur females breed round the year, there is some concentration of births
during January–March while fewer births occur during October–December. It seems that provisioning and crop raiding together
may provide better feeding opportunities to breed year round. However, it remains unclear whether environmental factors allow
langur females to deliver more infants during January–March. During 1984–86 the birth rate was uniform for the whole population
(0.63). While there was a variation within the troops from year to year, data suggest that resident male replacements do alter
birth rate. It goes down when resident males are replaced frequently. The interbirth interval ranges between 7.0 and 76.5
months (average, 16.88 months;n = 112). Abortions and still-births reduced the interbirlh interval to 7.1 months (range 7.1-21.1; average, 11.4 months;n= 8) compared to the normal inlerbirth interval following infant survive its first 4.1 months of life (range 10.7-76.5 months;
average, 17.28 months;n = 86). However, infant loss under the age of 4.1 months did not reduce the interbirth interval except in two cases (range 7.0-51.8
months; average, 17.27 months;n = 18). Maternal rejection or weaning begins at about 8 months of age and lasts until infants are 12 months old. In this population,
the probability of twin births was worked out to be 0.79 per 100 births. 相似文献
9.
The city of Jodhpur (26°18′N, 73°8′E) supports a population of about 900 hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) divided into 24 bisexual troops and 12 all-male bands in an area of 60 km2. This population has been censused from 1968 to 1978. Over this period the population of bisexual troops has remained stable
around 700, while the population of all-male bands has increased from 160 to 230 individuals. The bisexual troops show a tendency
towards a reduction in population growth rate with increasing troop size, with troops over 50–60 tending to split. Very small
troops may grow by large scale immigration. Although a number of male changes and mortality through infanticide have been
recorded, there is no evidence of a regular periodicity in the occurrence of initial, growth and mature phases in the life
history of a bisexual troop.
Unlike the bisexual troops, the all-male bands show no tendency towards a reduction in growth rate with the increase in band
size, but show a continuous growth of band size over the study period. Langurs of Jodhpur rely heavily on cultivated fields
for their sustenance. This cultivation has been on increase over the study period, and since the males invade cultivation
more readily, they may have been able to take fuller advantage of these increasing resources and affect a population increase
that has not been possible for the bisexual troops. 相似文献
10.
During a 10-year long term study, 6 eye-witnessed and 1 pressumed cases of abortions occurred in 3 one-male bisexual troops
of free ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus) near Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The age of the unborns varied from 35 to about 200 days. The subsequent birth interval ranged
between 7.1–21.1 months. 2 miscarriages occurred during stable periods of residency of a single male. 5 cases occurred prior
to or after infanticide in connection with male changes. In one case a female was attacked by the new male before she aborted.
In one case a female presumably aborted after attacks on her semiweaned infant. Most of the reproductive losses hence seem
to be related to psychical and physical stress exerted by new males on pregnant females. As part of their reproductive strategy,
males reduce their waiting time to insemination in this way. Abortions may likewise represent an adaptive reproductive strategy
of females, who prefer to abort instead of investing in a foetus which is likely to be killed after birth. 相似文献
11.
Mori A Yamane A Sugiura H Shotake T Boug A Iwamoto T 《Primates; journal of primatology》2007,48(3):179-189
Three levels of hamadryas social structure—the one male unit (OMU), the band, and the troop—have been observed at all sites
studied, but a fourth—the clan—has been observed at only one site, Erer-Gota, Ethiopia, during a longitudinal check of the
dispersion of identified individuals. The clan is important since it appears to provide the basis for male philopatry, although
comparative data is needed from other sites to confirm this. We studied a huge commensal group of hamadryas baboons (over
600 animals) in Saudi Arabia. We put ear tags on baboons between 1998 and 2004 and analyzed social structure, relying on the
interactions of these tagged animals by focusing especially on their dispersal patterns from OMUs. OMU membership tended to
be looser than that of the Ethiopian hamadryas. Females tended to shift between OMUs on an individual basis in our study group,
whereas the collapse of an OMU was a major occasion of adult female transfer in Ethiopia. We found neither stable bands (a
“band” in our study group was defined as a regional assemblage of OMUs) nor clans that lasted for several years. Some OMUs
moved and transferred into neighboring areas over both the short and long term. Further, some post-adolescent males appeared
to move out of the study area. The ratio of adult females in an OMU in our study group was larger than for any other documented
study site, and this may be the reason for enhanced female transfer between OMUs. A large proportion of the adolescent females
showed no clear membership to OMUs, and no “initial units” (commonly observed in Ethiopia) were discernible. The ease with
which young males acquired adult females at the study site must have disrupted the formation of a clan, a “male-bonded society.” 相似文献
12.
Kenji Kawanaka 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):285-305
The behavior and social interactions of young male chimpanzees were studied in relation to their age change. The data were
obtained at the Mahale Mountains National Park, during a four-month period in 1986. Early adolescent males, becoming independent
of their mothers, spend a long time near adults of both sexes. Late adolescent males are not tolerated by the senior males.
Although such animals do not stop traveling together with their seniors, they are separated from the other members including
the males of their own age class, and each of them lives a relatively lonely life. Where seniors are not nearby, they perform
charging displays in front of estrous females. Young adult males tend to remain in the proximity of the alpha male, and can
associate with their seniors without pant-grunting. Although some young adult males dominate over some senior males, increasingly
performing charging displays, they do not appear to be permitted to associate intimately with their seniors; they are not
yet considered to have attained social maturity. Prime and senior males are strongly bonded with one another, being able to
associate intimately with those of their own or senior age classes including the alpha male. A young adult male's rise in
rank is not connected with joining the “adult male-cluster,” nor does a senior male's decline necessarily means his dropping
out from the cluster: the social position of male chimpanzees cannot be understood solely from their agonistic dominance rank.
The alpha male plays a leading part in integrating the males of the unit-group. Young adult males and their seniors tend to
associate most frequently with him, and all the males of the early adolescent or senior age classes pay attention to his movements. 相似文献
13.
A comparison of the mating behavior of adolescent and adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study compares adult and adolescent female rhesus macaques with regard to (1) characteristics of their copulatory partners,
(2) their proceptive behaviors, and (3) adult male behaviors toward them during estrus. We conducted focal follows of 24 adolescent
and 65 adult free-ranging estrous female rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago during two mating seasons. Compared to adult females,
adolescents presented sexually to males at higher rates; copulated more frequently with rankless young male, and extra-group
males; and, in one of two mating seasons, were ignored more frequently by males to whom they presented sexually. Adolescents
tended to copulate with ranked, resident males at higher frequencies on days when the operational sex ratio (adult males:estrous
adult females) was high. Males directed “muzzle-up” signals to adolescents at lower rates than to adults in one of two mating
seasons, although this effect vanished when males who might have fathered adolescent females were excluded from analysis.
Adolescents did not differ consistently from adults in strength of the correlation between proximity maintenance (dyadic Hinde's
Index) and copulation rate, or in approach rate to males. Adolescent females, relative to adult females, presented sexually
more to rankless young males, but did not present more to ranked, resident males. Both proximate (e.g. endocrine) and ultimate
(e.g. differential fecundity; female-female mate competition) explanations may account for the reported differences between
adult and adolescent female rhesus macaque sexuality. 相似文献
14.
Paul Newton 《Primates; journal of primatology》1994,35(4):489-498
The social organization of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus, Colobinae) was studied in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Central Indian Highlands between 1980 and 1983, followed by six brief return
visits over ten years. Censuses of the 7 km2 Kanha meadows demonstrated little change in population density and structure between 1982 and 1990; the population was consistently
composed of one-male troops and all-male bands. During the return visits the focal C troop extended its known 74.5 ha range
by only 5.6%. By 1993 two identified, habituated, adult females remained within the troop. The adult male was resident in
C troop for ≥nine years and eight months. 相似文献
15.
Fumio Fukuda 《Primates; journal of primatology》1988,29(4):477-492
A free-ranging troop of Japanese monkeys was observed for seven years from April 1971 to March 1978 in the Hakone area, Kanagawa
Prefecture, Japan. This troop was fed artificially between 1956 and 1977. The artificial food supply was reduced by about
half after 1974. The troop-size fluctuated around 100 between 1971 and 1974, but fell drastically from 91 in 1975 to 58 in
1978. Population parameters were compared between the two periods of 1971–1974 and 1975–1977. Clear differences between the
two periods were found in primiparous age, ratio of non-natal resident males to all resident males, ratio of newcomers to
non-natal resident males, age-specific disappearance rate, and proportion of deserters observed in the study area. A correlation
existed between the number of males and females of 5 or more years of age in the troop. The numbers in the three age-sex groups
(natal males, non-natal males, and females of 5 or more years of age in the troop) were closely connected with one another.
The scarcity of food supply may have caused not only males but also females to disperse. The drastic decrease in troop-size
after 1974 could be based on the disappearance of adult females. The cause of the dispersal of young males and adult females
could have been mutual competition among the troop members for food, and that in adult males could have been competition for
females. 相似文献
16.
Whether female crickets choose among males based on characteristics of the courtship song is uncertain, but in many species,
males not producing courtship song do not mate. In the house cricket,Acheta domesticus, we examined whether a female chose or rejected a male based on his size, latency to chirp, latency to produce courtship
song, or rate of the high-frequency pulse of courtship song (“court rate”). We confirmed that females mated only with males
that produced courtship song, but we found no evidence that the other factors we measured affected a female’s decision to
mate. In addition, we investigated whether the outcome of male agonistic encounters affected the subsequent production of
courtship song. In one experiment, we observed courtship and mating behavior when a single female was placed with a pair of
males following a 10-min interaction period between the two males. Winners of male agonistic encounters had higher mating
success. However, winners and losers of agonistic encounters were not different in their likelihood or latency to produce
courtship song or in the number of times they were disrupted by the other male in the pair. In a second experiment, we allowed
two males to interact for a 10-min period, but following this interaction period, we placed a female with each male separately
and observed courtship and mating behavior. The mating success of winners and losers was not different under these circumstances,
and we found no differences between winners and losers in any subsequent courtship or mating behavior examined. We conclude
that winning agonistic encounters influences a male’s mating success in ways other than his production of courtship song and
this effect is lost when winning and losing males are separated and each is given an opportunity to mate. 相似文献
17.
Jane Boggess 《International journal of primatology》1980,1(3):233-274
Data on intermale social relations and troop membership changes in one Nepalese high-altitude population of free-ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus)are reported here. Data were collected from six troops by three observers and cover 32 months of observations. The predominantly
multi-male troops indicate an alternating pattern of exclusions and introductions with gradual adult male replacement. Takeovers
and infant killing were not observed. Analysis of adult social behavior records show qualitative and quantitative differences
in intrasexual relations, with primarily agonistic social contacts occurring between males. Agonistic encounters between females
and between males differ in frequency of occurrence, types of be-haviors used, cause, and consistency in direction of threats
between individuals. Individual adult male frequency of interaction with females and immatures varied significantly, with
the majority of these interactions occurring between the dominant troop male and other troop members. Data indicate that intermale
dominance is a major factor in determining male access to fertile females: This appears to be achieved by either directly
excluding males from the troop or effectively “controlling” their inter-actions with troop females. Data from these studies
are compared with data from other Presbytis entellusinvestigations. Review of these data suggests that intraspecific variability in intermale social dynamics and type of troop
male membership change are correlated with the percentage of nontroop males. It is suggested that environmental pressures
resulting in social crowding can be critical in determing the occurrence of takeovers in some populations of Presbytis entellus. 相似文献
18.
Anna Lídia Mészáros Szabolcs Kajdocsi István Szentirmai Jan Komdeur Tamás Székely 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2006,52(1):39-42
Birds move between breeding locations to gain a better territory, avoid competition or reduce the deleterious effect of inbreeding.
We investigated breeding site fidelity in a small European passerine, the penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus). This species has an exceptionally diverse breeding system, in which both males and females may have up to 5–7 mates in
a single breeding season, and the eggs are incubated by a single parent: either the male or the female. We investigated the
movements of males and females within three breeding seasons in Southern Hungary (2002–2004). Males moved for shorter distances
between breeding sites (116 m, 63–333 m; median, lower quartile–upper quartile) than females (942 m, 415–2,382 m). Movements
of males and females were consistent between years, and they were repeatable between subsequent nests of males, but not of
females. Taken together, our results suggest that adult male penduline tits are more site-faithful than adult females. We
suggest that this difference has an implication on their breeding ecology since male parental behaviour (desert/care) is expected
to be influenced by local mating opportunities, whilst female parental behaviour is likely to depend on the mating opportunities
in a large area around their breeding site. 相似文献
19.
Miya Hamai Toshisada Nishida Hiroyuki Takasaki Linda A. Turner 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(2):151-162
Two cases of within-group infanticide and cannibalism were observed among the M Group chimpanzees of the Mahale Mountains,
Tanzania. In both cases, victimized infants were male, 5 – 6 months of age, and in good health when killed. Four to five years
have passed since the mothers of the victims immigrated into M Group as nulliparous immigrants. In one case the 2nd-ranking
male was observed to detach the infant from the mother's belly. Both infants were finally killed by the alpha male after several
adult males scrambled for the bodies. There was no evidence that the mothers had mated with males other than those of M Group.
Nor was there evidence that the mothers had restrictive mating relationships with some of the M Group adult males. What little
evidence is available shows that the mothers had mated mostly with adolescent and other immature males during their conception
cycles. However, at least in one case, the mother began to mate more with adult males rather than with immature males after
the infanticide. It is proposed that the function of within-group male infanticide can be explained by the male-male competition
hypothesis developed for hanuman langurs and other nonhuman primates. 相似文献
20.
Caroline Ross 《American journal of primatology》1993,30(1):75-82
A take-over and infanticide were observed in a South Indian population of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). A one-male, bisexual troop of langurs (Troop B1) was attacked by a band of two adult males and one subadult male. During the take-over, the resident male and one elderly female were driven from the troop. The youngest infant, about two months old, was fatally wounded by an attack from the dominant incoming male (S1). However, other young infants in Troop B1 were left unharmed. All three incoming males remained in Troop B1 but the troop appeared to remain functionally one-male, as S1 did not allow the other adult male to copulate. There was no sign that S1 attempted to eject the other two males from troop B1. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献