Karyological Differentiation in Sapindaceae with Special Reference to Serjania and Cardiospermum

New chromosome counts for 9 species and 2 genera of Sapindaceae are presented and compared with a review of all available chromosome numbers of the family. In 4 species diploid numbers differing from previous reports are found. In 4 species of the tribe Paullinieae (S. diversiflora, S. subdentata, C. grandiflorum and C. halicacabum) detailed studies on interphase nucleus structure, condensing behaviour and chromosome banding patterns are presented. The karyological differentiation of Paullinieae is generally characterized by dysploid reduction of chromosome numbers and the increase of chromosome size. Sequential staining of nuclei with CMA/DAPI and Giemsa-C-banding demonstrates diversification of constitutive heterochromatin (= hc) and different types of chromatin organization in Serjania and Cardiospermum. The obvious lack of polyploid series and the karyological evolution within the family is discussed. The outstanding small genome size found in Cardiospermum halicacabum is considered to be due to a secondary loss of DNA in the course of the change to herbaceous growth.     

Changes in snowmelt date and summer precipitation affect the flowering phenology of Erythronium grandiflorum (glacier lily; Liliaceae)

? Premise of the study: Climate change has affected species worldwide, including alterations in phenology, migration patterns, distribution, and survival. Because Erythronium grandiflorum is an early-season bloomer, alterations in its phenology may have serious implications for many North American Rocky Mountain communities, including changes in resource availability for pollinators and herbivores. ? Methods: We investigated whether changes in the snowmelt date, summer temperature, and summer precipitation have altered the timing and abundance of flowering in E. grandiflorum by collecting long-term data on floral abundance from 1975-2008 in a series of 2 × 2 m plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL) in Gothic, Colorado in the United States. ? Key results: Snowmelt date and mean summer temperature were negatively correlated. Over the 30-yr study, the snowmelt date advanced by 4.14 d/decade, and mean summer temperature increased by 0.38°C/decade. Summer precipitation was variable, showing no change. The first, peak, and last flowering dates of E. grandiflorum advanced an average of 3.2 d/decade. Furthermore, earlier snowmelt and greater summer precipitation in the previous year led to earlier flowering in E. grandiflorum. There was no change in flowering abundance in this species, indicating it may be controlled by a complex set of abiotic and biotic variables. ? Conclusions: Our study indicates that snowmelt is arriving earlier at the RMBL, which has caused earlier flowering in E. grandiflorum. Because alterations in phenology can disrupt important ecological interactions, information on potential phenological shifts in species that interact with E. grandiflorum is essential in determining the net effect of climate-driven alterations in phenology.     

A revision of the tribe Plectrothripini of fungus-feeding Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripidae: Phlaeothripinae)

Abstract The tribe Plectrothripini is redefined with examination of its systematic relationships. Keys are provided to the ten genera and forty-seven species in this tribe; one genus and eighteen species are newly described; one genus and two species are newly synonymized; two genera, Chiridothrips and Eurytrichothrips , are here removed from this tribe. The species of the tribe occur throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the world; seventeen species are recorded from the Oriental Region, seventeen species from the Neotropical Region, ten species from the Afrotropical Region, two from Australia and one from the Pacific. They seem to be fungus-feeders, being found mainly under the bark of trees or on dead branches.     

The constitutive expression of Chrysanthemum dichrum ICE1 in Chrysanthemum grandiflorum improves the level of low temperature, salinity and drought tolerance

The quality and productivity of chrysanthemum are severely compromised by various abiotic stresses. Here, we describe the isolation of CdICE1 from Chrysanthemum dichrum using RACE PCR, which shared identical nucleotide of ICE1 ORF from Chrysanthemum grandiflorum variety 'Jinba'. CdICE1 contains a conserved bHLH domain, a nuclear localization domain, a S-rich motif and a ACT domain. The constitutive expression of CdICE1 in C. grandiflorum improved the tolerance of C. grandiflorum to low temperature/freezing, drought and salinity. When the transgene was inserted in the antisense direction, the expression of the endogenous ICE1 gene was down-regulated, and the level of the plant's sensitivity to abiotic stress increased. The level of expression of CgDREBa and CgDREBb, activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the proline content were enhanced in the sense transgenic lines, and lowered in the antisense ones under stresses. In conclusion, CdICE1 represents a promising candidate for a biotechnological approach to improve the level of crop abiotic stress tolerance. Key message Overexpression of CdICE1 in C. grandiflorum confers the stress tolerance via its regulation of CgDREB involved in the oxidative and osmotic homeostasis pathways.     

Tertiary leaves of the tribe Banksieae (Proteaceae) from south-eastern Australia

Leaves from the tribe Banksieae of the Proteaceae are well represented in Tertiary deposits in south-eastern Australia. Four new species of Banksieaephyllum are erected, taking the total to 11, and two species are described in a new genus, with leaves with architectural similarities to the tribe Banksieae but without organic preservation. The fossil species demonstrate that the tribe was diverse by the end of the Eocene, but it is difficult to determine the ancestral type from the fossil evidence at present. The vegetation associated with some of the fossil species suggests that the tribe may have had its origins in rainforest, and became adapted to the typically dry, nutrient-poor conditions of sclerophyllous vegetation during the course of the Tertiary.     

大花翠雀幼苗初生维管系统的解剖学研究

大花翠雀（Ｄｅｌｐｈｉｎｉｕｍｇｒａｎｄｉｆｌｏｒｕｍ）幼苗初生维管系统的解剖学研究表明,子叶节区是客观存在的,并以子叶节区为中心存在两个过渡区,即向上的子叶节─茎过渡区和向下的子叶节一根过渡区。在子叶节区下部存在原始的外始式二原型十字形单中柱。本研究为进一步揭示毛茛科植物的起源和演化积累一份新资料。     

Pollen morphology of some species of Vernonia s. l. (Vernonieae,Asteraceae) from Argentina and Paraguay

Pollen morphology is widely used in taxonomic treatments of tribe Vernonieae, and differences in exine structure and aperture form have been described for many species within the genera comprising the tribe. However, in recent years a number of new species have been described and, in the present paper, we describe in detail the pollen of 24 species of the tribe which are either endemic or uncommon to certain regions of Argentina or of Paraguay. The pollen of these species are radially symmetrical and more or less spheroidal, 3‐colporate or, in one species, 3‐porate; the exine may be tectate or semitectate and microperforate, with echinate lophae or, in the 3‐porate example, psilate lophae. Using a range of characteristics related to size, shape, wall thickness, apertures and tectum surface morphology, five of the six pollen types previously described for tribe Vernonieae, and a subtype, are recognized. Our results support the usefulness of pollen morphology in helping to determine the taxonomic position of species within tribe Vernonieae.     

Phylogeny,classification and evolution of the water scavenger beetle tribe Hydrobiusini inferred from morphology and molecules (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilinae)

The water scavenger beetle tribe Hydrobiusini contains 47 species in eight genera distributed worldwide. Most species of the tribe are aquatic, although several species are known to occur in waterfalls or tree mosses. Some members of the tribe are known to communicate via underwater stridulation. While recent morphological and molecular‐based phylogenies have affirmed the monophyly of the tribe as currently circumscribed, doubts remain about the monophyly of included genera. Here we use morphological and molecular data to infer a species‐level phylogeny of the Hydrobiusini. The monophyly of the tribe is decisively supported, as is the monophyly of most genera. The genus Hydrobius was found to be polyphyletic, and as a result the genus Limnohydrobius stat. rev. is removed from synonymy with Hydrobius, yielding three new combinations: L. melaenus comb.n. , L. orientalis comb.n. , and L. tumbius comb.n. Recent changes to the species‐level taxonomy of Hydrobius are reviewed. The morphology of the stridulatory apparatus has undergone a single remarkable transformation within the lineage, from a simple, unmodified pars stridens to one that is highly organized and complex. We present an updated key to genera, revised generic diagnoses and a list of the known distributions for all species within the tribe.     

Pronophiline butterflies (Satyridae) of the Cordillera de Mérida, Venezuela

The 36 species of the tribe Pronophilini known from the Cordillera de Merida, the main Andean mountain range in Venezuela, are listed, together with three others probably erroneously described or labelled as from the range. The general ecological characteristics of the tribe are described, using the Merida species as examples. These include its restriction to high altitudes, endemism in mountain 'islands', species partitioning up the altitude gradient, mimicry within the tribe, and seasonality. The evolutionary relationships of the 16 endemic species are analyzed. Two new genera, six new species, two new subspecies and one new form are described. Three new synonymies are established, three new combinations made, new status is given to two taxa and the status of one taxon is revised.     

Breeding Systems in American and Asian Trillium Species by Means of Chromosome Analyses

Abstract Species of Trillium have a disjunct distribution occurring in both North America and eastern Asia. In North America all 36 species are diploid. The 11 species of eastern Asia, however, include only a single diploid with all the other species being polyploids. Why do different patterns of speciation develop in North America and in eastern Asia? The breeding systems of populations in the North American T. erectum, T. grandiflorum and T. ovatum , and in Asian T. kamtschaticum were investigated by estimating the inbreeding coefficient from cold-induced banding patterns which reveal homozygotes and heterozygotes. From the analyses of the inbreeding coefficients, T. erectum, T. grandiflorum and the Pacific coastal species, T. ovatum are predominantly inbreeding species. T. ovatum populations from the Rocky Mountain region are outbreeders. However the Japanese species, T. kamtschaticum has a mixture of outbreeding and inbreeding among populations. The development of polyploid systems in Asia is possibly the result of the diversity of the breeding systems among the populations. The shift from outbreeding to inbreeding appears to be an important key step in the occurrence of poliploids by hybridization between the different species.     

Notes on the genus Apteroloma of China with description of a new species (Coleoptera, Agyrtidae)

A new cicadellid tribe, Tungurahualini, is recognized to include Tungurahuala Kramer, and a related new genus, Ilyapagen. n., based on six new species. The tribe is included in subfamily Mileewinae, the concept of which is further expanded to include tribes Makilingiini Baker, and Tinteromini Godoy and Webb, taxa previously treated as separate subfamilies. Keys to tribes of Mileewinae (sensu lato) and genera of Tungurahualini are provided. A new species of Tungurahuala, Tungurahuala acuminatasp. n., is also described and keys to species of Tungurahuala and Ilyapa are provided. The new tribe is presently recorded only from cloud forests in the northern Andes Mountains of South America.     

巴西竹类生物多样性

巴西是全球生物多样性最丰富的地区,其竹类多样性也极为丰富。结合现存资料及野外调查,对巴西全境的竹类分布格局进行了讨论。巴西全国有原生竹亚科植物256种(含2亚种及3变种),北部地区草本竹类(莪莉竹族)最丰富,有61种,而东南部地区木本竹类(箣竹族)最丰富,有96种。偏穗竹属(Merostachys)(43种)和丘斯夸竹属(Chusquea)(45种)是最常见的属,并是最具潜在经济利用的竹类。属种的特有性分别高达32.4%和68.8%。特有属有11个,分别为莪莉竹族的双药莪利草竹属(Diandrolyra)、独焰草竹属(Eremitis)、小百瑞草竹属(Parianella)、赖茨草竹属(Reitzia)、苏克蕾草竹属(Sucrea)和箣竹族的南美梨藤竹属(Alvimia)、离枝竹属(Apoclada)、密穗竹属(Athroostachys)、卡姆巴珠瓦竹属(Cambajuva)、菲尔盖拉斯竹属(Filgueirasia)、无枝竹属(Glaziophyton)。     

A survey of the tribe Ectinoderini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) of China,with the description of a new Ectinoderus species

The two resin assassin bugs belonging to the tribe Ectinoderini (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae) occurring in China are documented: Amulius malayus Stål, 1867 is redescribed and Ectinoderus sinicus Chen & Cai, sp. nov. is described as new. The discovery of the new species extends the distribution of the genus and the tribe northwards from tropical Southeast Asia to southern mainland China. A key to the two ectinoderine genera and species from China is provided to facilitate their identification. DNA barcodes and bionomic data are provided for the species concerned, and their conservation is briefly discussed.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A7F7402E-E9A8-4FAD-B72A-4B1C9B2A7276.     

The plam-feeding planthopper genus Ommatissus (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Tropiduchidae)

Abstract The tribe Trypetimorphini, the genus Ommatissus , and its two subgenera and eleven species are redescribed or described as new. Evidence for the monophyly of both the genus and of the tribe to which it belongs is examined; it is concluded that while the genus is monophyletic, the monophyly of the tribe is in doubt. Keys for the separation of the three genera of the tribe and for all of the known species of Ommatissus are presented. A new subgenus of Ommatissus is described: O.(Opatissus) , with the type-species O.vietnamicus . Four new species are described: Ommatissus magribus from Morocco, O.kamerunus from Cameroon, O.natalensis from South Africa and O.vietnamicus from Vietnam. The 'Dubas bug', Ommatissus lybicus Bergevin, formerly regarded as a variety of O.binotatus Fieber, is raised to full species status. Trichoduchus is synonymized with Trypetimorpha resulting in the new combinations Trypetimorpha biermani Dammerman, T.china Wu and T.japonicus Ishihara. Trichoduchus japonicus Fennah is synonymized with Trypetimorpha japonicus Ishihara.     

刚毛蚜族系统分类及分布格局(半翅目,毛管蚜科)

系统研究了刚毛蚜族Schoutedeniini的分类,世界已知3属7种;重新定义了该族的鉴别特征,编制了分属、分种检索表,补充了已知种的地理分布与寄主植物信息;记述了1中国新纪录种--酸果藤刚毛蚜Schoutedenia emblica(Patel et Kulkarni,1953)的形态特征,提供了形态特征图和照片.刚毛蚜族的现生分布格局呈明显的冈瓦那古陆分布,马达加斯加岛及青藏高原东南缘为其物种分化中心,文章简单探讨了该族现代分布格局的可能成因.     

中国毛茛科植物小志(十九)

本文描述了中国毛茛科的四新种和四新变种,做出三新组合,报导了Delphinium tabatae, Thalictrum petatoideum,和Callianthemum cuneilobum的新分布,恢复了Delphinium eriostylum<.i> Lévl.的种的等级,将Delphinium grandiflorum L.var.glandulosum W.T.Wang处理为同物异名。     

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅲ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究　Ⅲ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）李新正（中国科学院海洋研究所青岛２６６０７１）１５棒缘蝽亚科（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｐｈｌｏｅｉｎａｅ）（图６８—８３）棒缘蝽类包括２８个属,除ＶｉｌｇａＳｔａｌ为新世界分布,ＣｅｒａｌｅｐｔｕｓＣｏｓｔａ和颗缘...     

A revision of the tribe Forsskaoleae (Urticaceae)

Friis, I. & Wilmot-Dear, C.M. 1988. A revision of the tribe Forsskaoleae (Urticaceae). - Nord. J. Bot. 8: 25–59. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107–055X.
The tribe Forsskaoleae has been revised and the inflorescence and floral structure reinvestigated. The alternative interpretation of the flowers and inflorescences of Forsskaoleae proposed by Rivieres is rejected. A division of the tribe into two subtribes is tentatively maintained. The study of all genera is based on the total available material, with exception of Forsskaolea , of which only the types and some additional material have been studied, and an annotated survey of the six recognized species is presented. In Droguetia seven species are recognized, distributed from tropical and South Africa to Madagascar, the Mascarenes, Java, and India. An infrageneric division of the genus is not tenable. The genus Didymodoxa , for the last hundred years united with Australina , is reestablished with two species, both restricted to eastern and southern Africa. The genus Australina is, within the new delimitation, disjunct between Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand on the one hand and Ethiopia and Kenya on the other. In view of the considerable differences between them, each of the two species is placed in a separate section, sect. Australina and sect. Sarmentago . The lectotypification of Urtica capensis made by Prain is shown to be in conflict with the protologue; a new lectotype is selected, with consequence for the nomenclature of a South African Acalypha species (Euphorbiaceae). All taxa are keyed out and described; distribution maps and illustrations are provided for most taxa.