葱属12种植物的RAPD分析

采用随机引物扩增多态DNA技术对葱属部分植物进行了种间亲缘关系的研究。结果说明12种材料之间存在丰富的多态性,遗传距离变幅在0.2500-0.7887之间,聚类分析说明蒙古韭,山韭,野韭,韭菜（栽培韭）,野生韭菜,矮韭亲缘关系较近,聚为一支,其中韭菜与野生韭菜亲缘关系最近。天蒜,薤白,蒜聚为一支,葱,洋葱,红葱聚为一支,其中葱与洋葱,红葱的遗传分化较大。     

In vivo total antioxidant capacity: comparison of different analytical methods

Several methods have been developed to measure the total antioxidant capacity of a biological sample. The use of peroxyl or hydroxyl radicals as pro-oxidants in the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay makes it different and unique from the assays that involve oxidants that are not necessarily pro-oxidants. An improvement in quantitation is achieved in the ORAC assay by taking the reaction between substrate and free radicals to completion and using an area-under-curve technique for quantitation compared to the assays that measure a lag phase. The interpretation of the changes in plasma or serum antioxidant capacity becomes complicated by the different methods used in detecting these changes. The interpretation also depends upon the conditions under which the antioxidant capacity is determined because the measurement reflects outcomes in a dynamic system. An increased antioxidant capacity in plasma or serum may not necessarily be a desirable condition if it reflects a response to increased oxidative stress. Similarly, a decrease in plasma or serum antioxidant capacity may not necessarily be an undesirable condition if the measurement reflects decreased production of reactive species. Because of these complications, no single measurement of antioxidant status is going to be sufficient, but a "battery" of measurements, many of which will be described in Forum articles, will be necessary to adequately assess oxidative stress in biological systems.     

中国葱属单生组4种植物的核型研究

对葱属单生组Allium sect.Haplostemon Boiss.的4种8个地方居群的核型进行了研究,其中3个种的核型属首次报道。研究结果表明：除在棱叶韭内同时具二倍体、三倍体和四倍体居群外,所研究的其余种的居群均为二倍体。以本研究为基础,结合国内外对该组已有的细胞学研究,得出以下结论：（1）单生组的染色体基数为8,在组内存在1A和2A两种核型类型;（2）组内随体染体类型丰富,在该组物种的生存适应方面可能起重要作用;（3）有些种（如薤白A.macrostemohn,棱叶韭A.caeruleum等）表明出现明显的种内核型分化,有的种甚至在外部形态上也有分化;（4）高度不育的三倍体（棱杏韭）和和五倍体（薤白）居群靠小鳞茎和珠芽进行无性繁殖,以此保持群的稳定和扩大。另外,从生境、繁育制度、多倍化以及这三者之间的关系等方面分析,认为 在单生组中不同的生境有利于诱发染色体的结构作数目变异。多倍化和兼性无融合生殖繁殖制度并存,则有利于克服染色色体变异所带来的育性降低这一繁育障碍,同时使居群中所发生的染色体变异得以保存,因此,多倍化和普性无融合生殖繁育制度并存是该组中多倍体类群进化的重要机制之一。     

Three new species of Allium sect. Codonoprasum from Greece

Abstract

Three new species of Allium from Greece are described. They are A. dirphianum, A. phitosianum and A. rausii, all included in A. sect. Codonoprasum. Morphology, karyology, distribution and relationships are examined for each of them.     

葱属根茎组8种21居群植物的核型研究

对葱属根茎组Allium sect.Rhiziridium的8种21个地方居群的核型进行研究,以期为解决该组的种间亲缘关系和物种进化机制提供依据。贺兰韭A.eduardii和阿拉善韭A．flavovirens2个种的核型以及辉韭A．strictum的六倍体核型均属首次报道。研究结果表明：贺兰韭A.eduardii、阿拉善韭A.tlavovirens、北韭A.lineare、蒙古韭A.mongolicum和滩地韭A．oreoprasum的各居群均为二倍体,核型类型为Stebbins的2A型;韭A．tuberosum和野韭A.ramosum的各个居群均为四倍体,核型类型为2A型：辉韭A．Jtrictum的4个居群均为六倍体,核型类型为2B型。通过研究可以得出如下推论：（1）该组植物中存在着大量的多倍体或多倍体系列,染色体数目变化与物种进化具有密切相关性,多倍化可能是根茎组植物核型进化的重要机制之一;（2）随体染色体多为st或t染色体,均位于短臂末端;（3）可以认为辉韭是以增加倍性来克服该物种扩大新的生存空间所带来的困难;（4）现今栽培的韭可能是由野生的二倍体韭和四倍体韭经过长期人工驯化而来的,现今栽培的三倍体韭可能是二倍体韭和四倍体韭杂交而来,并且以无性繁殖方式保存三倍体类群的存在。     

Allium aetnense (Amaryllidaceae), a new species from Sicily

A new species from Mt Etna (Sicily), Allium aetenense of A. sect. Codonoprasum, is described and illustrated. It is a diploid species (2n = 16) that grows on basaltic rocks in the mountain belt and shows close relationships with A. tenuiflorum of the Italian peninsula. Its morphology, karyology, leaf anatomy, seed coat microsculpturing, ecology and taxonomic position are examined.     

贵州不同产地薤白nrDNA ITS序列分析及亲缘关系研究

采用PCR直接测序法,对产自贵州11个不同地区的薤白（Allium macrostemon Bunge）18个样品进行核糖体DNA ITS序列测定,并结合GenBank中下载的来自四川汶川、陕西汉中以及韩国的薤白ITS序列进行对比分析。结果显示,贵州不同产地的薤白ITS序列长度为534~537bp,其中G+C含量为50.5%~51.1%,平均含量为50.9%,有16个变异位点,包括T-C、T-G、A-G间的转换以及T-A、G-C间的颠换。以单花韭（Allium monanthum Maxim.）为外类群,结合GenBank中下载葱属部分植物序列,基于贝叶斯法和最大简约法构建系统聚类树的结果显示,葱属部分植物可分为4支,其中薤白聚为一支并支持薤白作为一个单系类群,而不同产地的薤白又可分为4小支,其中来自贵阳清镇、六盘水平寨、安顺平坝、黔西南兴仁、铜仁思南的薤白亲缘关系较近,表明基于nrDNA ITS序列能鉴别不同产地薤白的亲缘关系。     

Nucleolar dissolution induced by aluminium in root cells of Allium

Acidification of natural waters and soils leads to the release of aluminium, causing damage to living organisms. In the present experiments, growing roots of Allium cepa L. were exposed to water solution of AICl₃ in concentrations from 10^-5 to 10^-1 M . After a few days in concentrations around 10^-3 M . the roots showed macroscopical signs of being affected; they became bent and their terminal portions tended to loosen and drop off. Microscopically, the affected zone of the roots revealed a new cellular phenomenon: Nucleolar material was extruded from the nuclei into the cytoplasm forming elongated, rod-like bodies, which eventually divided into two, one distinct body at each pole of the cell. The derivation of these bodies from the nucleoli was further strengthened by the observation that they absorbed light green differentially Apparently, aluminium has a specific effect on the nucleoli of certain root cells.     

槲皮素体内外抗氧化作用和比较研究

目的：测定槲皮素的体外总抗氧化力,进一步观察槲皮素灌胃后大鼠外周血总抗氧化力的变化,并与芦丁、维生素C、维生素E相比较,方法：总抗氧化力采用Fe^3 还原法,槲皮素,芦丁分析采用紫外分光光度法及高效液相色谱法,结果：相同浓度条件下槲皮素的体外总抗氧化力显著强于芦丁,与传统的抗氧化剂维生素C、维生素E相当。槲皮素40mg/kg灌胃1h后大鼠外周血总抗氧化及槲皮素含量（紫外分光光度法）较灌胃前升高最为明显,维生素C也有显著提高外周血总抗氧化力的作用,芦丁与维生素E未表现出显著作用。血浆高效液相分析表明槲皮灌胃后未出现明显的槲皮素收峰,而与其峰相邻的两个未知峰的面积增大。结论：槲皮素的体外抗氧化作用强于芦丁,与传统的抗氧化剂维生素C、维生素E相当,槲皮素吸收后经代谢形成衍生物,提高血浆总抗氧化力的程度与维生素C相近。     

High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures of three Allium species

The plant regeneration ability of zygotic embryo-derived callus cultures was studied for 12 A. cepa varieties and accessions, two A. fistulosum varieties, one A. fistulosum x A. cepa interspecific hybrid and two A. porrum varieties. Compact embryogenic callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The embryogenic calluses of all three Allium species were similar in appearance. For all accessions tested plants could be regenerated at a high frequency from this compact callus through somatic embryogenesis, when using kinetin supplemented MS medium (regeneration medium). Addition of abscisic acid to the regeneration medium stimulated the formation of both somatic embryos and shoots for a number of varieties. Concerning shoot regeneration from callus cultures, significant differences existed between genotypes of all accessions except one.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - VDH Van Der Have Seed company     

12种中国葱属植物的核型分析

采用细胞压片法,对采自中国西部的12种葱属植物的根尖有丝分裂中期进行了观察,其巾天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)、梭沙韭(Aforrestii)、昌都韭(A.changduense)、西川非(A.xichuanense)、野黄韭(A.rude)、野葱(A.chrysanthum)和真籽韭(A.eusperma)等7种植物的核型为首次报道.供试类群中,峨眉韭(A.omeiense)和多星韭(A.wallichii)的染色体基数分别为11和7,其余类群的染色体基数均为8.观察发现,随体杂合和多侪性现象在供试类群中很普遍.分析推测:(1)随体和倍性的变异在葱属某些类群的进化中可能起重要作用,随体的类型在葱属具有重要的分类意义;(2)多倍化和地下走茎的无性繁殖方式可能是天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)的进化策略;(3)西川韭(A.xichuanense)、野黄非(A.rude)和野葱(A.chrysanthum)有密切的亲缘关系;(4)真籽韭(A.eusperma)与多籽组在核型上有密切的亲缘关系.     

Amino acids and plasma antioxidant capacity

Summary Amino acids antioxidant capacity has been investigated and compared with the chain-breaking antioxidant activity of known compounds as ascorbic acid and Trolox. Basic and acidic amino acids and most of neutral ones showed no antioxidant capacity. On the contrary, tryptophan, tyrosine, cysteine and homocysteine showed antioxidant ability at concentrations which are within the usually reported physiological ranges.These findings are discussed in connection with the antioxidant capacity ascribed to plasma proteins, as human serum albumin.     

Essential oil composition of Senecio graciliflorus DC: Comparative analysis of different parts and evaluation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities

The essential oil of different parts of Senecio graciliflorus DC was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-FID and GC–MS for the first time. A total of 17, 20, 19 and 17 constituents were identified comprising 99.90, 95.50, 98.93 and 95.96% of the essential oil of flower, leaf, stem and root parts of Senecio graciliflorus respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated in the essential oil with 85.28% in flower, 57.53% in leaf, 67.74% in stem and 64.98% in root oil. α-pinene, cis-ocimene, 1,2,3-trimethylcyclohexane and β-pinene were the major constituents of the essential oil. The flower essential oil exhibited a strong antioxidant potential displaying IC₅₀ values of 21.6 ± 0.6 and 26.0 ± 1.0 μg/ml in DPPH and hydroxyl radical assays respectively. On the other hand the essential oil of flower and root displayed highest cytotoxicity against lung (A-549) cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ = 19.1 ± 0.9 and 21.3 ± 1.1 μg/ml respectively. This study which represents the first report of the essential oil composition and bioevaluation of Senecio graciliflorus, can serve as a new source of cytotoxic and antioxidant activity.     

实验动物呼吸系统主要器官比较组织学研究

目的比较实验动物呼吸系统主要器官的组织学特征,为制定实验动物病理检测标准、以及毒理学、新药安全性评价提供依据。方法选取实验动物质量国家检测标准检测合格的恒河猴30只、昆明小鼠20只、SD大鼠20只、日本大耳白兔18只、比格犬16只、树鼩20只。除昆明小鼠采用颈椎脱臼致死外,其余动物麻醉后放血处死和病理解剖,对气管、肺脏进行病理大体检查和取材,常规病理制片,进行HE染色、特殊染色和免疫组化染色,显微镜下观察气管、肺脏的组织结构和细胞结构异同。结果 （1）实验动物气管上皮杯状细胞有差异：恒河猴、比格犬、日本大耳白兔杯状细胞较多,大鼠、小鼠、树鼩则较少或无。上皮分泌的黏液类型以中性黏液为主,比格犬杯状细胞分泌的黏液类型有中性黏液和酸性黏液。（2）实验动物黏膜下腺泡分布有差异：比格犬黏膜下层的腺泡最多,恒河猴、大鼠、小鼠、树鼩腺泡数量偏少,日本大耳白兔黏膜下层的混合腺泡最少。（3）实验动物的肺内支气管分支有差异：比格犬、恒河猴、日本大耳白兔由叶支气管、段支气管、小支气管、细支气管、终末细支气管和呼吸性细支气管组成,树鼩、大鼠、小鼠只由细支气管、终末细支气管和呼吸性细支气管组成。（4）实验动物细支气管组织结构有差异：恒河猴、比格犬的细支气管平滑肌为完整环形平滑肌层,没有缺失,而大鼠、小鼠、树鼩及日本大耳白兔的细支气管平滑肌薄或缺失。恒河猴、树鼩、大鼠细支气管有少量杯状细胞,其余实验动物均无杯状细胞。（5）实验动物Clara细胞形态有差异：比格犬Clara细胞呈立方形,其余动物呈柱状。结论实验动物呼吸系统组织结构的质是相同的,差异在于量的不同。研究人员在制定病理学检测标准、实验研究、药物安全性评价时应予充分考虑。     

Compartmentation and localization of bioactive metabolites in different organs of Allium roylei

To investigate the involvement of Allium roylei metabolites in the plant’s defenses, a comprehensive analysis of the content of cysteine sulfoxides, flavonols, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and saponins was carried out in the various organs of this species. Metabolomics high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectral-based analysis, and histochemcial studies have given important insight to the validity of saponins as a key component involved in plant protection. The root-basal stem, bulb, and leaf extracts exhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) ranging from 0.649 to 0.757?mg/mL. The antimicrobial properties of the saponin and flavonoid crude extracts were evaluated. The saponin extracts demonstrated significant antifungal activity depending on the applied concentration, and the growth inhibition rate of the tested fungal pathogens ranged from 1.07 to 47.76%. No appreciable antibacterial activity was recorded in the same sample.     

A new species of Allium (Alliaceae) from Dalmatia,Croatia

Allium croaticum , a new species from the island of Vis in Central Dalmatia (Croatia) is described and illustrated. Its relationships with allied species belonging to the A. stamineum group (Allium section Codonoprasum) are discussed. It is a diploid species (2n = 16), colonizing calcareous screes and flowering in early summer. Its morphology, leaf anatomy, karyology, palynology, ecology and taxonomic position are examined. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158 , 106–114.     

宽叶韭居群间核型研究

对宽叶韭 1 0个居群的核型进行了研究 ,结果如下 :四川武隆居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 6sm+6st;四川大飞水居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 6sm +4st+2 t(2 SAT) ;四川南川居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+1 4sm+4st+2 t;四川宝兴居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 4sm+6st+2 t;四川青神居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+6sm+1 0 st+4t;四川沐川居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =2 m+1 4sm+2 st+4t;四川屏山居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =3 m+2 1 sm+9st;云南西双版纳居群 2 n=2 x=2 2 =1 4sm+6st+2 t(2 SAT) ;广东乳源居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =2 1 sm+6st+6t(3 SAT) ;广西龙胜居群 2 n=3 x=3 3 =2 1 sm+6st+6t(3 SAT)。研究表明 ,除四川屏山居群、广东乳源居群、广西龙胜居群是三倍体外 ,其余均为二倍体。它们都属于 Stebbins的 3 A型。此外 ,宽叶韭的不同居群间还存在随体染色体和核型组成的多态性。本文最后讨论了宽叶韭种内居群间核型分化的原因。