黄河上游灌区稻田N2O排放特征

黄河上游灌区稻田高产区过量施肥现象十分突出,氮肥过量施用引起土壤氮素盈余,导致N₂O排放量增大,由此引起的温室效应引起广泛关注。采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究黄河上游灌区稻田不同施肥处理下N₂O排放特征。试验设置5个施肥处理,包括常规氮肥300 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N300和N300-OM代表;优化氮肥240 kg/hm²下单施尿素和有机肥配施2个处理,分别用N240和N240-OM代表;对照不施氮肥用N0代表。试验结果得出,灌区水稻生长季稻田土壤N₂O排放主要集中在水稻分蘖前及水稻生长的中后期,稻田氮肥施用、灌水及土壤温度的变化对N₂O排放通量影响较大,不同处理水稻各生育阶段N₂O累积排放量与稻田土壤耕层NO^-₃-N含量动态变化显著相关。稻田N₂O排放不是黄河上游灌区稻田氮素损失的主要途径,但灌区稻田N₂O排放的增温潜势较大;稻田氮肥过量施用会显著增加N₂O排放量,在相同氮素水平下,有机肥配施会显著增加稻田土壤N₂O的排放量(P＜0.01)。优化施氮能有效减少灌区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量。稻田不同处理的水稻整个生长季土壤N₂O排放总量为2.69-3.87 kg/hm²,肥料氮通过N₂O排放损失的百分率仅为0.43%-0.64%。在灌区习惯灌水和高氮肥300 kg/hm²时,N300-OM处理的稻田N₂O排放量达3.87 kg/hm²,在100 a时间尺度上的全球增温潜势(GWPs)为20.76×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²;优化施氮240 kg/hm²水平下,N240和N240-OM处理的N₂O累计排放量较N300-OM处理,分别降低了1.18 kg/hm²和0.57 kg/hm²,在100 a尺度上每年由稻田N₂O排放引起的GWPs分别降低了6.33×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²和3.06×10⁷ kg CO₂/hm²。     

双季稻田种植不同冬季作物对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

研究双季稻收获后填闲种植不同冬季作物在其生长季节内CH₄和N₂O的排放特征,对合理利用冬闲稻田,发展冬季作物生产及合理评价不同种植模式具有重要意义。采用静态箱-气相色谱法对冬季免耕直播黑麦草、紫云英、油菜以及翻耕移栽油菜和冬闲的双季稻田中甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放进行了分析。结果表明:在冬季作物生长期,CH₄、N₂O平均排放通量和总排放量均表现为翻耕移栽油菜＞免耕直播黑麦草＞免耕直播油菜＞免耕直播紫云英＞冬闲。不同冬季作物稻田CH₄和N₂O总排放量与对照(冬闲)的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);翻耕移栽油菜的双季稻田中CH₄和N₂O排放量最高,分别达2.989 g/m²和0.719 g/m²。翻耕移栽油菜稻田的CH₄和N₂O温室效应总和也最大,为2893.92 kg CO₂/hm²;免耕直播黑麦草和免耕直播油菜处理次之,而免耕直播紫云英处理最低。种植不同冬季作物促进了稻田生态系统CH₄和N₂O的排放。     

氮素添加对贝加尔针茅草原土壤团聚体微生物群落的影响

大气氮沉降增加作为全球气候变化的重要因素,其对土壤生态系统影响的研究受到了生态学家的广泛关注。土壤微生物是有机物分解和养分循环的主要参与者,在维持土壤的功能多样性和可持续发展方面发挥着重要的作用。氮沉降的激增会引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变。土壤中营养物质在不同团聚体组分中分布的不均匀,为微生物提供了空间异质微生境。为揭示草原土壤不同粒径团聚体中微生物群落分布及其对氮素添加响应特征。自2010年起,在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原典型地段设置N₀（0 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅（15 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₃₀（30 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₅₀（50 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₀₀（100 kg hm^-2 a^-1）、N₁₅₀（150 kg hm^-2 a^-1）6个氮素添加处理模拟氮沉降野外控制试验。采用磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA）法测定>2 mm、0.25-2 mm和<0.25 mm 3个粒径土壤团聚体中微生物PLFA含量,探讨氮素添加对土壤团聚体微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明：氮素添加提高了土壤碳、氮含量,降低了土壤pH。氮素添加显著提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸总量、真菌磷脂脂肪酸含量和真菌/细菌（Fungi/bacteria,F/B）、革兰氏阳性菌/革兰氏阴性菌（Gram-positive bacteria/gram-negative bacteria,G⁺/G^-）的比值（P<0.05）,降低了土壤团聚体微生物Margalef丰富度指数（P<0.05）。相关性分析表明,土壤团聚体微生物总PLFAs、真菌PLFAs含量、G⁺/G^-、F/B与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈显著正相关关系,与C/N值负相关。综合研究表明,连续8年氮素添加显著提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量、降低了土壤pH;提高了0.25-2 mm土壤团聚体真菌群落,土壤有机碳、全氮的固持与真菌群落的增加有关。     

模拟氮沉降对石栎和苦槠幼苗土壤呼吸的影响

用LI-8100开路式土壤碳通量测量系统测定模拟氮沉降4种不同处理水平(0、60、120\,240 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)下石栎(Lithocarpus glabra)和苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)幼苗的土壤呼吸速率及土壤温度、含水量对其土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,氮沉降对土壤呼吸的影响根据施氮水平和幼苗的种类不同而异。低氮(60 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)处理下石栎和苦槠的土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为(4.014±0.812)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和(5.170±0.689)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1,比对照组(0 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)土壤呼吸速率平均值(3.802±0.948)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1和(3.557±0.906)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1分别高5%和45%;两树种在中、高氮处理下均出现对土壤呼吸明显的抑制。其中石栎中、高氮实验组的土壤呼吸速率分别为(2.653±0.681)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、(2.592±0.736)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1, 比对照组低27%和29%。苦槠中、高氮实验组的土壤呼吸速率为(3.563±0.402)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1、(3.466±0.994)μmol · m^-2 · s^-1, 比对照组低7%和8%;石栎在高氮(240 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1)处理水平下,其土壤呼吸速率同10cm土壤温度之间呈现显著的指数关系(R²=0.811,P=0.001),而在低、中氮实验均未发现有明显指数关系。苦槠各处理水平下其土壤呼吸与土壤温度之间均未发现有明显的指数关系;在土壤呼吸与5cm土壤含水量的相关性方面,仅有苦槠高氮实验组表现出明显的二次方程关系(R²=0.722),而其低、中氮实验组及石栎各实验组均未有明显的相关性;与单因素(温度、含水量)拟合它们与土壤呼吸速率的方程相比,多元回归分析得到的土壤呼吸速率同土壤温度和含水量之间的拟合方程在P=0.05水平上能更好地解释土壤呼吸的变化情况。石栎和苦槠在氮沉降处理下的土壤呼吸温度系数Q₁₀值分别为2.29、1.95、1.59和1.46、1.41、1.76,同对照组2.64和1.78相比,均有明显降低,且两者Q₁₀值的变化分别呈递减和先减小后增大的趋势,表明氮沉降是影响石栎和苦槠土壤CO₂通量的一个重要因素。     

不同恢复方式下大兴安岭重度火烧迹地林地土壤温室气体通量

为研究大兴安岭重度火烧迹地在不同恢复方式下林地土壤CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放特征及其影响因素,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,在2017年生长季（6月-9月）对3种恢复方式（人工更新、天然更新和人工促进天然更新）林地土壤温室气体CO₂、CH₄、N₂O通量进行了原位观测。研究结果表明：（1）3种恢复方式林地土壤在生长季均为大气CO₂、N₂O的源,CH₄的汇;生长季林地土壤CO₂排放通量大小关系为人工促进天然更新（（634.40±246.52）mg m^-2 h^-1） > 人工更新（（603.63±213.22）mg m^-2 h^-1） > 天然更新（（575.81±244.12）mg m^-2 h^-1）,3种恢复方式间无显著差异;人工更新林地土壤CH₄吸收通量显著高于人工促进天然更新;天然更新林地土壤N₂O排放通量显著高于其他两种恢复方式。（2）土壤温度是影响3种恢复方式林地土壤温室气体通量的关键因素;土壤水分仅对人工更新林地土壤N₂O通量有极显著影响（P < 0.01）;3种恢复方式林地土壤CO₂通量与大气湿度具有极显著的响应（P < 0.01）;土壤pH仅与天然更新林地土壤CO₂通量显著相关（P < 0.05）;土壤全氮含量仅与人工促进天然更新林地土壤CH₄通量显著相关（P < 0.05）。（3）基于100年尺度,由3种温室气体计算全球增温潜势得出,人工促进天然更新（1.83×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²） > 人工更新（1.74×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²） > 天然更新（1.67×10⁴ kg CO₂/hm²）。（4）阿木尔地区林地土壤年生长季CO₂和N₂O排放量为8.85×10⁶ t和1.88×10² t,CH₄吸收量为1.05×10³ t。     

三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤硝化反硝化作用与氧化亚氮排放

应用C₂H₂抑制原状土柱培育法研究了三江平原典型小叶章湿地土壤N₂O排放速率及反硝化速率的变化,分析了它们与环境因子的关系,并估算了N₂O排放量及反硝化损失量.结果表明：草甸沼泽土和腐殖质沼泽土N₂O排放速率的变化基本一致,其范围分别为0.020～0.089 kg N·hm^-2·d^-1和0.012～0.033 kg N·hm^-2·d^-1,前者的N₂O排放速率均明显高于后者(平均为1.79±1.07倍),且其差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);二者反硝化速率的变化并不一致,其范围分别为0.024～0.127 kg N·hm^-2·d^-1和0.021～0.043 kg N·hm^-2·d^-1,前者的反硝化速率一般也要高于后者(平均为1.67±1.56倍),但其差异并未达到显著水平(P＞0.05);硝化作用在前者N₂O排放和氮素损失过程中发挥了重要作用,而反硝化作用则是导致后者N₂O排放和氮素损失的重要过程;氮素物质基础不是影响二者硝化-反硝化作用的重要因素;温度对前者硝化 反硝化作用的影响比后者更为明显,其反硝化速率与5、10和15 cm地温均呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);二者所处湿地水分条件的差异是导致其N₂O排放速率及反硝化速率差异的重要原因.生长季内,前者的N₂O排放量和反硝化损失量分别为5.216 kg N·hm^-2和6.166 kg N·hm^-2,而后者分别为3.196 kg N·hm^-2和4.407 kg N·hm^-2;在二者的反硝化产物中,N₂O/N₂的比率最高,分别为5.49和3.76,表明N₂在后者反硝化产物中所占的比例明显高于前者,说明季节积水条件会导致N₂O/N₂比例降低.     

施氮量对麻疯树幼苗生长及叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽土培的方法,研究了不同施氮量(对照N₀ 0 kg N/hm²、低氮N_L 96 kg N/hm²、中氮N_M 288 kg N/hm²、高氮N_H 480 kg N/hm²)对麻疯树幼苗生长、叶片气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片氮含量、可溶性蛋白含量、株高、地径、叶片数量、叶面积、根长、各组分生物量、叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)均随施氮量的增加先升高后降低,N_M处理下麻疯树幼苗长势最好,各气体交换参数值最高;施氮对麻疯树地上部分的促进作用远大于地下部分,施氮后根冠比显著降低;此外,麻疯树叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ有效量子产量(F'v/F'm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(qP)均随施氮量的增加而升高,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)随施氮量增加而降低。适量施氮可通过增强叶绿体光化学活性、气孔导度和羧化能力而提高麻疯树幼苗的光合能力,促进生长;过高施氮对麻疯树幼苗光合与生长的促进效应降低。试验条件下,当年生麻疯树幼苗的最适施氮量为288 kg N/hm²。     

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区撑绿 杂交竹凋落物分解的影响

从2008年1月至2010年1月,对华西雨屏区撑绿杂交竹(Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocala mopsi)人工林进行了模拟氮沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为对照(CK, 0 g · m^-2 · a^-1)、低氮(5 g · m^-2 · a^-1)、中氮(15 g · hm^-2 · a^-1)和高氮(30 g · m^-2 · a^-1)。利用凋落袋法对杂交竹凋落叶和凋落箨进行原位分解试验,并在每月下旬定量地对各处理施氮(NH₄NO₃)。结果表明,自然状态下杂交竹凋落叶和凋落箨分解95%所需时间分别为2.9,1.5 a;氮沉降显著抑制了凋落叶的分解,在分解后期3个氮沉降处理凋落叶无灰分质量残留率均显著大于对照,氮沉降对凋落箨分解无明显影响;氮沉降显著抑制了凋落叶中木质素和纤维素的分解。杂交竹凋落叶在分解后期质量损失缓慢,处于较稳定状态,氮沉降的增加使得凋落物的残留率稳定在一个更高的水平,表明氮沉降的增加可能会使更多的凋落物残体和稳定有机质留存于杂交竹林土壤中,从而增加杂交竹林土壤碳贮存。     

氮添加对马尾松人工林土壤团聚体氮矿化及土壤酶活性的影响

土壤氮库是生态系统氮素重要的源和汇。以三峡库区马尾松（Pinus massoniana）人工林为研究对象,从团聚体视角出发分析土壤养分和酶活性对氮添加的响应规律,以及相应的变化对氮矿化的影响,为预测该地区在大气氮沉降持续增加的背景下土壤氮动态提供参考。设置4种量的氮添加处理（N₀：0 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₃₀：30 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₆₀：60 kg N hm^-2 a^-1;N₉₀：90 kg N hm^-2 a^-1）,将土壤按粒径分为>2000 μm （大团聚体）、250-2000 μm （小团聚体）和<250 μm （微团聚体）3个组分的团聚体,观察团聚体氮矿化特征。结果表明：（1）与对照相比,N₃₀和N₆₀处理提高了有机质（SOM）含量,但土壤SOM和全氮（TN）含量在N₉₀下开始出现下降;氮添加降低了土壤速效磷（aP）含量,在小团聚体中表现最为显著。除微团聚体中的POD和NAG以外,其余3种酶的活性均在N₃₀和N₆₀处理之下被提高。（2）土壤平均净硝化速率整体高于土壤平均净氨化速率;大团聚体和小团聚体中净氨化速率在氮添加处理后显著降低,大团聚体净硝化速率低于其他两个粒径;土壤净氮转化速率在N₉₀处理下最高。（3）土壤养分和无机氮含量与土壤酸性磷酸酶（AP）、N-乙酰-β-D-葡糖苷酶（NAG）、过氧化物酶（POD）、硝酸还原酶（NR）和脲酶（UE）的活性呈显著相关,酶活性变化是多因子综合作用的结果;RDA分析显示,UE与土壤净氨化速率存在显著正相关,NAG和POD是与净氮转化速率分别存在显著正相关和显著负相关的关键土壤酶。综上所述,硝化作用是土壤净氮转化的主要贡献者,微团聚体在土壤氮矿化中发挥主要作用,NAG和POD是改变土壤净氮转化的主要生物酶。此外,氮添加会引起土壤氮素的流失,引起土壤的磷限制,并对土壤养分循环产生显著影响。     

广州市红树林和滩涂湿地生态系统与大气二氧化碳交换

在生物量调查和土壤温室气体排放量测定基础上,对广州市红树林和滩涂湿地生态系统与大气CO₂交换进行研究,分析湿地植被净生产力吸收CO₂的能力和不同积水状态下(常年积水、间歇积水、无积水)湿地碳汇功能.结果表明:红树林湿地植被净生产力吸收CO₂ 33.74 t·hm^-2·a^-1,土壤排放CO₂(包括CH₄折算成CO₂的温室效应量)12.26 t·hm^-2·a^-1,湿地每年净吸收大气CO₂ 21.48 t·hm^-2,说明红树林湿地是一个强的碳汇;滩涂湿地植被净生产力吸收CO₂ 8.54 t·hm^-2·a^-1,土壤排放CO₂ 5.88 t·hm^-2·a^-1,排放CH₄ 0.19 t·hm^-2·a^-1,若按碳素折算,湿地每年吸收大气中碳素2.33 t·hm^-2,土壤排放碳素1.74 t·hm^-2包括（CH₄中的碳),系统净固定碳0.59 t·hm^-2,说明滩涂湿地是一个弱的碳汇,若将CH₄的温室效应折算成CO₂量,则土壤排放CO₂ 9.78 t·hm^-2·a^-1,排放比吸收多1.24 t·hm^-2·a^-1,对大气温室效应而言,滩涂湿地是一个弱碳源;常年积水下排放的温室气体主要是CH₄,无积水下排放的温室气体主要是CO₂;常年积水湿地碳汇功能最大,无积水湿地碳汇功能最小.     

稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响

2008—2011年,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放进行了为期3a的田间原位观测,研究不同耕作措施(免耕、旋耕和翻耕)对冬小麦生长季N2O排放的影响。结果表明:不同耕作措施下冬小麦农田N2O排放高峰出现在施用基肥后的1个月内以及施用孕穗肥后的4月中旬至小麦成熟期,其余时间N2O排放通量均较小。年度和耕作措施对冬小麦农田N2O季节排放总量均有极显著影响(P<0.01),不同处理N2O季节排放总量表现为免耕>翻耕>旋耕,2008—2011年3年平均分别为2.50 kg/hm2、2.05 kg/hm2和1.66 kg/hm2,免耕比翻耕增加N2O排放22.0%(P<0.05),旋耕比翻耕减排19.0%(P<0.05)。冬小麦生长期内施用孕穗肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与农田土壤充水孔隙率(WFPS)及10 cm地温呈显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关,2009—2010年施用基肥后1个月内N2O排放通量与WFPS呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果说明旋耕是减少长江下游稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田N2O排放的最佳耕作措施。     

小兴安岭典型苔草和灌木沼泽N2O排放及影响因子

为了研究小兴安岭林区典型苔草和灌木沼泽N2O排放通量的季节动态、年际动态及其与环境因子的关系,并估算排放总量,2007和2008年在植物生长季采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对小兴安岭林区典型修氏苔草（Carex schmidtii）沼泽和油桦-修氏苔草（Betula ovalifolia-Carex schmidtii）灌木沼泽N2O排放进行了监测。结果表明,苔草和灌木沼泽2007年生长季N2O排放总量分别为0.14和0.29 kg/hm2;2008年分别为0.68和-0.10 kg/hm2。苔草和灌木沼泽N2O排放通量除灌木沼泽2008年变化规律性不明显外,均具有比较显著的季节变化,最大排放出现在夏季或夏、秋季节,其中2007年N2O排放平均通量为0.0037和0.0082 mg?m-2?h-1;2008年为0.016和-0.0025 mg?m-2?h-1。分析表明,苔草沼泽N2O排放年际差异不显著,灌木沼泽N2O排放年际差异显著;不同类型沼泽间N2O排放差异不显著;仅苔草沼泽2007年N2O排放通量与水位具有显著的负相关性（r=-0.52,P < 0.05,n=15）。     

Nitrate and flooding induce N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from soybean nodules

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is one of the three main biogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and agriculture represents close to 30 % of the total N₂O net emissions. In agricultural soils, N₂O is emitted by two main microbial processes, nitrification and denitrification, both of which can convert synthetic nitrogen fertilizer into N₂O. Legume-rhizobia symbiosis could be an effective and environmental-friendly alternative to nitrogen fertilization and hence, to mitigate soil N₂O emissions. However, legume crops also contribute to N₂O emissions. A better understanding of the environmental factors involved in the emission of N₂O from nodules would be instrumental for mitigating the release of this GHG gas. In this work, in vivo N₂O emissions from nodulated soybean roots in response to nitrate (0, 1, 2 and 4 mM) and flooding have been measured. To investigate the contribution of rhizobial denitrification in N₂O emission from nodules, plants were inoculated with B. japonicum USDA110 and napA and nosZ denitrification mutants. The results showed that nitrate was essential for N₂O emissions and its concentration enhanced N₂O fluxes showing a statistical linear correlation, being the highest N₂O fluxes obtained with 4 mM nitrate. When inoculated plants grown with 4 mM nitrate were subjected to flooding, a 150- and 830-fold induction of N₂O emission rates from USDA110 and nosZ nodulated roots, respectively, was observed compared to non-flooded plants, especially during long-term flooding. Under these conditions, N₂O emissions from detached nodules produced by the napA mutant were significantly lower (p?<?0.05) than those produced by the wild-type strain (382 versus 1120 nmol N₂O h^?1 g^?1 NFW, respectively). In contrast, nodules from plants inoculated with the nosZ mutant accumulated statistically higher levels of N₂O compared to wild-type nodules (2522 versus nmol 1120 N₂O h^?1 g^?1 NFW, p?<?0.05). These results demonstrate that flooding is an important environmental factor for N₂O emissions from soybean nodules and that B. japonicum denitrification is involved in such emission.     

Control of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in European Beech,Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Forests

Elevated nitrogen deposition has increased tree growth, the storage of soil organic matter, and nitrate leaching in many European forests, but little is known about the effect of tree species and nitrogen deposition on nitrous oxide emission. Here we report soil N₂O emission from European beech, Scots pine and Norway spruce forests in two study areas of Germany with distinct climate, N deposition and soils. N₂O emissions and throughfall input of nitrate and ammonium were measured biweekly during growing season and monthly during dormant season over a 28 months period. Annual N₂O emission rates ranged between 0.4 and 1.3 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 among the stands and were higher in 1998 than in 1999 due to higher precipitation during the growing season of 1998. A 2-way-ANOVA revealed that N₂O fluxes were significantly higher (p<0.001) at Solling than at Unterlüß while tree species had no effect on N₂O emissions. Soil texture and the amount of throughfall explained together 94% of the variance among the stands, indicating that increasing portions of silt and clay may promote the formation of N₂O in wet forest soils. Moreover, cumulative N₂O fluxes were significantly correlated (r² = 0.60, p<0.001) with cumulative NO ₃ ^? fluxes at 10 cm depth as an indicator of N saturation, however, the slope of the regression curve indicates a rather weak effect of NO ₃ ^? fluxes on N₂O emissions. N input by throughfall was not correlated with N₂O emissions and only 1.6–3.2% of N input was released as N₂O to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that elevated N inputs have little effect on N₂O emissions in beech, spruce and pine forests.     

Soil nitrous oxide emissions from a typical semiarid temperate steppe in inner Mongolia: effects of mineral nitrogen fertilizer levels and forms

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions can be significantly affected by the amounts and forms of nitrogen (N) available in soils, but the effect is highly dependent on local climate and soil conditions in specific ecosystem. To improve our understanding of the response of N₂O emissions to different N sources of fertilizer in a typical semiarid temperate steppe in Inner Mongolia, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high, medium and low N fertilizer levels (HN: 200 kg N?ha^-1y^-1, MN: 100 kg N ha^-1y^-1, and LN: 50 kg N ha^-1y^-1) respectively and N fertilizer forms (CAN: calcium ammonium nitrate, AS: ammonium sulphate and NS: sodium nitrate) on N₂O emissions using static closed chamber method. Our data showed that peak N₂O fluxes induced by N treatments were concentrated in short periods (2 to 3 weeks) after fertilization in summer and in soil thawing periods in early spring; there were similarly low N₂O fluxes from all treatments in the remaining seasons of the year. The three N levels increased annual N₂O emissions significantly (P?<?0.05) in the order of MN > HN > LN compared with the CK (control) treatment in year 1; in year 2, the elevation of annual N₂O emissions was significant (P?<?0.05) by HN and MN treatments but was insignificant by LN treatments (P?>?0.05). The three N forms also had strong effects on N₂O emissions. Significantly (P?<?0.05) higher annual N₂O emissions were observed in the soils of CAN and AS fertilizer treatments than in the soils of NS fertilizer treatments in both measured years, but the difference between CAN and AS was not significant (P?>?0.05). Annual N₂O emission factors (EF) ranged from 0.060 to 0.298% for different N fertilizer treatments in the two observed years, with an overall EF value of 0.125%. The EF values were by far less than the mean default EF proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).     

京郊典型设施蔬菜地土壤N_2O排放特征

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对北京郊区设施蔬菜地典型种植模式(番茄-白菜-生菜)下土壤N2O排放特征进行了周年(2012年2月22日—2013年2月23日)观测,探讨了不同处理下(即不施氮肥处理(CK)、农民习惯施肥处理(FP)、减氮优化施肥处理(OPT)和减氮优化施肥+硝化抑制剂处理(OPT+DCD))N2O排放特征及土壤温度、土壤湿度、土壤无机氮含量对土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明:每次施肥+灌溉之后设施蔬菜地会出现明显的N2O排放高峰,持续时间一般为3—5 d。不同处理N2O排放通量变化范围在-0.21—14.26 mg N2O m-2h-1,平均排放通量0.03—0.36 mg N2O m-2h-1。整个蔬菜生长季各处理N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS)均表现出极显著的正相关关系(P0.01);不施氮处理5 cm深度土壤温度与N2O排放通量呈现显著的正相关关系(P0.05);各处理N2O排放与土壤表层硝态氮含量具有较一致变化趋势。不同处理下N2O年度排放总量差异显著,依次顺序为FP((20.66±0.91)kg N/hm2)OPT((12.79±1.33)kg N/hm2)OPT+DCD((8.03±0.37)kg N/hm2)。与FP处理相比,OPT处理和OPT+DCD处理N2O年排放总量分别减少了38.09%和61.13%。各处理N2O排放系数介于0.36%—0.77%,低于IPCC 1.0%的推荐值。在目前的管理措施下,合理减少施氮量和添加硝化抑制剂是减少设施蔬菜地N2O排放量的有效途径。     

Nitrogen Oxide Fluxes and Nitrogen Cycling during Postagricultural Succession and Forest Fertilization in the Humid Tropics

The effects of changes in tropical land use on soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and nitric oxide (NO) are not well understood. We examined emissions of N₂O and NO and their relationships to land use and forest composition, litterfall, soil nitrogen (N) pools and turnover, soil moisture, and patterns of carbon (C) cycling in a lower montane, subtropical wet region of Puerto Rico. Fluxes of N₂O and NO were measured monthly for over 1 year in old (more than 60 years old) pastures, early- and mid-successional forests previously in pasture, and late-successional forests not known to have been in pasture within the tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa) forest zone. Additional, though less frequent, measures were also made in an experimentally fertilized tabonuco forest. N₂O fluxes exceeded NO fluxes at all sites, reflecting the consistently wet environment. The fertilized forest had the highest N oxide emissions (22.0 kg N · ha⁻¹· y⁻¹). Among the unfertilized sites, the expected pattern of increasing emissions with stand age did not occur in all cases. The mid-successional forest most dominated by leguminous trees had the highest emissions (9.0 kg N · ha⁻¹· y⁻¹), whereas the mid-successional forest lacking legumes had the lowest emissions (0.09 kg N · ha⁻¹· y⁻¹). N oxide fluxes from late-successional forests were higher than fluxes from pastures. Annual N oxide fluxes correlated positively to leaf litter N, net nitrification, potential nitrification, soil nitrate, and net N mineralization and negatively to leaf litter C:N ratio. Soil ammonium was not related to N oxide emissions. Forests with lower fluxes of N oxides had higher rates of C mineralization than sites with higher N oxide emissions. We conclude that (a) N oxide fluxes were substantial where the availability of inorganic N exceeded the requirements of competing biota; (b) species composition resulting from historical land use or varying successional dynamics played an important role in determining N availability; and (c) the established ecosystem models that predict N oxide loss from positive relationships with soil ammonium may need to be modified. Received 22 February 2000; accepted 6 September 2000.     

Measurement of field scale N2O emission fluxes from a wheat crop using micrometeorological techniques

Measurements of N₂O emission fluxes from a 3 ha field of winter wheat were measured using eddy covariance and relaxed eddy accumulation continuously over 10 days during April 1994. The measurements averaged fluxes over approximately 10⁵ m² of the field, which was fertilised with NH₄NO₃ at a rate of 43 kg N ha^-1 at the beginning of the measurements. The emission fluxes became detectable after the first heavy rainfall, which occured 4 days after fertiliser application. Emissions of N₂O increased rapidly during the day following the rain to a maximum of 280 ng N m^-2s^-1 and declined over the following week. During the period of significant emission fluxes, a clear diurnal cycle in N₂O emission was observed, with the daytime maximum coinciding with the soil temperature maximum at 12 cm depth. The temperature dependence of the N₂O emission was equivalent to an activation energy for N₂O production of 108 kJ mol^-1. The N₂O fluxes measured using relaxed eddy accumulation, averaged over 30 to 270 min, were in agreement with those of the eddy covariance system within 60%. The total emission of N₂O over the period of continuous measurement (10 days) was equivalent to about 10 kg N₂O-N, or 0.77% of the N fertiliser applied.     

Effects of tillage, simulated cattle grazing and soil moisture on N2O emissions from a winter forage crop

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions to the atmosphere from grazed pasture can be high, especially from urine-affected areas. When pastoral soils are damaged by animal treading, N₂O emissions may increase. In New Zealand, autumn-sown winter forage crops are often grown as a break-crop prior to re-sowing pasture. When these crops are grazed in situ over winter (as is common in New Zealand) there is high risk of soil damage from animal treading as soil moisture contents are often high at this time of year. Moreover, the risk of soil damage during grazing increases when intensive tillage practices are used to establish these forage crops. Consequently, winter grazed forage crops may be an important source of N₂O emissions from intensive pastoral farming systems, and these emissions may be affected by the type of tillage used to establish them. We conducted a replicated field experiment to measure the effects of simulated cattle grazing (mowing followed by simulated treading and the application of synthetic urine) at three soil moisture contents (< field capacity, field capacity and > field capacity) on measured N₂O emissions from soil under an autumn (March) sown winter forage crop (triticale) established with three levels of tillage intensity: (a) intensive, IT, (b) minimum, MT, or (c) no tillage, NT. In all treatments, bulk density in the top 7.5 cm of the soil was unaffected by treading when simulated grazing occurred at < field capacity. It was increased in the IT plots by 13 and 15% when treading occurred at field capacity and > field capacity, and by 10% in the MT plots trodden at > field capacity. Treading did not significantly increase the bulk density in the NT plots. Emissions of N₂O from the tillage treatments decreased in the order IT > MT > NT. N₂O emissions were greatest from plots that were trodden at > field capacity and least from plots trodden at < field capacity. Simulated treading and urine application increased N₂O emission 2 to 6-fold from plots that had no treading but did receive urine. Urine-amended plots had much greater emissions than plots that had no urine. Overall, the greatest emission of 14.4 kg N ha^?1 over 90 days (1.8% of the total urine N applied) was measured from urine-amended IT plots that were trodden at > field capacity. The N₂O emission from urine-amended NT plots that were trodden at < field capacity was 2.0 kg ha^?1 over 90 days (0.25% of the total urine N applied). Decreasing the intensity of tillage used to establish crops and restricting grazing when soils are wet are two of the most effective ways to minimise the risk of high N₂O emissions from grazed winter forage crops.     

Long‐term nitrous oxide fluxes in annual and perennial agricultural and unmanaged ecosystems in the upper Midwest USA

Differences in soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes among ecosystems are often difficult to evaluate and predict due to high spatial and temporal variabilities and few direct experimental comparisons. For 20 years, we measured N₂O fluxes in 11 ecosystems in southwest Michigan USA: four annual grain crops (corn–soybean–wheat rotations) managed with conventional, no‐till, reduced input, or biologically based/organic inputs; three perennial crops (alfalfa, poplar, and conifers); and four unmanaged ecosystems of different successional age including mature forest. Average N₂O emissions were higher from annual grain and N‐fixing cropping systems than from nonleguminous perennial cropping systems and were low across unmanaged ecosystems. Among annual cropping systems full‐rotation fluxes were indistinguishable from one another but rotation phase mattered. For example, those systems with cover crops and reduced fertilizer N emitted more N₂O during the corn and soybean phases, but during the wheat phase fluxes were ~40% lower. Likewise, no‐till did not differ from conventional tillage over the entire rotation but reduced emissions ~20% in the wheat phase and increased emissions 30–80% in the corn and soybean phases. Greenhouse gas intensity for the annual crops (flux per unit yield) was lowest for soybeans produced under conventional management, while for the 11 other crop × management combinations intensities were similar to one another. Among the fertilized systems, emissions ranged from 0.30 to 1.33 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 yr^?1 and were best predicted by IPCC Tier 1 and ΔEF emission factor approaches. Annual cumulative fluxes from perennial systems were best explained by soil pools (r² = 0.72) but not so for annual crops, where management differences overrode simple correlations. Daily soil N₂O emissions were poorly predicted by any measured variables. Overall, long‐term measurements reveal lower fluxes in nonlegume perennial vegetation and, for conservatively fertilized annual crops, the overriding influence of rotation phase on annual fluxes.