Maintenance of pair bond during the non-reproductive season in a monogamous pipefish <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corythoichthys haematopterus</Emphasis>

During the non-reproductive season, male and female Corythoichthys haematopterus came to a particular site every early morning and performed a series of displays, called greetings, for a few minutes. After exchanging greetings, they had no further interactions during the daytime. This behavioural pattern was basically the same as that observed during the reproductive season. All greeting pairs bred in the following reproductive season if both members were present. These results indicate that mate fidelity of this pipefish is very high and that daily greetings lasting only a few minutes were enough to maintain pair bond all year around.     

Genetic divergence between Cyprinus carpio carpio and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus as assessed by mitochondrial DNA analysis,with emphasis on origin of European domestic carp

Although common carp is the major fish species in Asian and European aquaculture and many domestic varieties have occurred, there is a controversy about the origination of European domestic common carp. Some scientists affirmed that the ancestor of European domestic common carp was Danube River wild common carp, but others considered it might be Asian common carp. For elucidating origination of European domestic common carp, we chose two representative European domestic common carp strains (German mirror carp and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp) and one wild common carp strain of Cyprinus carpio carpio subspecies (Volga River wild common carp) and two Asian common carp strains, the Yangtze River wild common carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) and traditionally domestic Xingguo red common carp, as experimental materials. ND5–ND6 and D-loop segments of mitochondrial DNA were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed through restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing respectively. The results revealed that HaeIII and DdeI digestion patterns of ND5–ND6 segment and sequences of control region were different between European subspecies C. carpio carpio and Asian subspecies C. carpio haematopterus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that German mirror carp and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp belonged to two subspecies, C. carpio carpio and C. carpio haematopterus, respectively. Therefore, there were different ancestors for domestic carp in Europe: German mirror carp was domesticated from European subspecies C. carpio carpio and Russian scattered scaled mirror carp originated from Asian subspecies C. carpio haematopterus.     

Mate Change Reduces the Reproductive Rate of Males in a Monogamous Pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus: The Benefit of Long-Term Pair Bonding

Monogamy has evolved independently in many taxa, and often involves biparental care of the young and/or low defendability of multiple mates. In many teleost fishes, however, strict monogamy is practised without such limitations. In this study, we examined why males of the pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus (family: Syngnathidae) reproduce monogamously without changing to another mate. For this we examined the time cost associated with mate change by experimentally removing females from mating pairs and compelling the males to change mates. Mate‐changing males needed longer interspawning intervals, an average of 8.5 d, than their monogamous counterparts, which was primarily because of the time needed for the new female to prepare mature eggs. As a result, we assume that mate change entails considerable reproductive costs associated with a decrease in reproductive rate. Monogamy and long‐term pair bonding in C. haematopterus are likely maintained because of high reproductive rates by repeatedly reproducing with the same mate over a lifetime.     

Mitochondrial genetic diversity and gene flow of common carp from main river drainages in China

1. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most widely distributed and important freshwater fishes in the world. In China, the common carp has been recognised as three subspecies: C. carpio haematopterus, C. carpio rubrofuscus and C. carpio carpio. The Nanling Mountains have been suggested as providing the dividing line between C. carpio haematopterus and C. carpio rubrofuscus. However, the demographic history and gene flow of the common carp in China is not clear. 2. We collected mitochondrial COII and D‐loop sequences (1494 bp) from 241 individuals distributed in eight major river drainages across China. The objective was to provide the first investigation into population genetic structure, demographic history and migration patterns of the common carp from these river drainages, and to assess the validity of the three subspecies. 3. Phylogenetic analysis did not result in three major monophyletic lineages corresponding to the three subspecies. The Nanling Mountains do not form a border separating C. carpio haematopterus and C. carpio rubrofuscus. amova showed low population differentiation, with 11.60% of the molecular variance found among river drainages. Pairwise F_ST values between river drainages were moderate (0.0331–0.2617). Substantial gene flow detected in coalescent analysis between drainages showed that the Yangtze drainage was the centre from which migrants moved northward, southward and north‐westward. Human‐mediated translocation has confounded our ability to identify subspecies of common carp in China.     

Pattern, Distribution, and Function of Greeting Behavior Among Black-and-White Colobus

Various species of primates engage in greeting, a ritualized pattern of nonaggressive behavior that usually occurs during a reunion. Black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) perform overhead mounting, mounting, and embracing behavior soon after an aggressive act and in nonagonistic situations. We studied the pattern, distribution, and function of the greeting behavior in 2 captive groups of black-and-white colobus. Overhead mounting was the most frequent pattern, accounting for >60% of all greetings (N=333). In nonagonistic situations, younger subordinate individuals greeted an older dominant individual more frequently than vice versa. A dominant male in a small multimale group frequently initiated contacts with adult females, though he was the oldest in the group. Conversely, the dominant male in a large 1-male group never greeted group members. Immediately after performing the greeting, the greeter groomed the recipient in more than half the cases. In the large group, greeting frequency correlates positively with the age difference between the pair; however, there is no correlation between the relatedness, affiliation frequency, or aggression frequency of a pair in either the small or large group. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that greeting behavior functions as a tension-reducing mechanism in nonagonistic situations. There is no evidence, however, that greeting functions to express social status or to attract a mate. In addition, the frequent greeting by the adult male in the small multimale group may indicate that individuals affirm social bonds via greeting behavior.     

Length-weight relationships of eight fish from seagrass meadows in Wenchang,China

The length-weight relationships (LWRs) were studied for eight seagrass fish from Wenchang, China, using gill nets (150*1 m, mesh size 0.5 cm), including Gerres oblongus, Ambassis kopsii, Halichoeres nigrescens, Sillago aeolus, Yongeichthys criniger, Oxyurichthys tentacularis, Lethrinus haematopterus and Hypoatherina tsurugae, in November 2017, March and August 2018. Results suggest that mean LWR parameters b for these eight seagrass fish varied from 2.801 for L. haematopterus to 3.640 for A. kopsii, and r² valued from .950 for L. haematopterus to 0.993 for H. nigrescens. This study will help us to better understand the ecological parameters these seagrass fish.     

Male Ornamentation in a Sex‐Role Reversed Pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus

Sexual selection theory predicts that mating competition in sex‐role reversed animals acts more strongly on females than males and consequently females are expected to develop secondary sexual traits. However, in a sex‐role reversed pipefish Corythoichthys haematopterus (family: Syngnathidae), only males develop an ornamental trait on the thorax, consisting of approx. 3–5 speckles alternated by lateral stripes of brilliant light blue and orange. To understand the function of this male ornament, we examined whether the presence of females affects the expression of this trait, and whether the expression of this trait depends on the male’s physical condition. Individual males were reared in a tank for a month in four different conditions: in high or low food supply and in the presence or absence of a female. After 1 mo, males in better condition expressed larger and deeper blue and yellow speckles, and males maintained with a female expressed larger and deeper blue speckles than solely reared males. These results indicated that the male ornament functions as a signal conveying information on the phenotypic quality of its holder and that females are potential receivers of this signal. Because C. haematopterus exhibits strict monogamy and competition for a mate occurs only among females, we concluded that the male ornament is not displayed in the context of mating competition but rather it is used as a cue for partner recognition to maintain pair bond.     

Genetic evolution and diversity of common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Knowledge of genetic variation and population structure of existing strains of both farmed and wild common carp Cyprinus carpio L. is absolutely necessary for any efficient fish management and/or conservation program. To assess genetic diversity in common carp populations, a variety of molecular markers were analyzed. Of those, microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA were most frequently used in the analysis of genetic diversity and genome evolution of common carp. Using microsatellites showed that the genome evolution in common carp exhibited two waves of rearrangements: one whole-genome duplication (12–16 million years ago) and a more recent wave of segmental duplications occurring between 2.3 and 6.8 million years ago. The genome duplication event has resulted in tetraploidy since the common carp currently harbors a substantial portion of duplicated loci in its genome and twice the number of chromosomes (n = 100–104) of most other cyprinid fishes. The variation in domesticated carp populations is significantly less than that in wild populations, which probably arises from the loss of variation due to founder effects and genetic drift. Genetic differentiation between the European carp C.c. carpio and Asian carp C.c. haematopterus is clearly evident. In Asia, two carp subspecies, C.c. haematopterus and C.c. varidivlaceus, seem to be also genetically distinct.     

VOCAL AND OTHER BEHAVIOUR OF KENYAN BLACK-COLLARED BARBETS LYBIUS TORQUATUS

We describe 12 visual and six acoustical displays of Black-collared Barbets, all associated with interactions of these sexually monomorphic barbets in greeting ceremonies and in antiphonal duets. Certain of the displays, e. g., bill directing, smooth posture and chatter calls largely are associated with multiple-barbet interactions and greeting ceremonies involving more than two barbets, and seem to represent purely agonistic displays. Other displays, most notably the bobbing and floating flight displays, and the tyaw call, are associated with preduet greeting ceremonies involving the presumed pair. In every case duets were performed by a presumed pair, following a greeting ceremony and visual displays accompany the duetting, which usually becomes precisely synchronized after the initial few notes. Four to 17 notes of each of two types, a usually lower pitched, short and mainly double type A note that introduces most duets, and a higher pitched, usually single, clear type B note that often terminates the duet. Variation in the notes and in their tempos within duets suggests no clearly defined temporal indicators for achieving, maintaining, and concluding the duets. The A and B notes cannot yet be assigned to one or other sex and similarity in form and development of the notes, from notes of greeting ceremonies, suggests the possibility that under some circumstances a bird of one sex may be able to deliver notes of either type. The duets are delivered from singing posts within the group's (or pair's) territory and usually only one duet is uttered from a site before the birds shift to another singing post. The duetting is compared with that of other barbets and appears to be among the best synchronized and most precise in the family. Comparisons with non-barbet duetting species are difficult because of the special habits and ecology of the barbets and uncertainty as to the sexual rôle of the duetters.     

Length–weight relationships of nine fish species from Xingkai (Khanka) Lake,Heilongjiang, China

In this study the length–weight relationships of nine fish species from Xingkai (Khanka) Lake in China belonging to three families and eight genera were analyzed. A total of 273 specimens were used to estimate the relationship parameters. Four of these species (Chanodichthys dabryi, Hemibarbus maculatus, Tachysurus fulvidraco and Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) had no previous estimations and one maximum length is new to science for inclusion in FishBase.     

DNA barcodes for the pipefish genus Corythoichthys (Actinopterygii: Syngnathiformes) from the Indian Ocean provide insights into cryptic diversity

The syngnathiform genus Corythoichthys comprises a group of taxonomically complex, tail-brooding (Syngnathinae) pipefishes widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region. Due to the presence of overlapping interspecific morphological characters, reliable taxonomic information on Corythoichthys is still lacking. Using 52 CO1 sequences, including seven newly generated, a phylogenetic analysis was carried out to understand the genetic diversity, distribution and ‘species groups’ within the genus Corythoichthys. Species delimitation using Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis confirmed the presence of 13 species which include ‘species-complexes’ previously considered as a single taxon. Our results revealed the presence of three species groups, ‘C. amplexus’, ‘C. conspicillatus’ and ‘C. haematopterus’ and four unidentified/undescribed species in the wider Indo-Pacific realm. Interestingly, 60 sequences and a mitogenome identified as Corythoichthys in GenBank are misidentified at the genus level. Based on our findings, we suggest that the taxonomy and systematics of Corythoichthys need to be re-examined and validated using integrative methods, and care should be taken while selecting specimens for genetic studies.     

应用SRAP标记分析福瑞鲤及其原始亲本的遗传结构

摘要：应用SRAP分子标记对建鲤（Cyprinus carpio var. jian）、黄河鲤（C.c.haematopterus）和福瑞鲤（FFRC Strain Common Carp,C.carpio）进行遗传结构分析。结果显示,筛选出的10个多态性较好的引物组合共扩增出110个位点,其中多态性位点92个,平均多...     

Greeting movements among adult males in a colony of baboons:Papio hamadryas,P. cynocephalus and their hybrids

Seven greeting movements performed by four adult males belonging to a colony of baboons (Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephalus and their hybrids) were described. The hamadryas male has more number and more refined repertoire of movements than the yellow baboons, what would mean that the greeting movements possess a species-specific nature. This characteristic is expressed also by the existence of some inappropriate responses of the yellow baboons to the greeting of the hamadryas male. The differences in the greeting movements between both species would be explained as characteristic consequences of their social system organization. The hybrid male, having acquired a system organization similar to that of the hamadryas male, has acquired the same signal code, too, according to this system. The hybridization tendency would be adaptive in those colonies or troops with mixed species.     

Werdegang und Bedeutung des Kopfnickens beim Waldrapp (Geronticus eremita)

Zusammenfassung Das Kopfnicken der adulten Waldrappe, das sich im Laufe der Ontogenese aus den Kopfbewegungen der Jungen beim Futterbetteln entwickelt hat, macht einen Funktionswechsel durch, spielt aber keine direkte Rolle bei der Begattung. Als ein teilweise ritualisiertes Verhalten spielt es im Rahmen der Fortpflanzung wahrscheinlich eine Rolle nur in der Festigung der Partnerbeziehungen. Im allgemeinen hat es aber neben der Grußfunktion vor allem die Funktion einer Benachrichtigung bzw. Gleichstimmung des Partners oder auch der Koloniemitglieder zum Wegliegen.

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Head-nodding in Bald Ibises (Geronticus eremita)

Summary The head-nodding in adult Bald Ibises has been developed during ontogenesis from the head movements of the nestlings while begging for food. As a partly ritualized behaviour, in connection with reproduction probably its only function is to stabilize the pair bond. Generally, beside greeting it has the function to inform and/or to motivate the partner or the colony members as well to fly away.

     

ASPECTS OF THE BREEDING BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR OF THE SECRETARYBIRD SAGITTARIUS SERPENTARIUS NEAR PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA

Kemp, A. C. 1995. Aspects of the breeding biology and behaviour of the Secretarybird Sagittarius serpentarius near Pretoria, South Africa. Ostrich 66: 61–68.

Secretarybirds in three adjacent territories were monitored from 1977 to 1988 on grass- and croplands near Pretoria, South Africa. Most observations of breeding biology and behaviour confirmed or extended previous studies. There was no correlation between pairs in occupancy of territory, productivity or development periods of young: this confirms the flexible breeding abilities which are unusual for such a large bird. Some aspects of breeding biology (egg shape and texture, watering of chicks) and behaviour (Wings open and Up-down greeting displays) may be homologous with storks and important in understanding the phylogeny and evolution of the Sagitariidae and other diurnal raptors.     

Greeting,aggression, and coalitions between male baboons: Demographic correlates

Interactions of asymmetrical, symmetrical, and unreciprocated greeting, and episodes of aggression and coalitions observed between 18 males, members of a large multi-harem colony of baboons (Papio hamadryas, P. cynocephalus, and their hybrids) housed in the Madrid Zoo, were recorded throughout 11 time blocks between January 1983 and March 1985. The major question investigated was whether the demographic characteristics of the colony affected the frequency with which males used three behavioural strategies, namely, greeting, aggression, and coalitions. It was found that under demographic conditions eliciting more intense male-male competition, for example, when the ratio of oestrous cycles per adult male was lower, males exchanged frequent greetings, especially the symmetrical form (i.e. notifying) and solicited more coalitions, but did not show any significant change in rates of dyadic aggression. Male phenotype-related effects on rates of greeting and coalitions were found as well. Results are discussed in relation with the suggested role of greeting and of coalition behaviour as strategies used in the negotiation of changes in competitive social relationship (e.g. consort changeovers). These strategies are regarded as social tactics alternative to direct aggression.     

The behavior of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris) during separation from and reunion with the owner: A questionnaire and an experimental study

We have constructed a questionnaire to investigate the separation behavior in a sample of family dogs (Canis familiaris) (N = 45) and in parallel we have observed dogs’ separation-related behavior in a simple behavioral test (Separation and greeting test, S&G). We recorded the dogs’ behavior during the separation from and reunion (greeting) with the owner. We investigated whether owners’ report about their dogs’ separation behavior reflected the separation behavior under controlled testing conditions. Furthermore, we wanted to find out whether the duration of separation affected the behavior of dogs and whether there was some relationship between separation and greeting behavior.Dogs that were rated by their owner to be more “anxious” during separation and “happier” at reunion, showed more activity and stress-related behavior during separation, and more affection toward the owner during greeting. Dogs with owner-reported separation-related disorder (SRD) showed more stress-related behavior, they spent less time near the owner's chair during separation, and were more active during greeting than dogs without SRD. The two groups of dogs did not differ in affectionate behavior shown toward the owner. Non-affected dogs’ activity decreased with increasing separation duration, but dogs with SRD did not show this change in their separation behavior.Our results show that owners’ have a realistic view on their dogs’ separation behavior. In addition, dogs with SRD may not be “hyper-attached” to their owners because they do not show more affection during greeting. Moreover, dogs with SRD do not show preference for the owners’ objects left behind and they cannot be easily calmed by the returning owner.Our questionnaire and the Separation and greeting test could be used for screening dogs with suspected separation-related behavior problems.     

Displays of the Honeyeater Manorina melanocephala

Investigated displays of Noisy Miners, Manorina melanocephala, in Australia. This unusual bird lives in colonies and many ♂♂ care for the offspring of each ♀ flight displays, 11 non-flight displays, and several components of facial displays (including a variable eye patch) are described. The eye patch provides a large yellow and black augmented eye, important in intimidation. No stereotyped sequence of courtship behaviour precedes copulation. Displays are used to advertise nest locations. A greeting display, the corrohoree, is extremely common. The possibility of the evolution of submissive display from threat is discussed. Special vocalisations of ♂♂ and ♀♀ are use in a duet. The maintenance of bonds among many individuals in a colony may be more important than strong pair bonds. Group cohesion is probably maintained by flight display, nest display, mobbing, and other communal activities. High interspecific aggression results in few resident species in colonies. This level of interspecific aggression might be maintained by incorporating much intraspecific mimetic display and ritualised submissive behaviour.     

基于荧光原位杂交的藜属植物核型分析

为精确地识别藜属植物染色体组的核型特征,该文研究了4种来自青海高原的野生藜属植物(灰绿藜、藜、菊叶香藜及杂配藜)和1种从美国引进的栽培藜麦品种PI614932-HX(3)基于染色体荧光原位杂交(rDNA FISH)的核型。利用5S rDNA和45S rDNA对5种藜属植物有丝分裂中期的染色体进行FISH研究。藜属植物的核型分析结果表明:(1)藜属植物中存在二倍体(2n=2x=18)和四倍体(2n=4x=36)两种倍性,藜麦和灰绿藜为四倍体,其余3种为二倍体。(2)藜麦、灰绿藜、藜、菊叶香藜及杂配藜的核型公式分别为2n=4x=36=34m(2AST)+2sm,2n=4x=36=32m(4AST)+4sm,2n=2x=18=16m(4AST)+2sm,2n=2x=18=18m及2n=2x=18=16m+2sm。(3)染色体由大部分的中部着丝粒染色体(m)和少部分近中部着丝粒染色体(sm)组成。(4)核型类型除了菊叶香藜为1B以外,其余均属于2B类型。(5)在藜麦、灰绿藜及藜中具有分布位置不同、数量不等的双随体。5S rDNA、45S rDNA FISH结果表明:(1)藜麦和灰绿藜的染色体上存在2对5S rDNA位点和1对45S rDNA位点,藜、杂配藜的染色体上存在1对5S rDNA位点和1对45S rDNA位点,菊叶香藜的染色体上只存在1对5S rDNA位点。(2)5S rDNA和45S rDNA位点均位于染色体的短臂上。该研究首次获得了藜属植物基于5S rDNA和45S rDNA荧光原位杂交核型,为藜属植物亲缘关系研究和细胞生物学研究提供了分子细胞遗传学依据。     

Chromosomal Study of Colostethus brunneus from the Type Locality and Two Related Species (Anura – Dendrobatidae)

In this paper, we report a chromosomal study of three Brazilian species of Colostethus, C. brunneus from the type locality, Colostethus sp. (aff. trilineatus), and Colostethus sp., which is morphologically similar to C. brunneus. The diploid number for C. brunneus was 2n = 24 chromosomes, in agreement with that previously described for specimens from Peru. Colostethus sp. (aff. trilineatus) and Colostethus sp. showed a very similar karyotype with 22 chromosomes. The NOR was located on pair 3 in C. brunneus, on pair 4 in Colostethus sp. (aff. trilineatus), and on pair 2 in Colostethus sp. In one specimen of Colostethus sp., an additional NOR site was located on pair 7 in only one of the homologs. This extra Ag-NOR site was confirmed by FISH using an rDNA probe. In addition to the NOR location, the C-banding pattern was also species-specific, despite the similar chromosomal morphology of the species. These results indicate that although these species may be closely related, there is a clear dichotomy in their chromosome number.