鸟类生态能量学的几个基本问题

生态能量学是在种群和群落水平上寻求能量与进化适合度之间的关系。本文从能量运行的最适化原理、能量与适合度之间的关系、能量与生活史进化、能量的摄入与需求是如何调节的、能量与有机体结构与功能的联系、能量和觅食理论以及能量分配与性选择等7个方面介绍了鸟类能量学的研究进展,并指出进化的最适化原理是认识能量运行模式的重要理论手段。     

鸟类生态能量学的几个基本问题（综述）

生态能量学是在种群和群落水平上寻求能量与进化适合度之间的关系。本文从能量运行的最 适化原理、能量与适合度之间的关系、能量与生活史进化、能量的摄入与需求是如何调节的、能量与有机体结构与功能的联系、能量和觅食理论以及能量分配与性选择等7个方面介绍了鸟类能量学的研究进展,并指出进化的最适化原理是认识能量运行模式的重要理论手段。     

昆虫生态能学理论及其在害虫管理中的应用

能量流动是所有生态系统内在的共有的功能特征之一。昆虫作为生态系统中的一个重要组成成分,它的生态能学研究受到了极大的关注。目前,国外已对100多种昆虫的个体能量收支和种群能量动态进行了研究[1]．国内这方面起步较晚,迄今仅见褐飞虱NilaparvatalugensStal[2]、棉蚜AphisgossypiiGlover[3]、棉铃虫HelicoverpaarmigeraHuber[4,5]、狭翅维蝗Chorithppusdubius（Zub)]6]和捕食性天敌类昆虫[7]的个体能量收支或种群能量动态的报告。本文根据作者对昆虫生态能学的研究及有关文献,系统地论述了昆虫生态能学的理论、方法及其在害虫管…     

鸟类能量代谢研究进展

鸟类能量学是研究鸟类能量代谢的科学,是一门发展迅速的学科。基础代谢和热调节代谢是其主要研究焦点,能量支出渠道是鸟类能量学研究发展中的重要课题。     

青藏高原小型哺乳动物的生理生态学研究：从个体到生态系统

本文回顾了青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究取得的主要成就,包括能量代谢特征与环境适应性、适应性产热与体温调节、能量平衡与体重调节、生理极限值和种群能流估算等,总结了近年一些新兴领域的最新进展,包括双标记水方法测定能量消耗、肠道菌群的功能、地理生理学、种群生理学、植物次生代谢产物及其生理功能等。有些工作引领了中国动物生理生态学的发展,如生态能量学、适应性产热和生理适应等。本文对未来需要发展的领域和深入方面提出了建议,希望能建立青藏高原小型哺乳动物生理生态学学科体系。     

二种群生态系统的能量结构分析

每一个生命系统均存在一个能量系统与之相对应。能量进入生命系统后按生理的组织和功能进行分配,形成具有特定的能量传递关系,组分配置关系及相互关联形式的能量结构,这种结构是完成一定生命功能的物质基础,也是不同生命系统之间相互区别的重要特征。以二种群生态系统分析为例,从其能量的传输类型,配置和奇点的控制特性三个方面扼要地介绍了生命能量系统结构的概念和分析方法。     

鸟类鸣声结构地理变异及其分类学意义

鸟声作为鸟类重要的生物学特征,是鸟类行为与声学研究相互交叉,相互渗透的新的边缘学科,近年来录音及声谱分析技术的发展使得鸟声研究已渗透到鸟类的各个研究领域。鸟类鸣声结构的地理变异,有时也称“鸟声方言”,不仅具有一定的种群稳定性而且具有个体性。它不仅与种群的遗传有关,而且与环境的异质性以及鸣声学习有关;鸣声方言可部分地阻碍种群的扩散,阻碍种群的基因漂移,从而影响到种群的基因库,长时间的地理隔离和生类学     

能量生态学研究的历史与发展趋势

综述了能量生态学的定义,研究历史和现状,能量生态学是研究生命系统与环境系统能量结构与功能的科学,其历史可分为古代的萌芽阶段,借助于物理和地理学的研究初期,借助于科学技术发展的研究中期,产量和生产力生态时期,近期研究进展和发展趋势等５个阶段,最后总结了我国能量生态学的现状与发展趋势。     

害虫生态调控的生态阈值及关键理论问题

害虫种群可持续控制一直是农业生态学基础研究的关键问题之一,也是保障粮食安全的重要研究领域。如何以采用环境代价小、可持续性强及提质增效的生态技术进行害虫种群管理是近十年来国内外关注的热点问题,但一直缺乏完整具体可操作性的理论框架。本文以害虫生态调控为切入点,对生态阈值和生态效率进行了细致的论述,并尝试建立了生态阈值的技术指标。同时,本文对害虫生态调控中的关键理论问题进行了归纳,包括种群生态学模型、食物网结构、尺度效应以及生态能学等方面。最终本文对当前的研究进展做了展望,旨在促进害虫生态调控的进一步发展。     

慈竹克隆种群能量动态研究

本文引用Ｈａｒｐｅｒ的构件结构理论,从克隆构件,克隆分株和克隆种群３个层次,系统探索我国特有种慈竹克隆种群能量动态,研究结果表明：慈竹克隆种群单位量能值变化随其生长季节,生长发育阶段和年龄不同而异,冬季单位能值升高,换叶期单位能值聚然下降;生殖阶段单位能值降低,但龄级间差异较大,慈竹克隆种群具整合作用。影响慈竹克隆种群能量变动的因素主要是大气温度,湿度和种群生殖与换叶等。     

The application of mass and energy conservation laws in physiologically structured population models of heterotrophic organisms

Rules for energy uptake, and subsequent utilization, form the basis of population dynamics and, therefore, explain the dynamics of the ecosystem structure in terms of changes in standing crops and size distributions of individuals. Mass fluxes are concomitant with energy flows and delineate functional aspects of ecosystems by defining the roles of individuals and populations. The assumption of homeostasis of body components, and an assumption about the general structure of energy budgets, imply that mass fluxes can be written as weighted sums of three organizing energy fluxes with the weight coefficients determined by the conservation law of mass. These energy fluxes are assimilation, maintenance and growth, and provide a theoretical underpinning of the widely applied empirical method of indirect calorimetry, which relates dissipating heat linearly to three mass fluxes: carbon dioxide production, oxygen consumption and N-waste production. A generic approach to the stoichiometry of population energetics from the perspective of the individual organism is proposed and illustrated for heterotrophic organisms. This approach indicates that mass transformations can be identified by accounting for maintenance requirements and overhead costs for the various metabolic processes at the population level. The theoretical background for coupling the dynamics of the structure of communities to nutrient cycles, including the water balance, as well as explicit expressions for the dissipating heat at the population level are obtained based on the conservation law of energy. Specifications of the general theory employ the Dynamic Energy Budget model for individuals. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

Individual Energetics and the Equilibrium Demography of Structured Populations

This paper considers the relationship between the demographic mechanisms of population control and the energetics of the individuals who comprise the population. We examine the equilibrium properties of a class of structured population models in which individuals compete for some environmental resource (such as food) and demonstrate that population demography is independent of the nature of the feedback loop which establishes the equilibrium state. We thus derive general insights into the influence exerted by individual energetic and allocation strategies on population average demographic characteristics. We show that models of individual energetics which produce apparently very similar predictions at the individual level can result in very different behaviour at the population level. In addition, we observe that different models of individual mortality can imply marked differences in population demography and that the common assumption of constant mortality can be responsible for potentially unrealistic model behaviour. Our results emphasise the substantial data requirements for parameterising and testing individual-based models.     

The energetics of fish growth and how it constrains food‐web trophic structure

The allocation of metabolic energy to growth fundamentally influences all levels of biological organisation. Here we use a first‐principles theoretical model to characterise the energetics of fish growth at distinct ontogenetic stages and in distinct thermal regimes. Empirically, we show that the mass scaling of growth rates follows that of metabolic rate, and is somewhat steeper at earlier ontogenetic stages. We also demonstrate that the cost of growth, E_m, varies substantially among fishes, and that it may increase with temperature, trophic level and level of activity. Theoretically, we show that E_m is a primary determinant of the efficiency of energy transfer across trophic levels, and that energy is transferred more efficiently between trophic levels if the prey are young and sedentary. Overall, our study demonstrates the importance of characterising the energetics of individual growth in order to understand constraints on the structure of food webs and ecosystems.     

Energetics of a population of the mud crab Panopeus herbstii (Milne Edwards) In the north inlet estuary,South Carolina

The energetics of a population of the intertidal crab Panopeus herbstii (Milne Edwards) was examined based on population density, size structure, standing crop, respiration, and production. The relative influence of cyclic and constant acclimation temperatures both weight-adjusted and weight-unadjusted on energetics was determined. Energy flow was calculated to be 273–322 kcal · m^?2 · yr^?1 depending on the type of respiration estimate.     

Food web structure and body size: trophic position and resource acquisition

Ulrich Brose Body size is recognized as an important determinant of trophic structure as it affects individual energetic demands, population density, and the interaction between potential prey and predators. However, its relationship with trophic position remains unclear. It has been hypothesized that a positive relationship between body size and trophic position would be associated to some particular trophic structures, which would allow larger organisms to satisfy their energetic demand and sustain viable population sizes at higher trophic positions, where fewer resources are available. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the diet of 619 killifishes from four species (Austrolebias cheradophilus, A. luteoflammulatus, A. viarius and Cynopoecilus melanotaenia), collected in temporary ponds occurring in the grasslands of Rocha, Uruguay. Trophic position, diet richness, number of energy sources, and evenness were estimated for 20 size classes, formed by consecutive groups of 31 individuals. Gape limitation and preference for the larger available prey were evaluated as explanations for observed patterns with an individual based model (IBM). In agreement with the hypothesis, killifishes presented a strong positive relationship between trophic position and body size (R²=0.86), associated with a trophic structure that could allow larger organisms to have access to more energy from the environment. This was reflected in a positive relationship between body size and 1) prey richness, 2) number of basal energy sources (i.e. plants, detritus, phytoplankton and terrestrial prey), and 3) evenness in prey use. IBM results showed that changes in trophic structure with body size are well explained by gape limitation, but not by size preferences. Our results suggest that the fulfilment of the greater energetic demands of larger organism will depend on community diversity, which typically increases with ecosystem size, indicating a novel connection between area, diversity, body size, and food chain length.     

Calculating Climate Effects on Birds and Mammals: Impacts on Biodiversity, Conservation, Population Parameters, and Global Community Structure

This paper describes how climate variation in time and spacecan constrain community structure on a global scale. We explorebody size scaling and the energetic consequences in terms ofabsorbed mass and energy and expended mass and energy. We explainhow morphology, specific physiological properties, and temperaturedependent behaviors are key variables that link individual energeticsto population dynamics and community structure. This paper describes an integrated basic principles model formammal energetics and extends the model to bird energetics.The model additions include molar balance models for the lungsand gut. The gut model couples food ingested to respiratorygas exchanges and evaporative water loss from the respiratorysystem. We incorporate a novel thermoregulatory model that yieldsmetabolic calculations as a function of temperature. The calculationsmimic empirical data without regression. We explore the differencesin the quality of insulation between hair and feathers withour porous media model for insulation. For mammals ranging in size from mice to elephants we show thatcalculated metabolic costs are in agreement with experimentaldata. We also demonstrate how we can do the same for birds rangingin size from hummingbirds to ostriches. We show the impact ofchanging posture and changing air temperatures on energeticcosts for birds and mammals. We demonstrate how optimal bodysize that maximizes the potential for growth and reproductionchanges with changing climatic conditions and with diet quality.Climate and diet may play important roles in constraining communitystructure (collection of functional types of different bodysizes) at local and global scales. Thus, multiple functionaltypes may coexist in a locality in part because of the temporaland spatial variation in climate and seasonal food variation.We illustrate how the models can be applied in a conservationand biodiversity context to a rare and endangered species ofparrot, the Orange-bellied Parrot of Australia and Tasmania.     

定量评价天敌控害功能的生态能学方法

由于昆虫的能量完全来自于寄主,因此昆虫摄入的能量相当于食物的被取食消耗量。生态能量学方法的基本原理就是捕食性天敌完全依靠捕食猎物(害虫)而获取能量。显然,捕食性天敌摄入的能量就相当于为猎物(害虫)的被捕食消耗量,也即是捕食性天敌摄入量等于猎物(害虫)的被捕食消耗量。由此,可通过研究捕食性天敌和害虫种群的能量动态,定量分析捕食性天敌对害虫的控制作用。本文详细论述了生态能量学方法的基本原理、测算方法,并以棉田捕食性瓢虫类捕食作用为例,介绍了该方法的应用,为定量评价天敌的控害作用提供了一种新方法。     

Meeting the energy demands of reproduction in female koalas,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Phascolarctos cinereus</Emphasis>: evidence for energetic compensation

Koalas are generally considered to be limited by their ability to acquire energy from their diet of Eucalyptus foliage and have the lowest mass-specific peak lactational energy output measured in any mammal to date. This study considered the energetics and sources of energy utilised for reproduction in free-ranging female koalas. Energy requirements and foliage intake were greater in both lactating and non-lactating females in winter than summer, presumably due to demands of thermoregulation. Koalas met the peak energy requirements of lactation primarily by a 36% increase in their intake of foliage. Metabolic energy expenditure (field metabolic rate, 1778 kJ.day^–1 for a 6.25-kg female at the time of peak lactation) was not elevated during lactation. This was due to compensation for part of their lactational demands by reduction of another, non-reproductive, component of their energy budget. The observed energetic compensation was probably due primarily to substitution of the waste heat from the metabolic costs of milk production and increased heat increment of feeding for thermoregulatory energy expenditure. There may also have been energetic compensation by reduction of some aspect of maintenance metabolism. Such energetic compensation, together with the strategy of spreading lactation over a long period, minimises the magnitude of lactational energy demands on koalas, and thus the increase in daily food intake required during lactation. As the nutritional requirements of females at peak lactation are the highest of any members of the population, low reproductive requirements effectively increase the types and amount of habitat able to support koala populations.Abbreviations FMR field metabolic rate - HIF heat increment of feeding - RMR resting metabolic rate - _O2 rate of oxygen consumptionCommunicated by I.D. Hume     

Sex‐specific selection on energy metabolism – selection coefficients for winter survival

Selection for different fitness optima between sexes is supposed to operate on several traits. As fitness‐related traits are often energetically costly, selection should also act directly on the energetics of individuals. However, efforts to examine the relationship between fitness and components of the energy budget are surprisingly scarce. We investigated the effects of basal metabolic rate (BMR, the minimum energy required for basic life functions) and body condition on long‐term survival (8 winter months) with manipulated densities in enclosed populations of bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Here, we show that survival selection on BMR was clearly sex‐specific but density‐independent. Both the linear selection gradient and selection differential for BMR were positive in females, whereas survival did not correlate with male characteristics. Our findings emphasize the relative importance of individual physiology over ecological factors (e.g. intra‐specific competition). Most current models of the origin of endothermy underline the importance of metabolic optima in females, whose physiology evolved to fulfil demands of parental provisioning in mammals. Our novel findings of sex‐specific selection could be related to these life history differences between sexes.