铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷16SrRNA甲基化酶基因分析

目的调查215株湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因分布情况。方法收集2011年1月至2012年12月湖州地区临床分离铜绿假单胞菌215株,琼脂稀释法测定5种氨基糖苷类抗菌药物（庆大霉素、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、伊帕米星、奈替米星）的MIC值;PCR检测armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD和npmA六种氨基糖苷类16S rRN甲基化酶基因,序列分析明确基因型。测定产16S rRNA甲基化酶菌株对常见抗菌的敏感性,并检测碳青霉烯耐药株产碳青霉烯酶情况。结果铜绿假单胞菌对异帕米星敏感率最高为81.4%,对5种氨基糖苷类抗生素全部耐药的22株菌株中,17株检出armA基因;未发现其他16S rRNA甲基化酶基因阳性菌株。17株armA阳性菌株对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药5株（耐药率为29.4%）,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星耐药率均超过40%。5株碳青霉烯耐药菌株中检测到2株产VIM-2型金属碳青霉烯酶。结论铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率高,检测到16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA。产16S rRNA甲基化酶铜绿假单胞菌耐药性强,部分菌株同时产金属碳青霉烯酶,给临床抗感染治疗及院内感染控制带来挑战。     

多重耐药黏液型铜绿假单胞菌 氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因检测

摘要：目的 研究多重耐药黏液型铜绿假单胞菌（MDR-mPA）氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因的分布,为合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法 采用纸片扩散（K-B）法对临床分离的MDR-mPA进行药敏试验,用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶。结果 61株MDR-mPA中共有23株检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶,其中aac(3)-Ⅱ阳性12株（48%）,aac(6′)-Ⅱ阳性9株（36%）,aac(6′)-Ⅰ阳性3株（12%）,ant(2″)-Ⅰ阳性1株（4%）。结论 黏液型铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药与氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因表达有关。     

携带armA基因的铜绿假单胞菌耐药性及基因周边环境

目的了解多重耐药(MDR)铜绿假单胞菌armA基因与可移动遗传元件的携带情况及其相关性;分析armA基因的周边环境,探讨armA基因转移的可能机制。方法收集MDR铜绿假单胞菌98株,琼脂稀释法测定MIC,PCR方法检测16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA、I型整合子、可移动元件IS26及重要耐药基因侧翼基因环境,测序并拼接PCR产物明确耐药基因座位排列,并对armA基因进行周边序列分析。结果 98株MDR铜绿假单胞菌检出5株armA基因PCR扩增阳性,携带armA基因的菌株对庆大霉素和阿米卡星全耐药;检出20株携带I型整合子,17株携带可移动元件IS26;armA基因扩增阳性的菌株均携带I型整合子和IS26;序列测序显示armA定位于Tn1548相关区域,位于插入序列ISCR1的下游,该序列含多种移动元件。结论大连市氨基糖苷类高水平耐药基因armA广泛分布在MDR铜绿假单胞菌中,均对庆大霉素和阿米卡星高度耐药;该基因定位在转座子Tn1548的质粒上,提示16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA的广泛播散可能是可移动元件ISCR1-armA-IS26结构参与其中。     

对一株铜绿假单胞菌22种耐药基因的研究

目的研究铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药情况和相关机制。方法采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法对一株多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌进行β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMEs）基因、喹诺酮类耐药基因、耐消毒剂基因（qacE△1-sul1）和整合酶基因检测,并对VIM基因进行了测序。结果PCR扩增结果显示该菌株aac（6′）-Ⅰb、blaCARB、gyrA、oprD2、ant（2″）-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、blaIMP-I、blaTEM、blaVEB、aac（3）-Ⅱ、ant（3″）-Ⅰ、intⅠ1、blaVIM基因均为阳性,而aac（3）-Ⅰ、aac（6′）-Ⅱ、blaGES、blaGIM、blaOXA-10群、blaPER、blaSPM、blaSHV、blaDHA基因均为阴性,VIM基因扩增产物测序后经BLAST同源性分析表明为VIM-2型。结论铜绿假单胞菌存在多重耐药基因。管壁涂有季胺类、双胍类消毒剂和磺胺的II代导管的抑菌效果需重新评价。     

铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因探讨

目的了解浙江省丽水地区铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa)临床分离株中氨基糖苷类修饰酶(aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes,AMEs)基因存在状况。方法从分离的40株Pa中,用微量稀释法测定其对3种氨基糖苷类抗生素的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)及序列分析的方法分析AMEs基因{aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ}类型。结果40株Pa分离株中ant(2")-Ⅰ和aac(6')-Ⅱ基因阳性率分别为52.5%和45.0%,未检出aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3')基因类型。结论丽水地区耐氨基糖苷类抗生素的铜绿假单胞菌存在ant(2")-Ⅰ和aac(6')-Ⅱ基因,且Pa对氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药严重,应注意对其进行临床检测和监控。     

大肠埃希菌连续分离株氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因研究

目的了解临床分离的大肠埃希菌耐药性及氨基糖苷类修饰酶（AMEs）基因的存在状况。方法测定临床分离的60株大肠埃希菌对19种抗菌药物的敏感性,采用PCR技术检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因。结果60株大肠埃希菌呈现多重耐药,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac（3）-Ⅱ、aac（6′）-Ⅰb、aac（6′）-Ⅱ、ant（3′′）-Ⅰ、ant（2′′）-Ⅰ的阳性率分别为36.7%、18.3%、0%、10%、1.6%。携带1种或1种以上基因的菌株有33株（55%）。结论临床分离的大肠埃希菌多重耐药严重,氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因携带率较高。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的研究

了解氨基糖苷类修饰酶、16S rRNA甲基化酶基因在多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中的流行情况。收集2014年12月至2015年3月厦门大学附属成功医院住院患者临床分离的多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共28株,采用VIKET Compact 2全自动细菌鉴定系统进行细菌鉴定,应用纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)法检测氨基糖苷类修饰酶、16S rRNA甲基化酶基因。结果显示,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌除对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率为21.4%外,对其他所测药物耐药率均50%,本组28株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌共检出5种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰb、ant(3")-Ⅰ、aph(3')-Ⅰ和1种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因arm A,阳性率分别为85.7%(24株)、7.14%(2株)、67.8%(19株)、92.9%(26株)、53.6%(15株)和82.1%(23株)。氨基糖苷类修饰酶、16S rRNA甲基化酶耐药基因是多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对氨基糖苷类耐药的重要原因。     

2010年宜昌市铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性分析

了解宜昌市铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）临床分离株的耐药现状。宜昌市城区5所医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌菌株,用K-B法作药敏试验,并根据统计其耐药情况及耐药表型（模式）分析可能存在的耐药机制。临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌共1 575株,耐药率依次为阿米卡星7.1%、美罗培南17.2%、头孢吡肟20.4%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦21.0%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦22.5%、环丙沙星23.1%、庆大霉素23.4%、头孢他啶25.0%、亚胺培南25.2%、哌拉西林30.4%、氨曲南34.5%、复方新诺明59.0%、米诺环素75.6%。多重耐药（MDR）和泛耐药（PDR）株分别占41.5%和0.17%。对各种抗假单胞菌药物分别耐药的菌株仍有13%～25.7%对阿米卡星敏感,提示在严重铜绿假单胞菌感染患者的治疗中,β内酰胺类抗假单胞菌药加氨基糖苷类仍是一个很好的联合用药组合。细菌耐药性仍呈增长趋势,临床上感染多重耐药和泛耐药的铜绿假单胞菌的治疗仍很棘手,应合理使用抗生素,尽量延缓耐药菌株的出现。     

617株耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌耐药性及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型研究

探讨耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因型。收集2011年7月至2013年12月上海市中医药大学附属曙光医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌共1 125株,筛选亚胺培南耐药株,常规纸片法检测其耐药性,并用E-test检测金属β-内酰胺酶（MBL）,采用PCR法检测耐药基因型。结果显示,1 125株铜绿假单胞菌中耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌共计617株,占54.8%;亚胺培南敏感铜绿假单胞菌共计508株,占45.2%。617株亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌100%为多重耐药,而亚胺培南敏感铜绿假单胞菌的多重耐药率仅为13.78%,明显较前者低（χ²=871.15,P<0.05）;亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌中MBL表型阳性共126株,阳性率为15.4%,94株(74.60%)表现为VIM-2阳性,10株（7.94%）表现为IMP-1阳性,1株检出OXA-10,〖WTBZ〗且该例菌株同时表达VIM-2。临床分离的耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌多为多重耐药,其产MBL的主要基因型是VIM-2。     

多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中Ⅰ型整合子新结构的发现及其与耐药的相关性

[目的]研究临床多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中Ⅰ型整合子的结构特征,探讨整合子与细菌多重耐药之间的相关性.[方法]收集临床样品中的铜绿假单胞菌,从中挑选多重耐药菌.采用聚合酶链式反应扩增Ⅰ型整合子可变区,应用酶切方法和DNA测序技术分析整合子基因结构,并采用SPSS19.0软件分析整合子与耐药表型间的相关性.[结果]多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌中Ⅰ型整合子的检出率为27.3％.Ⅰ型整合子基因盒排列形式共有3种(1500 bp、2300 bp和4000 bp),其中2种在其他细菌中也有发现.基因盒所编码的耐药基因有氨基糖苷类抗生素抗性基因(aadA、aadB、aac(6')Ⅱ和aadA13)、β-内酰胺类抗生素抗性基因(blaCARB8和oxa10)和氯霉素外排泵基因(cmlA8),耐药表型相关性分析表明整合子与氨基糖苷类抗生素抗性密切相关.[结论]在多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株中发现了3种不同Ⅰ型整合子结构,这3种结构中均含有氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药基因,其中aadB-aac(6')Ⅱ-blaCARB8结构最为流行.     

Aminoglycosides resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from a University Hospital in Bialystok, Poland

Staphylococcus aureus obtained from a University Hospital in Poland were characterized in relation to resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics and the distribution of the genes encoding the most clinically relevant aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). Of a total of 118 S. aureus, 45 (38.1%) isolates were found to be resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. All aminoglycoside resistant isolates except one 44 (97.8%) were resistant to kanamycin. The majority of strains 37 (82.2%) and 32 (71.1%) expressed resistance to neomycin and tobramycin, respectively. Eleven strains (24.4%) were resistant to gentamicin or amikacin. All S. aureus strains were sensitive to netilmicin. The most prevalent resistance gene was aac(6')-Ie+aph(2') found in 13 (28.9%) strains and 12 (26.7%) isolates carried ant(4')-Ia gene, whilst aph(3')-IIIa gene was detected in only 7 (15.6%) isolates. Additionally, the ant(6)-Ia and str genes were detected in 14 (31.1%) and 2 (4.4%) strains, respectively. Ten (22.2%) strains resistant to amikacin, tobramycin, kanamycin or neomycin did not harbor any of the above-noted genes.     

纹带棒状杆菌耐药特征研究

分析我国山东地区临床分离的纹带棒状杆菌对常用药物的敏感性,并对其耐药机制进行探讨。收集该省某三甲医院临床样本,用哥伦比亚血平板培养基对纹带棒状杆菌进行分离培养,用微量肉汤稀释法检测12种常用抗生素对纹带棒状杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC)。采用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)对耐药菌株的耐药基因[aph(3”)-Ⅰb、aph(6)-Ⅰd、aac(6’)-Ⅰb, tetW, ermX, gyrA]进行扩增、测序比对,以探讨相关的耐药机制。通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)对耐药基因ermX、tetW进行定量分析,采用公式2^－ΔΔCt计算基因相对表达量差异倍数。结果显示,共分离出纹带棒状杆菌83株,且均为多重耐药菌。对万古霉素、利奈唑胺表现为完全敏感;对红霉素、环丙沙星、克林霉素表现出完全耐药,对四环素的耐药率为86.7%(72/83),对庆大霉素的耐药率为38.6%(32/83);ermX基因的检出率为100%(83/83),tetW基因的检出率为88.0%(73/83),aph(3”)-Ⅰb基因的检出率为36.1%(30/83),aph(6)-Ⅰd基因的检出率为37.3%(31/83),aac(6’)-Ⅰb基因的检出率为15.7%(13/83)。ermX和tetW基因的相对表达量均有所变化,但变化不明显。内在型耐药(cMLS)是菌株对红霉素耐药的潜在机制。结果提示,本研究调查医院的纹带棒状杆菌耐药严重,耐药谱较为广泛,须引起医院和实验室的重视。     

Investigation of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococci

Methicillin-resistant staphylococci may also be resistant to some other antibiotics as well as beta-lactams. In this study, co-existence of resistance to methicillin and aminoglycosides was genetically investigated in staphylococci. A total of 50 staphylococci from in-patients, 17 Staphylococcus aureus and 33 coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) that contained mecA (gene encoding PBP 2a, an altered penicillin-binding protein) determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were included in the study. Aminoglycoside modifying enzyme (AME) genes were investigated using multiplex-PCR. Aminocyclitol-6'-acetyltransferase-aminocyclitol-2'-phosphotransferase [aac(6')/aph(2')] gene (encoding bifunctional acetyltransferases/phosphotransferases) was determined in 66% of the isolates, aminocyclitol-4'-adenylytransferase (ant(4')-Ia) gene (encoding phosphotransferases) in 24%, and aminocyclitol-3'-phosphotransferase (aph(3')-IIIa) gene (encoding nucleotidyltransferases) in 8%. Two isolates contained all these three genes. Thirty-six (72%) isolates had at least one of these genes. Three CNS and one S. aureus isolates sensitive to oxacillin had the mecA gene. In conclusion, a high rate of aminoglycoside resistance was determined in methicillin-resistant staphylococci. The aac(6')/aph(2') was the most frequently detected.     

Transposon Tn5281 is the main distributor of the aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene among isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Tehran hospitals

Infections with high levels of gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) isolates of Enterococcus faecalis are common in Tehran hospitals. Genes encoding such resistance are transmissible by conjugation at high frequency. The purpose of this study was to determine the existence of Tn5281 and its flanking aminoglycoside modifying enzyme gene aac(6')-aph(2") among 102 HLGR isolates of E. faecalis cultured from patients at three hospitals in Tehran, Iran. These isolates were detected by disks containing 120 microg of gentamicin and made 65% of all E. faecalis during the study period. DNA was extracted from HLGR isolates and subjected to PCR assays targeting aac(6')-aph(2") and conjugative transposon Tn5281. The amplified aac(6')-aph(2") gene was labeled with digoxigenin and probed with Tn5281 amplicons in dot blot hybridization assays. The aac(6')-aph(2") gene was detected in 91%-92% (n = 93) of the HLGR isolates. All isolates containing aac(6')-aph(2") were positive in long-PCR targeting Tn5281 and the probe hybridized with Tn5281 amplicons. The number of HLGR isolates of E. faecalis has increased considerably in Tehran hospitals. Tn5281 is the main cause of transmission of aac(6')-aph(2") to different isolates of E. faecalis in the hospitals studied.     

Phylogenetic analysis of proteolytic Acinetobacter strains based on the sequence of genes encoding aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases

The sequence of seven aac(6')-I genes encoding aminoglycoside 6'-N-acetyltransferases from proteolytic Acinetobacter strains including genomic species 14, 15, 16, and 17 and from ungrouped proteolytic strains 631, 640, and BM2722 was determined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA of these strains and of Acinetobacter sp. 6 CIP A165 digested with SfiI followed by hybridization with rRNA and aac(6')-I specific probes indicated that these genes were located in the chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes indicated that aac(6')-I of A. baumannii, Acinetobacter ungrouped strain 631, and Acinetobacter sp. 16 formed a cluster (91.5 to 92.3% identity) whereas aac(6')-I of Acinetobacter sp. 15, sp. 17, and Acinetobacter ungrouped strain BM2722 formed another cluster (90.7 to 94.6% identity). A third cluster was constituted by A. haemolyticus and Acinetobacter sp. 6 (83.6% identity). The phylogeny drawn from aac(6')-I sequences was consistent with that based on DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotype comparison. The aac(6')-I genes were all species specific except for aac(6')-Ih located in a 13.7-kb non conjugative plasmid from A. baumannii BM2686. We conclude that aac(6')-I genes may be suitable for identification at the species level and for analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of Acinetobacter.     

Occurrence of aminoglycoside-modifying-enzyme genesaac(6′)-aph(2″), aph(3′), ant(4′) andant(6) in clinical isolates ofEnterococcus faecalis resistant to high-level of gentamicin and amikacin

The genes coding for 4 aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes AAC(6')-APH(2"), APH(3'), ANT(4') and ANT(6) were determined in 44 Slovak clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis with high-level resistance to gentamicin (HLGR, collection 1) and 48 E. faecalis isolates with resistance to amikacin (AR, collection 2). The occurrence of spotted genes was (collection 1 vs. collection 2): aac(6)-aph(2") 81.8 vs. 8.3 %, ant(4') 52.3 vs. 81.3 %, aph(3') 50 vs. 56.3 % and ant(6) 6.8 vs. 4.2 %, the most frequent combinations of genes in the HLGR collection were aac(6')-aph(2") + ant(4') and aac(6')-aph(2") + aph(3). In contrast, the aph(3') + ant(4') gene profile was predominant in AR isolates. None of the isolates contained all four AGME genes simultaneously.     

Identification of strain harboring both aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-Ib-cr variant simultaneously in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

The aac(6')-Ib gene is the most prevalent gene that encodes aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and confers resistance to tobramycin, kanamycin, and amikacin. The aac(6')-Ib-cr variant gene can induce resistance against aminoglycoside and fluoroquinolone simultaneously. Two main methods, sequence analysis and the restriction enzyme method, can detect the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant in clinical strains. We collected the 85 strains that were believed to be aac(6')-Ib positive from clinical isolates. Among them, 38 strains were the wild-type; the remaining 47 strains were the aac(6')-Ib-cr variant. Of these 47 strains, 19 simultaneously harbored aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-Ib-cr. Our study aims to report the characteristics of the 19 strains that simultaneously harbored both genes. This study is the first investigation published in Korea of strains that included both aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-Ib-cr variant.