Nrf3通路参与星形胶质细胞对抗鱼藤酮毒性的保护作用

目的：寻找星形胶质细胞在对抗由鱼藤酮导致的氧化应激中发挥保护作用的相关分子并探讨其作用机制。 方法：小鼠多巴胺能MN9D细胞分别在星形胶质细胞条件培养液（ACM）与星形胶质细胞用新鲜培养基中培养24小时后加入鱼藤酮作用48小时。细胞计数,评价星形胶质细胞条件培养液对MN9D细胞的保护作用。利用基因芯片技术寻找MN9D细胞在ACM处理后发生表达上调或下调基因,并对这些基因进行分析,找出有意义基因。结果： 在不同作用时间和鱼藤酮浓度梯度下,经过ACM处理的MN9D细胞活性显著高于在普通培养基中培养的细胞。初步得到104个差异表达基因,其中62个表达上调基因,42个表达下调基因。这些基因主要与凋亡、肿瘤、细胞周期、代谢、信号转导、转录调节、翻译调节和传递蛋白等相关。对其中的Atp5a1,Nrf3基因进行分析,发现Nrf3通路参与了ACM的保护作用。结论： ACM能保护MN9D细胞抵抗鱼藤酮所致的细胞毒性, Atp5a1,Nrf3,GCL,NQO1等基因经ACM处理后发生差异表达,可能是星形胶质细胞保护作用的部分下游信号通路。     

PDZ结构域蛋白CAL缓解鱼藤酮引起的MN9D细胞损伤

PDZ(PSD95-DLG1-ZO1) 域蛋白囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节相关配体(CAL)与Ⅰ组代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluRⅠ)相互作用并且调节其下游信号.近年发现,mGluRⅠ与帕金森病密切相关.然而,CAL蛋白是否在帕金森病中发挥作用,目前尚未见报道.本文选用线粒体复合物Ⅰ 抑制剂鱼藤酮处理小鼠多巴胺能神经元细胞系MN9D,建立帕金森病细胞模型,探讨CAL在鱼藤酮刺激多巴胺能神经元过程中的作用及可能机制.结果显示,鱼藤酮引起CAL蛋白表达减少,过表达CAL蛋白可以部分缓解鱼藤酮引起的MN9D细胞活力下降、细胞凋亡及c-Jun N端激酶(JNK)磷酸化.加入JNK抑制剂SP600125,鱼藤酮引起的细胞活力下降同样有所恢复.提示CAL蛋白可能通过调节JNK信号通路保护多巴胺能神经元.     

正加速度暴露对大鼠海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的影响

目的探讨正加速度( Gz)重复暴露后不同时间海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达的变化.方法 SD大鼠60只,随机分成对照组、 Gz重复暴露后1h、6h、12h、24h和48h组,每组10只.采用动物离心机,建立 Gz引发急性脑缺血模型;应用免疫组织化学技术,分别检测 Gz重复暴露后不同时间,海马星形胶质细胞GFAP的表达状况.结果海马星形胶质细胞GFAP阳性细胞数,在 Gz暴露后1h即显著增加,于12h达到高峰,而后逐渐下降,48h仍维持在较高水平,实验组与对照组比较,有显著性差异.结论 Gz重复暴露导致海马星形胶质细胞GFAP表达上调,可能对神经元的缺血损伤起保护作用.     

农药鱼藤酮对表达α-突触核蛋白细胞的作用

本研究利用农药鱼藤酮作用于神经细胞 ,观察鱼藤酮对神经细胞的损伤作用以及线粒体功能障碍与α- synuclein积聚之间的关系。方法 :本实验选用人神经母细胞瘤细胞株SH-SY5Y ,实验组为α-synuclein GFP基因转染的细胞 ,鱼藤酮处理的转基因细胞和非转基因细胞 ,对照组为未处理的SH-SY5Y细胞。通过RT-PCR检测α-synuclein基因转染细胞的基因表达情况。荧光显微镜观察细胞内α-synuclein GFP表达产物绿色荧光蛋白。MTT法检测各组细胞活性。DCF检测细胞氧应激。HE染色、免疫组化检测α-synuclein在细胞中的状态。电镜观察细胞超微结构的改变。结果 :RT-PCR显示转基因细胞α-synuclein基因的表达。荧光显微镜观察显示细胞浆内可见绿色荧光蛋白 ,绿色荧光分布不均匀 ,可见蛋白积聚。MTT检测结果显示 ,与对照组相比 ,鱼藤酮处理的细胞增殖速度明显减小 (P <0. 01 )。鱼藤酮的浓度为 75nmol/ L、1 0 0nmol/ L时 ,未转基因与转基因的细胞活性相比较 ,前者的细胞活性低于后者 (P <0 .0 5 )。HE染色 ,鱼藤酮处理的转基因细胞胞浆减少、转基因细胞胞浆内也可见自噬体。胞浆内有嗜酸性包涵体样结构。免疫组化可见鱼藤酮处理高表达α-synuclein细胞明显变成梭形并有很长的突起。电镜显示鱼藤酮处理的细胞线粒体肿胀 ,嵴断裂 ,胞浆内形成自噬体。DCF检测转基因细胞内存在明显的氧化应激 ,并随鱼藤酮处理加重。结论 :农药鱼藤酮对多巴胺能神经细胞有明显的损伤作用 ,转基因细胞显示对较高浓度的鱼藤酮损伤有一定的耐受作用。α-synuclein可引起神经细胞的氧化应激并随鱼藤酮处理加重。提示环境因素可能与α-synuclein表达相互作用使多巴胺能神经元氧化应激进行性加重 ,这可能是引起PD的主要原因。     

大鼠大脑皮质星形胶质细胞条件培养液促进小脑皮质神经元的生长

本研究从大鼠大脑皮质分离、纯化星形胶质细胞,再经培养后收集星形胶质细胞的无血清条件培养液。用盖玻片培养法与快速自动比色微量分析法研究了星形胶质细胞条件培养液对小脑皮质神经元生存以及神经元活力的影响。发现星形胶质细胞条件培养液能够明显提高小脑皮质神经元的体外存活率,增强神经元的活力。表明星形胶质细胞具有神经营养性作用。     

高氧对星形胶质细胞的损伤及抗氧化剂对其保护作用

该文旨在探究高氧环境对星形胶质细胞的损伤情况及抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)对其的保护作用。该文将星形胶质细胞随机分为常氧组、高氧组(6 h、12 h、24 h)、常氧NAC组和高氧NAC组(6 h、12 h、24 h)。在高氧环境下培养不同时间后,检测星形胶质细胞的活性、细胞内线粒体膜电位的变化、细胞内的总活性氧(ROS)和线粒体ROS的改变,用免疫荧光染色法及Western blot检测细胞VEGF及VEGFR的表达情况。结果显示,高氧环境培养后,星形胶质细胞的活性显著下降(P0.05)。细胞内总ROS水平及线粒体ROS水平较常氧组明显增加。星形胶质细胞在高氧环境下VEGF与VEGFR的表达下调。加入抗氧化剂NAC后,星形胶质细胞的细胞活性在高氧6 h和高氧12 h组增强(P0.01),而在高氧24 h组减弱(P0.05)。加入抗氧化剂后6 h组与12 h组星形胶质细胞内的ROS较未加抗氧化剂组明显减少,但对24 h高氧处理的星形胶质细胞内ROS无明显影响。加入抗氧化剂后高氧处理的星形胶质细胞的VEGF与VEGFR的表达量也有所增加,但在高氧24 h组,星形胶质细胞的VEGF和VEGFR表达仅少量增加。结果证实,星形胶质细胞在高氧条件下产生损伤,且与高氧持续时间相关,而使用NAC能够在一定程度上挽救短期内高氧对星形胶质细胞的损伤。以上结果提示,对高氧刺激后星形胶质细胞的抗氧化保护可能可以作为ROP治疗的一种方法。     

脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对星形胶质细胞活性的影响

目的:观察脑微血管内皮细胞与星形胶质细胞的相互关系,探讨血脑屏障维持脑内环境稳定的生理学基础.方法:原代培养大鼠脑皮质微血管内皮细胞,传至三代,收集在指数生长期细胞生长48 h后的务件培养液;将条件培养液分别按20%、30%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、100%不同浓度作用于星形胶质细胞,MTT法检测不同浓度内皮细胞条件培养液作用于星形胶质细胞24 h、48h后的活性变化.结果:48h时间点的各浓度内皮细胞条件液组与相应的正常对照组相比差异均有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),内皮细胞条件液对星形胶质细胞表现出显著的抑制效应,而24 h的70%、80%、90%、100%浓度组与相应正常对照组相比也有显著统计学意叉的差异(P<0.01),且有浓度依赖性.结论:正常脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液抑制了正常星形胶质细胞的活性.     

脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液对星形胶质细胞的影响及通络中药的干预特征

目的:揭示脑微血管内皮细胞生理、病理及通络中药处理后不同状态的培养液对正常星形胶质细胞影响的特征,从细胞间相互作用角度探讨脑微血管内皮细胞与星形胶质细胞的生物学关系,为阐释脑微环境稳定的血脑屏障维护机制以及通络中药通过内皮细胞调节脑内微环境理论假说提供新的证据。方法:制备正常、拟缺血和拟缺血合并通络救脑注射液处理的大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞条件培养液,观察其对星形胶质细胞活性和凋亡率的影响。结果:与正常星形胶质细胞相比,正常内皮细胞条件培养液能够降低正常星形胶质细胞的活性,并促进星形胶质细胞的凋亡;而拟缺血处理的内皮细胞条件培养液能够提高正常星形胶质细胞的活性和凋亡率;拟缺血合并通络药物处理的内皮细胞条件培养液对正常星形胶质细胞的活性有提高作用,并显著降低其凋亡率。结论:三种不同处理方式的内皮细胞条件培养液对正常星形胶质细胞活性和凋亡产生不同的影响,提示不同状态的微血管内皮细胞对脑内微环境产生影响,通络救脑注射液可能通过调节微血管内皮细胞的分泌而对星形胶质细胞发挥作用。     

天麻素对镉诱导的星形胶质细胞损伤的保护效应

目的:探讨氯化镉(CdCl_2)和天麻素(GAS)对小鼠星形胶质细胞活力及神经营养因子GDNF和抗氧化基因Nrf2,HO-1,SOD-1表达的影响。方法:首先,给予体外培养的小鼠星形胶质细胞不同浓度的CdCl_2(Con,2.5μM,5μM,10μM,20μM)处理24 h或48 h,随后检测细胞活力筛选出造成星形胶质细胞损伤的CdCl_2浓度和时间。然后使用上述筛选的CdCl_2作用浓度(5μM)构建星形胶质细胞损伤的同时再给予不同浓度的天麻素(0,20μg/m L,30μg/m L,40μg/m L, 50μg/m L)处理24 h或48 h,随后检测细胞活力并提取细胞RNA检测其caspase3,GDNF(胶质源性神经营养因子Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)和Nrf2(Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor2),HO-1(Heme oxygenase 1),SOD-1(superoxide dismutase 1)等抗氧化基因的m RNA表达的变化。结果:(1) 2.5μM CdCl_2处理24 h后星形胶质细胞活力已经有明显下降(P0.05),5μM CdCl_2处理24 h后,星形胶质细胞活力显著下降(P0.01);(2) CdCl_2浓度越大,细胞损伤严重;(3)一定浓度的天麻素处理可以缓解CdCl_2造成的星形胶质损伤,恢复其细胞活力,下调caspase3 m RNA水平;(4) CdCl_2下调了星形胶质细胞的GDNF, Nrf2, HO-1和SOD-1的m RNA水平,天麻素可以抑制Cd Cl_2对上述基因的m RNA水平的调节作用,且浓度越高调节作用越强。结论:天麻素可能通过调节小鼠星形胶质细胞的GDNF, Nrf2, HO-1和SOD-1基因表达缓解CdCl_2导致的细胞损伤。     

KCa3.1通道参与调控星形胶质细胞糖氧剥夺诱导的内质网应激

目的:研究KCa3.1在糖氧剥夺诱导的原代星形胶质细胞内质网应激(ERS)中的调控作用。方法:通过构建原代星形胶质细胞糖氧剥夺(OGD)模型,应用cck-8法、免疫荧光技术、western blotting等分子生物学技术研究KCa3.1在OGD引起的原代星形胶质细胞内质网应激中的作用。结果:OGD 4 h处理后星形胶质细胞内KCa3.1的表达明显上调。OGD处理后星形胶质细胞的细胞活力显著性降低,且具有时间依赖性。给予KCa3.1通道抑制剂TRAM-34可提高OGD 4 h处理后星形胶质细胞的细胞活力,并具有剂量依赖性。OGD处理0.5 h、1 h、3 h、4 h、6 h后,原代星形胶质细胞内ERS信号通路被激活,GRP78、p-eIF-2α的表达显著性上调。给予KCa3.1通道抑制剂TRAM-34后,OGD引起的星形胶质细胞内GRP78、p-eIF-2α的上调幅度显著性降低。结论:KCa3.1通道参与了星形胶质细胞内OGD引起的内质网应激通路的激活。     

Distinct mechanisms of neurodegeneration induced by chronic complex I inhibition in dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cells

Chronic mitochondrial dysfunction, in particular of complex I, has been strongly implicated in the dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. To elucidate the mechanisms of chronic complex I disruption-induced neurodegeneration, we induced differentiation of immortalized midbrain dopaminergic (MN9D) and non-dopaminergic (MN9X) neuronal cells, to maintain them in culture without significant cell proliferation and compared their survivals following chronic exposure to nanomolar rotenone, an irreversible complex I inhibitor. Rotenone killed more dopaminergic MN9D cells than non-dopaminergic MN9X cells. Oxidative stress played an important role in rotenone-induced neurodegeneration of MN9X cells, but not MN9D cells: rotenone oxidatively modified proteins more in MN9X cells than in MN9D cells and antioxidants decreased rotenone toxicity only in MN9X cells. MN9X cells were also more sensitive to exogenous oxidants than MN9D cells. In contrast, disruption of bioenergetics played a more important role in MN9D cells: rotenone decreased mitochondrial membrane protential and ATP levels in MN9D cells more than in MN9X cells. Supplementation of cellular energy with a ketone body, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate, decreased rotenone toxicity in MN9D cells, but not in MN9X cells. MN9D cells were also more susceptible to disruption of oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis than MN9X cells. These findings indicate that, during chronic rotenone exposure, MN9D cells die primarily through mitochondrial energy disruption, whereas MN9X cells die primarily via oxidative stress. Thus, intrinsic properties of individual cell types play important roles in determining the predominant mechanism of complex I inhibition-induced neurodegeneration.     

Mangiferin Antagonizes Rotenone: Induced Apoptosis Through Attenuating Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress in SK-N-SH Neuroblastoma Cells

In the present study, using a human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells, we explored antioxidant, mitochondrial protective and antiapoptotic properties of mangiferin against rotenone-mediated cytotoxicity. SK-N-SH cells are divided into four experimental groups based on 3-(4,5-dimethyl2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay—untreated cells, cells incubated with rotenone (100 nM), cells treated with mangiferin (20 μg) (pretreatment 4 h before) + rotenone (100 nM) and mangiferin alone treated. 24 h after treatment with rotenone and 28 h after treatment with mangiferin, levels of ATP thiobarbituricacid reactive substances and reduced glutathione and activities of enzymatic antioxidants including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidise were measured. Finally mitochondrial transmembrane potential and expressions of apoptotic protein were also analysed. Pre-treatment with mangiferin significantly enhanced cell viability, ameliorated decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased rotenone-induced apoptosis in the cellular model of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover oxidative imbalance induced by rotenone was partially rectified by mangiferin. Our results indicated that anti-apoptotic properties of this natural compound due to its antioxidant and mitochondrial protective function protect rotenone induced cytotoxicity.     

2,3-Butanedione monoxime does not protect cardiomyocytes under oxidative stress

Heart muscle ischemia-reperfusion provokes a pronounced cardiomyocyte oxidative stress. In the present study, we examined a possible protective effect of the cardioprotective drug, 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM), on the cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes exposed to oxidative stress induced by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), that may be formed by activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils in myocardium ischemic-reperfusion areas, and a useful model oxidant, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). Using isolated rat cardiomyocytes substantial cytotoxicity of HOCl and tBHP was demonstrated: The concentrations of HOCl and tBHP causing a 50% decrease of cardiomyocyte cell viability were estimated to be 55 +/- 5 microM and 36 +/- 6 microM, respectively. The cell viability measured immediately after the tBHP oxidative treatment was significantly higher than that measured after 22 h of cell post-incubation in a fresh culture medium. This showed delayed cell death after removing tBHP. Hypochlorous acid treatment of cardiomyocytes did not change cellular viability during the cellular post-incubation in a fresh medium. Even a long-term (22 h) incubation of oxidatively damaged cardiomyocytes with BDM (5 mM) added after the HOCl removal did not recover the viability of the HOCl-exposed cells. In the presence of BDM, the cytotoxicity of HOCl significantly increased probably due to a direct reaction of both compounds and toxic chlorinated derivative formation. 2,3-Butanedione monoxime (5 mM) did not reduce cytotoxicity of tBHP, either. Such well-known antioxidative agents as melatonin or glutathione considerably prevented oxidant-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner.     

DJ-1 Protects Dopaminergic Neurons against Rotenone-Induced Apoptosis by Enhancing ERK-Dependent Mitophagy

Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the multifunctional protein, DJ-1, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of early-onset familial Parkinson's disease (PD), suggesting that DJ-1 may act as a neuroprotectant for dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Enhanced autophagy may benefit PD by clearing damaged organelles and protein aggregates; thus, we determined if DJ-1 protects DA neurons against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress through an autophagic pathway. Cultured DA cells (MN9D) overexpressing DJ-1 were treated with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone. In addition, rotenone was injected into the left substantia nigra of rats 4 weeks after injection with a DJ-1 expression vector. Overexpression of DJ-1 protected MN9D cells against apoptosis, significantly enhanced the survival of nigral DA neurons after rotenone treatment in vivo, and rescued rat behavioral abnormalities. Overexpression of DJ-1 enhanced rotenone-evoked expression of the autophagic markers, beclin-1 and LC3II, while transmission electron microscopy and confocal imaging revealed that the ultrastructural signs of autophagy were increased by DJ-1. The neuroprotective effects of DJ-1 were blocked by phosphoinositol 3‐kinase and the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, and by the ERK pathway inhibitor, U0126. Confocal imaging revealed that the size of p62-positive puncta decreased significantly in DJ-1 overexpression of MN9D cells 12 h after rotenone treatment, suggesting that DJ-1 reveals the ability to clear aggregated p62 associated with PD. Factors that control autophagy, including DJ-1, may inhibit rotenone-induced apoptosis and present novel targets for therapeutic intervention in PD.     

Neuroprotective immunity: T cell-derived glutamate endows astrocytes with a neuroprotective phenotype

A well-controlled T cell response to CNS injury may result in increased neuronal survival. However, the precise mechanism of T cell-induced neuroprotection is unknown. In this study, we report the unexpected finding that during culture of T cells, high levels of glutamate accumulate, which are efficiently cleared if T cells are cocultured with astrocytes. The T cell-derived glutamate elicits in turn, the release of neuroprotective thiols (cysteine, glutathione, and cysteinyl-glycine) and lactate from astrocytes. Media obtained from astrocytes conditioned in the presence of T cells reduce neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in primary neuronal cultures from 48 +/- 14 to 9 +/- 4% (p < 0.001). Inhibition of glutamate-dependent signaling during astrocyte-T cell cocultivation by a glutamate uptake inhibitor, l-aspartic acid beta-hydroxamate, abolishes this neuroprotective effect. The ability of astrocytes to clear extracellular glutamate is impaired under conditions of oxidative stress. We demonstrate that T cells, via secreted cytokines, restore glutamate clearance capacity of astrocytes under oxidative conditions. Furthermore, under normoxic conditions, glutamate-buffering capacity of astrocytes is increased upon cocultivation with T cells. It is known that, following CNS injury, astrocytes can respond with beneficial or destructive effects on neurons. However, the context and signaling mechanisms for this dual astrocytic response are unknown. Our results implicate T cells as potential determinants of the context that elicits a protective role for astrocytes in the damaged CNS.     

Effects of andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide on cultured primary astrocytes and PC12 cells

AimsTo test the effects of andrographolide (AP1) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP2) on pheochromocytoma cell line 12 (PC12) cells in an astrocyte-rich environment.Main methodsThe abilities of AP1 and AP2 to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from stimulated astrocytes were tested. In addition, the abilities of AP1 and AP2 to reduce oxidative stress in astrocytes were tested using an oxidative-sensitive fluorescent dye. The reduction of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) in stimulated astrocytes was tested using the dot blot method. Reduction of H₂O₂-induced death was tested in PC12 cells. Astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) and TNF-α-stimulated astrocyte-conditioned medium (SACM) were used to assess the effects of AP2 on PC12 cells treated with H₂O₂.Key findingsAP1 and AP2 reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and CSPG in TNF-α stimulated astrocytes. AP1 protected H₂O₂-treated PC12 cells cultured in ACM. Co-incubation of PC12 cells in H₂O₂, and ACM collected from AP1 treated astrocytes did not prevent cell death.SignificanceAP1 and AP2 effectively ameliorated astrocytic pro-inflammatory reactions and prevented PC12 cell death with different efficacies. These compounds may be candidates for treatment of spinal-cord injury and neurodegeneration.     

Protective effect of the xanthate, D609, on Alzheimer's amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress in primary neuronal cells

Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, and this agent also has been reported to protect rodents against oxidative damage induced by ionizing radiation. Previously, we showed that D609 mimics glutathione (GSH) functions and that a disulfide is formed upon oxidation of D609 and the resulting dixanthate is a substrate for GSH reductase, regenerating D609. Considerable attention has been focused on increasing the intracellular GSH levels in many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β-peptide [Aβ(1-42)], elevated in AD brain, is associated with oxidative stress and toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of D609 on Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative cell toxicity in cultured neurons. Decreased cell survival in neuronal cultures treated with Aβ(1-42) correlated with increased free radical production measured by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and an increase in protein oxidation (protein carbonyl, 3-nitrotyrosine) and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) formation. Pretreatment of primary hippocampal cultures with D609 significantly attenuated Aβ(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS accumulation, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. Methylated D609, with the thiol functionality no longer able to form the disulfide upon oxidation, did not protect neuronal cells against Aβ(1-42)-induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that D609 exerts protective effects against Aβ(1-42) toxicity by modulating oxidative stress. These results may be of importance for the treatment of AD and other oxidative stress-related diseases.     

Oxidative modification of peroxiredoxin is associated with drug-induced apoptotic signaling in experimental models of Parkinson disease

The aim of this study was to investigate changes in protein profiles during the early phase of dopaminergic neuronal death using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Several protein spots were identified whose expression was significantly altered following treatment of MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In particular, we detected oxidative modification of thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases (peroxiredoxins; PRX) in treated MN9D cells. Oxidative modification of PRX induced by 6-OHDA was blocked in the presence of N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by 6-OHDA induce oxidation of PRX. These findings were confirmed in primary cultures of mesencephalic neurons and in rat brain injected stereotaxically. Overexpression of PRX1 in MN9D cells (MN9D/PRX1) exerted neuroprotective effects against death induced by 6-OHDA through scavenging of ROS. Consequently, generation of both superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide following 6-OHDA treatment was decreased in MN9D/PRX1. Furthermore, overexpression of PRX1 protected cells against 6-OHDA-induced activation of p38 MAPK and subsequent activation of caspase-3. In contrast, 6-OHDA-induced apoptotic death signals were enhanced by RNA interference-targeted reduction of PRX1 in MN9D cells. Taken together, our data suggest that the redox state of PRX may be intimately involved in 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death and also provide a molecular mechanism by which PRX1 exerts a protective role in experimental models of Parkinson disease.     

不同类型神经细胞对低氧的敏感性研究*

Objective: In order to illustrate the hypoxia-induced changes of neural cells in inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism process and to compare the sensitivity of neural cells’ responses to hypoxia. Methods: Different types of neural cells (BV2, N9, Gl261, HT22) were treated with hypoxia (0.1% O₂, 5% CO₂) for 0-24 hours. Cell proliferation was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 method and cell viability was assayed by CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay. Total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent, and the inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism-related genes expression were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. The ROS production was detected by flow cytometer with fluorescence probe. Results: Hypoxia stimulation decreased cell proliferation and cell viability. The hypoxia-induced changes of microglial cells (BV2 and N9) were mainly involved in inflammatory response and glucose metabolism process. The changes of astrocytes Gl261 and neural cell HT22 were mainly involved in glucose metabolism process. Hypoxia stimulation significantly increased oxidative stress in microglia and astrocytes. Conclusion: Different types of neural cells have different degrees of sensitivity in response to hypoxic stimulation. In terms of energy metabolism and inflammatory response, microglia are more sensitive to hypoxia treatment, which is manifested as a significant up-regulation of glycolytic enzymes and inflammation genes, whereas microglia and astrocytes are more sensitive to hypoxia treatment in terms of oxidative stress, which is indicated by their quick response and significant increase of ROS production.