茶毛虫成虫的行为习性观察

通过对茶毛虫EuproctispseudoconspersaStrand成虫习性观察表明 ,茶毛虫成虫羽化集中在下午1 4∶0 0～ 1 7∶0 0 ,雌雄蛾比率为 1∶1 40 ,且雄成虫比雌成虫羽化早 1 48d ;羽化的雌雄蛾的平均寿命分别为5 85和 5 1 2d ;雄蛾对性信息素的反应有 2个高峰 ,第一个是傍晚时分 ( 1 6∶0 0～ 2 0∶0 0 ) ,第二个是凌晨0∶0 0～ 4∶0 0 ;雌蛾怀卵量平均为 1 84 69粒至 1 96 47粒。     

粘虫(Mythimna separata Walker)迁飞行为研究

粘虫成虫期取食、飞翔、求偶或性反应交配和产卵一系列行为是各具相对独立性和顺序性的阶段.飞翔在取食、飞翔、求偶或性反应交配、产卵等期内都有发生,并有不同的飞翔特征,在迁飞中以飞翔期的飞翔最为重要.雌雄蛾的飞翔期在羽化后3～10日龄,因求偶、性反应前期变化而有变异.粘虫雌蛾求偶前期2～11d,平均为5.93d,雄蛾性反应前期3～11d,平均为7.14d.求偶、性反应与迁飞潜力有密切关系.随求偶、性反应前期加长,求偶、性反应前飞翔量呈"S"形曲线增长;求偶或性反应迟的个体有飞翔期,且有1～2个飞翔峰(日).根据有无飞翔期和求偶、性反应与飞翔量曲线确定雌蛾求偶前期大于5d,雄蛾性反应前期大于4d的个体为迁飞型个体.自然种群中雌蛾迁飞型个体占52.47%,雄蛾占97.14%;不同地理种群江苏、吉林、山东和广东1～4代粘虫,雌蛾迁飞个体依次占47.64%、49.29%、47.22%和68.22%,求偶前期平均依次为5.75、5.64、5.58和6.77d.影响求偶前期的生态因素主要是温度逐渐上升和食料不断老化,两者可能是引起粘虫迁飞的主要因素.讨论了粘虫成虫期行为、繁殖与迁飞潜力及迁飞过程的关系.     

粘虫（Mythimna separata）迁飞行为研究

粘虫成虫期取食、飞翔、求偶或性反应交配和产卵一系列行为是各具相对独立性和顺序性的阶段。飞翔在取食、飞翔、求偶或性反应交配、产卵等期内都有发生,并有不同的飞翔特征,在迁飞中以飞翔期的飞翔最为重要,雌雄蛾的飞翔期在羽化后3－10日龄,因求偶、性反应前期变化而有变异,粘虫雌蛾求偶前期2－11d,平均为5.93d,雄蛾性反应前期3－11d,平均为7.14d。求偶、性反应与迁飞潜力有密切关系。随求偶、性反应前期加长,求偶、性反应前飞翔量呈“S”型曲线增长;求偶或性反应迟的个体有飞翔期,且有1－2个飞翔峰（日）。根据有无飞翔期和求偶、性反应与飞翔量曲线确定雌蛾求偶前期大于5d,雄蛾性反应前期大于4d的个体为迁飞型个体。自然种群中雌蛾迁飞型个体占52.47%,雄蛾占97.14%;不同地理种群江苏、吉林、山东和广东1－4代粘虫,雌蛾迁飞个体依次占47.64%、49.29%、47.22%和68.22%,求偶前期平均依次为5.75,5.64,5.58和6.77d。影响求偶前期的生态因素主要是温度逐渐上升和食料不断老化,两者可能是引起粘虫迁飞的主要因素,讨论了粘虫成虫期行为、繁殖与迁飞潜力及迁飞过程的关系。     

栎黄枯叶蛾羽化及生殖行为研究

栎黄枯叶蛾Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang是近年在沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)林中大面积暴发的一种食叶害虫。通过野外调查和室内饲养观察相结合对该虫的羽化、交配和产卵等行为等进行了研究。结果表明,栎黄枯叶蛾羽化期40 d左右,羽化高峰期为9月上旬,日羽化高峰出现在傍晚17:00—23:00,占全天羽化量的82.46%;雌雄性比为1∶1.41;交配高峰期发生在凌晨3:00—4:00,成虫羽化翌日开始进行交尾,2日龄雌蛾交配率最高,达到45.6%,随后交配率逐步降低。雌蛾一生只交尾1次,雄蛾可进行多次交尾。成虫交配持续时间多为14¹6 h。成虫交配后即可产卵,产卵主要在夜间进行,产卵高峰期在2:00—6:00,占全天产卵量的82.40%。未交配雌蛾和雄蛾的平均寿命为11.05 d和9.85 d;显著高于已交配雌蛾和雄蛾的8.05 d和7.35 d,说明交配可明显缩短雌雄成虫寿命。     

竹笋基夜蛾的求偶及交配行为

在光周期14 L:10 D、温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度(60±10)％的室内条件下,研究了竹笋基夜蛾的求偶、交配行为,以及雄蛾对雌蛾腺体提取物的EAG反应.结果表明:竹笋基夜蛾求偶及交配行为仅发生在暗期.雌蛾羽化当天便可求偶,第2日雌蛾求偶率达最高;雌蛾进入暗期0～4h后开始求偶,5～7h求偶率达最高,暗期结束前1～2.5h终止;求偶的起始时间随着日龄的增加逐渐提前,1～4日龄雌蛾求偶的次数及持续时间随着日龄的增加而上升,5日龄则下降;雌蛾求偶高峰及停止求偶的时间随日龄的增加逐渐提前.成虫羽化当日便可交配,第2日达到交配高峰,5日后停止交配;雌蛾进入暗期5.5～7.0 h达到交配高峰,交配高峰出现的时间随日龄的增加而提前;随日龄的增加,交配起始时间逐渐提前,而交配持续时间逐渐缩短;增大雌雄比,竹笋基夜蛾交配起始时间提前,交配持续时间缩短,交配率显著提高.竹笋基夜蛾雄虫对2日龄处于求偶期雌虫的性腺体粗提物有显著的EAG反应.     

番茄潜叶蛾求偶与交配节律研究

明确昆虫求偶及交配等生殖行为的节律,对于性信息素引诱剂的研发与田间合理应用具有重要的指导意义。本研究对番茄潜叶蛾雌虫的求偶行为和雌雄成虫的交配行为节律进行了探究。结果表明,番茄潜叶蛾雌虫主要在亮期进行求偶,亮期开始前少数个体出现求偶现象,亮期开始求偶率迅速增加,在0.5 h内达到高峰期,高峰期平均求偶率达80%以上。不同日龄求偶率不同,2～3日龄为该虫求偶最活跃龄期。番茄潜叶蛾雌雄间交配主要发生在亮期,亮期0.5 h到达高峰期,交配率达90%,与雌虫求偶高峰期吻合。番茄潜叶蛾雌、雄虫一生均可进行多次交配,雌虫7 d内最高交配4次。相对于雌雄比1∶1,雌雄比1∶2的交配率有所降低,而雌雄比2∶1的交配率和平均交配时长均有所上升。本研究证实了番茄潜叶蛾主要在亮期进行求偶和交配,且求偶和交配行为存在明显的节律性,雌、雄蛾一生均可进行多次交配。     

二化螟的多次交配及其对雌蛾产卵量的影响

【目的】利用性诱防控和监测水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis的有效性在田间已经得到认可。但雄蛾具有多次交配能力,致使性诱防治二化螟的应用策略一直存在争论。本研究的目的是探索二化螟雄蛾的多次交配及其对雌蛾繁殖力的影响,认识性诱防控害虫的机理。【方法】利用行为学方法调查了雌雄蛾以不同比例配对(1∶1, 4∶1和10∶10)时雄蛾的交配次数和交配持续时间,并结合解剖学方法,观察分析了二化螟雄蛾的交配次数对精巢、交配囊和精包大小以及雌蛾产卵量的影响。【结果】二化螟雌雄蛾按1∶1配对时,交配雄蛾和多次交配雄蛾的比例分别为74.0%和36.0%,平均交配1.7次,首次交配主要发生在0-1日龄,绝大部分具有多次交配能力的雄蛾的首次交配发生在0-1日龄。雌雄蛾按4∶1配对时,交配雄蛾和多次交配雄蛾的比例分别为69.4%和51.3%,平均交配2.1次,显著高于按1∶1配对。雌雄蛾按10∶10配对时,交配雄蛾和多次交配雄蛾的比例分别为65.5%和37.8%,平均交配1.9次。雄蛾第3次交配的持续时间显著长于第1和2次交配,但是交配1-3次雄蛾的精巢体积无显著差异。与不同交配次数雄蛾进行交配的雌...     

云南省茶园茶谷蛾的发生及其习性观察

茶谷蛾Agriophara rhombata Msyr.是云南茶园一种重要的食叶害虫,属局部爆发性害虫。为明确其生物学特性,准确识别和防控该虫,通过田间调查和室内饲养,对茶谷蛾不同发育期的形态特征和生物学特性进行了系统观测。该虫在云南全年发生4代,在茶树成龄和老叶片上用虫丝和虫粪构筑成虫苞取食。卵散产或卵粒排列成卵块,卵块多为条形或椭圆形;在温度26℃、相对湿度65%条件下,卵期7～10 d,平均9.3 d;幼虫期26～35 d,平均33.1 d;蛹期分别为9～17 d,平均13.9 d;雌成虫发育历期5～11 d,平均8.3 d,雄成虫发育历期1～6 d,平均4.2 d;化蛹时间集中在16∶00-20∶00之间,成虫产卵期可持续1～7 d,成虫羽化高峰为17∶30-20∶30;观察到雌蛾产卵量19～168粒,平均达96.7粒。雌雄蛾触角有明显区别,雌蛾触角为丝状,雄蛾为双栉齿状。研究结果可为茶谷蛾的田间预测和科学防控提供依据。     

六星黑点豹蠹蛾成虫生殖行为特征与性趋向

六星黑点豹蠹蛾Zeuzera leuconotum Butler (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)是一种重要的园林害虫。在光周期L:D=14:10、温度19-32 ℃、相对湿度75%-85%条件下,对六星黑点豹蠹蛾的羽化、性比、交配行为及能力进行了观察,利用风洞技术和林间诱蛾试验验证了其性趋向。结果表明:六星黑点豹蠹蛾羽化期60 d左右,6月下旬为羽化高峰期,日羽化高峰出现在傍晚17:00-18:00,占全天羽化量的55.4%;雌雄性比为1:1.03;交配高峰期发生在进入暗期5-7 h,成虫1日龄后性成熟,一生交配1次;随雌蛾日龄增加,其交配率逐渐下降,交配时间提前,交配持续时间逐渐加长;雌蛾一生平均产卵378个,孵化率80%,未交配雌蛾平均产卵426个,孵化率0%;未交配雌蛾和雄蛾的平均寿命分别为5.56 d和3.83 d,交配过的雌蛾和雄蛾平均寿命分别为5.66 d和2.41 d,交配缩短雄蛾寿命;六星黑点豹蠹蛾种内个体间引诱作用主要为雌蛾引诱雄蛾,同性间不存在聚集行为;2-3日龄未交配雌蛾林间诱蛾量最高,显著高于1日龄和4-6日龄(P＜0.01)。依据研究结果,分析讨论了应用性信息素防治六星黑点豹蠹蛾的可行性,说明六星黑点豹蠹蛾是可利用性信息素进行防控的理想对象。     

杨小舟蛾的羽化和生殖行为节律

杨小舟蛾是近年来为害较严重的杨树食叶害虫之一.为探明该虫羽化及生殖行为的发生规律,为生态调控技术应用于其防治工作提供参考,本文在光周期L∶D=14∶10、温度(27±1)℃和相对湿度(60±10)%的条件下,研究了杨小舟蛾成虫的羽化、求偶、交配和产卵节律.结果表明:杨小舟蛾雌虫在蛹期7 d,雄虫在蛹期8 d达到羽化高峰;在昼夜24 h间,成虫的羽化主要集中在光期6 h至暗期2 h,雌虫羽化高峰期为光期11 h,雄虫较之晚1 h.雌蛾羽化后,只在暗期进行求偶,高峰期为暗期6~7 h;1~3 d雌蛾求偶率随日龄逐渐增加,3 d达69.8%,之后求偶率逐渐下降.在单对组中,雌、雄虫的交尾行为开始于暗期5 h,至暗期7~8 h达到高峰,而在多对组中,在暗期0.5 h就已出现交尾行为,高峰期较单对组晚1.5 h.1~3 d雌蛾产卵量占其总产卵量的68.4%,之后逐渐减少.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.