蒙古沙冬青对灰斑古毒蛾重复取食响应的代谢组学分析

植物对同种昆虫重复取食做出更有效的响应是植物适应自然界虫害周期性爆发的重要策略。为了研究蒙古沙冬青对其主要害虫灰斑古毒蛾幼虫重复取食响应的代谢基础,本实验采用基于核磁共振（NMR）的代谢组学技术,分析了遭受同一年不同代灰斑古毒蛾幼虫取食的蒙古沙冬青叶片和对照组幼苗叶片的代谢差异。结果表明,仅遭受第一代幼虫取食叶片在第二代幼虫期与对照之间代谢物存在较小差异,而仅遭受第二代幼虫取食叶片与遭受两代幼虫取食叶片代谢差异显著,仅遭受第一代与仅遭受第二代幼虫取食的植株相邻分枝叶片差异显著。另外,只有仅遭受第二代幼虫取食组幼苗表现出处理叶片与相邻分枝叶片的显著代谢差异,并且这种代谢差异为总体代谢的变化,而并未表现为特定代谢物含量变化。由此可见,蒙古沙冬青能在代谢水平以很小的代谢变化来保存昆虫取食信息,在遭受同种昆虫取食后,代谢差异被放大,而且这种信息保存在遭受取食叶片中表现更明显。     

适合三种鳞翅目昆虫的一种人工饲料配方

【目的】昆虫的人工饲养是昆虫学研究和害虫防治技术研究的重要基础,开发一种适用于多种昆虫的人工饲料将大大减少昆虫饲养的成本,提高工作效率。【方法】本研究以美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea(Drury)为初试昆虫,通过两次正交试验开发出一种适合饲养美国白蛾、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura(Fabricius)和舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar(L.)3种多食性昆虫的人工饲料配方。【结果】该配方的成分和比例为:麦胚(12%)、蔗糖(2%)、酪蛋白(4.5%)、琼脂(1.5%)、氯化胆碱(0.05%)、韦氏盐(1.0%)、山梨酸(0.4%)、对羟基苯甲酸(0.25%)、抗坏血酸(0.5%)、范氏维生素B(0.003%)、胆固醇(0.1%)和肌醇(0.035%)。【结论】该配方饲养3种昆虫在幼虫历期、蛹重、成蛹率和羽化率等各项指标均表现优良。本研究的试验方法和配方将会为其他多食性昆虫人工饲料的开发提供借鉴。     

寄生灰斑古毒蛾的姬蜂(膜翅目,姬蜂科)及一新种记述

报道采集自宁夏和内蒙古、寄生灰斑古毒蛾Orgyia ericae Germar的4种姬蜂:地蚕大铗姬蜂Eutanyacra picta(Schrank)、舞毒蛾黑瘤姬蜂Pimpla disparis Viereck、寡埃姬蜂Itoplectis viduata(Gravenhorst)、古毒蛾歧腹姬蜂Dichrogaster orgyiae Sheng,sp.nov.。介绍了新种和近似种及我国已知种的主要区别特征并附彩色特征图。     

五种绢丝昆虫随机扩增多态性DNA分析

本文对家蚕、野桑蚕、蓖麻蚕、柞蚕和天蚕等5种绢丝昆虫进行了随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析。40个引物中有27个引物能扩增出536个清晰且重复性强的条带,其中可变条带数为520个,单个引物扩增的条带数在11～28之间,平均为19.9,各片段分子量大小在0.29～2.67kb之间。每个样本都能找出其独特的分子标记。家蚕与野桑蚕的遗传距离(D)最小,为0.3760;家蚕与蓖麻蚕的遗传距离(D)最大,为0.7488。根据遗传距离,用UPGMA聚类分析方法构建了它们的分子树。 Abstract：Five species of silk insects including Bombyx mori, B. manolarina, Philosamia cynthia, Autheraea pernyi and A. yamamai were analyzed by RAPD method using 40 arbitrary primers. In these primers, 27 of them could amplify clear and repeating bands. 536 fragments were obtained and the variable bands were 520. Each primer gave 11～28 bands and the average was 19.9. The length of the fragments is 0.29～2.67 kb. Some distinctive bands were found in every species. The genetic distance(D) between bombyx mori and B. manolarina is 0.3760, which is the lowest. The highest D value is 0.7488, which between Bombyx mori and Philosamia cynhia. The D value was then used to construct a dendrogram by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetical averages(UPGMA).     

贵州五种野山茶种子氨基酸及脂肪酸成分含量的研究

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和氨基酸比值系数法,对贵州五种野山茶种子氨基酸和主要脂肪酸成分含量进行了研究。结果表明:(1)五种野山茶种子中均含有13种氨基酸,不同种类的氨基酸总量差异极显著,必需氨基酸和非必需氨基酸含量的差异显著(P0.01,P0.05),且第一限制性氨基酸含量不同;长柱红山茶(Camellia longistyla)和贵州红山茶(C.kweichouensis)的氨基酸总量及人体必需氨基酸含量分别为33.01、13.29和26.33、10.38 mg·g~(-1)。(2)不同种类种子的千粒重、含油率、含水率皆呈显著差异(P0.01,P0.05),种子含油率与不饱和脂肪酸含量显著正相关(R=0.556、P0.05),种子不饱和脂肪酸含量与棕榈酸、饱和脂肪酸含量极显著负相关(R=-0.791,P0.01;R=-0.776,P0.01),其中长柱红山茶和贵州红山茶种子的含油率和不饱和脂肪酸含量分别为43.93%、71.89%和43.91%、71.85%。(3)小黄花茶(C.luteoflora)、皱叶瘤果茶(C.rhytidophylla)、贵州红山茶、长柱红山茶、美丽红山茶(C.delicata)所含必需氨基酸与总氨基酸比值分别为44.9、43.3、39.0、40.9、33.8,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值分别为81.6、76.4、64.0、67.4、51.0,除了美丽红山茶的比值系数偏低外,其余4种均达到了WHO/FAO的理想蛋白质标准,种子蛋白质均具有较高的营养价值,其中长柱红山茶和贵州红山茶的种子含油脂质量等级指标接近我国现行茶油标准(GB11765—2003),可以作为重要的优质油茶种质资源加以开发利用。     

三种鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫α-微管蛋白基因的克隆与mRNA表达水平

根据昆虫微管蛋白的分子特征筛选对昆虫微管有效的抑制剂来控制昆虫的生长发育或不同器官的有效功能的表达来达到控制害虫的目的,在未来的害虫综合治理中具有广泛的应用前景。以预蛹期甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua、小地老虎Agrotis ypsilon和八字地老虎Agrotis c-nigrum为材料提取总RNA,利用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(RACE),分别扩增得到以上3种夜蛾科昆虫的α-微管蛋白基因的cDNA序列,3种昆虫的该基因序列均包括1个1353个碱基的开放阅读框。这3个cDNA序列均编码1个含450个氨基酸的蛋白,分子量约为50kDa。氨基酸的142~148位存在1个微管蛋白信号片段GGGTGSG,在氨基酸序列的C-端都有1个酪氨酸残基,N-端存在1个对转录后调控非常重要的保守区MRECI序列,以上特点与其他昆虫α-微管蛋白氨基酸序列保守区序列相同。序列比对表明,克隆得到的α-微管蛋白基因的核苷酸序列是高度保守的,同源性为94.4%~97.0%,而氨基酸的序列同源性达到100%。利用RT-PCR技术在3种昆虫4龄、5龄、6龄幼虫、蛹期4个不同发育阶段和6龄期的肠道、体壁、脂肪体3种不同组织中都检测到了α-微管蛋白基因在mRNA水平的表达。     

烟实夜蛾脂肪酸结合蛋白基因的克隆、序列分析与表达

应用RT-PCR技术,从烟实夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta幼虫脂肪体组织和血细胞总RNA中反转录扩增脂肪酸结合蛋白(fatty-acid binding protein,FABP)基因的cDNA片段,克隆到原核表达载体pGEX-4T-2上,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),用IPTG进行诱导表达并进行检测。结果表明：扩增得到的片段全长399 bp(GenBank登录号为DQ299942),编码132个氨基酸残基,预测分子量15.0 kD,等点电5.83。FABP融合了GST。原核表达后经电泳检测到约41 kD大小的外源蛋白,Western blot检测表明是目的蛋白。     

五种底栖硅藻(鲍鱼饵料)的脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱分析了5种从鲍鱼育苗池中分离获得的底栖硅藻的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,作为鲍鱼饵料的5种硅藻的C_(16:0)和C_(16:1)含量都很高,达总脂肪酸的40%~80%,是5种硅藻中脂肪酸的主要成分。C20:5的含量均较高,而C_(22:6)含量均很低。其中,咖啡双眉藻的C_(20:5)明显高于其他4种,且C_(20:5)、C_(20:4)、C_(18:2)、C_(18:3)等4种脂肪酸的总含量也最高。而C_(16:0)、C_(18:0)、C_(18:1)、C_(20:4)、C_(20:5)、C_(22:5)脂肪酸的总含量及C_(16)系列脂肪酸和C_(20)系列高不饱和脂肪酸的总含量在舟形藻(MMDL51102)中最高。     

梨形环棱螺五种酶分子与大运河底泥重金属含量相关分析

运用样点笼内放养法,研究了京杭大运河不同污染程度环境对梨形环棱螺内脏团中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)和胆碱酯酶(CHE)的影响,进行了酶活性与样点底泥重金属含量的相关分析.结果表明,梨形环棱螺组织抗氧化保护酶系统的SOD、CAT、GSH-PX和GST活性是指示污染的敏感指标,其监测结果与水化学评价结果基本一致.在10 d暴露中,SOD酶活性被激活,CAT、GSH-PX和GST酶活性在污染环境中被抑制,CHE活性变化比较复杂.酶活性变化与底泥重金属的含量相关性很大.     

Fatty acid composition of roots and root nodules of Alnus species

Fatty acid composition of roots and root nodules from Alnus species is reported. Differences in total lipid content and in fatty acid composition w     

Fatty acid composition of fern spore lipids

Fatty acid composition of lipids isolated from spores of different fern groups show differences between the families whereas species variations within the families are smaller. As in seed fats, the spore lipids are mainly triglycerides, with the exception of Osmunda where free fatty acids accumulate. The spore lipids contain as major components oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid although those of the sporophylls contain C-20 polyunsaturated acids.     

Fatty acid composition of a new marine picoplankton species of the Chromophyta

A marine yellowish picoplankton, strain PP301, which was newly isolated from the surface seawater of the western Pacific Ocean was an eminent producer of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its fatty acids were mostly shared by the shortest saturated form (14:0, 20–30%) and polyunsaturated forms (20:4, EPA and DHA) which accounted for about 50% of the total fatty acids. The amount of intermediate forms in 16 and 18 carbon chains were very little. This composition was consistently observed irrespective of the growth temperatures (15–35 °C).     

Fatty acid composition and the classification of the Porifera

Investigation of the fatty acid profiles of 55 species of Porifera has confirmed the occurrence of high percentages of both long chain fatty acids (C₂₄-C₃₀) and polyunsaturated acids. These features of the fatty acid profile in conjunction with the content of branched chain acids and the dominance of particular acids in different species allow some systematic discussion. The Dictyoceratida, Clathriidae, Halichondrida, Homoscleromorpha and Calcarea are distinguished by aspects of their fatty acid profiles. The diversity in number and type of sponge fatty acids exceeds that of any other phylum. Environmentally induced variation in fatty acid content is such that percentage compositions alone have little taxonomic informational value.     

Fatty acid and sterol compositions in mushrooms of ten species of polyporaceae

The simple lipids present in ten species of Polyporaceae (Piptororus betulinus, Coriolus pargamenus, C. versicolor, C. heteromorphus, Formitopsis cytisina, F. pinicola, Microporus flabelliformis, Gloephyllum saepiarium, Crytoderma citrinum and Grifola frondosa) were investigated. The fatty acids that these species had in common were C₁₆-saturated acids (except in P. betulinus) and C₁₈-unsaturated acids. Ergosterol and ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol were isolated from these mushrooms. Lupeol was obtained from G. saepiarium. Ergost-7-en-3β-ol, lanosterol and 24-methylene-24,25-dihydrolanosterol were tentatively identified.     

Fatty acid composition of mutants of the moss Physcomitrella patens

The fatty acid composition of various mutant strains of the moss Physcomitrella patens has been compared to the wild-type. These included strains defective in their responses to auxins and/or cytokinins, one which releases much more cytokinin into the medium than the wild-type, and two aphototropic strains. The lipids of the aphototropic mutants were also studied after culture in different light regimes. Although some differences in fatty acid composition have been found between strains, these alone are probably not responsible for their physiological differences. Considerable changes occur in many fatty acids in senescent or dark-grown material, including changes in the proportion of C₂₀ polyenoic fatty acids.     

Fatty acid composition and the classification of the Porifera

The fatty acid content of 30 species of Porifera, including samples of Hexactinellida and Lithistida for which no fatty acid data previously existed, have been examined. The sponges are unique among animal phyla in diversity of fatty acids with generally high levels of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs; C_24–30, high unsaturation (mainly polyunsaturation), high incidence of branched and odd chain fatty acids. Further, peculiarities in proportions of individual acids of particular chain lengths distinguish the phylum. Hexactinellid fatty acid traits corresponded closely to those of Demospongiae while the calcareous species was atypical in exhibiting low levels of LCFAs and unsaturation. Seasonal and geographical influences on components of the fatty acid profile limit the extent to which this information can be utilized in a chemotaxonomic sense.     

Fatty acid composition of ten marine algae from australian waters

Detailed fatty acid analyses are reported for ten benthic algae from Australian waters of which the data for Cladophora fascicularis (Chlorophyta); Polysiphonia pungens, Porphyra sp., Centroceras clavatum (Rhodophyta); Hormosira banksii, Ralfsia sp., and Dictyota dichomota (Phaeophyta) are presented for the first time. The analyses report the exact molecular structure of component acids which is essential for taxonomic and food chain studies. The acid 16:4ω3 could be taxonomically distinguishing for species of the Chlorophyta. The occurrence of cis-vaccenic acid (18:1ω7) in the algae reported here suggests a distribution in marine benthic algae which is wider than hitherto realised, with particular taxonomic importance for Chlorophyta species in which it occurs in high levels. Corallina officinalis was found to contain the non-methylene interrupted acids 20:2 and 22:2.     

Fatty acid composition of the cold-water-inhabiting freshwater red alga Sirodotia Kylin

Four samples of freshwater alga Sirodotia (class Rhodophyceae) collected from two distinct streams in the Mahabaleshwar, Satara district (1,732 m a.s.l.) of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra (India) were analysed for their fatty acid content. The presence of 32 fatty acids was revealed, of which 13 were saturated (SFA), 8 were monounsaturated (MUFA) and 11 were polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids. The major finding was the presence of three pharmaceutically and neutraceutically important PUFAs: arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentanoeic acid (EPA), and docosahexanoiec acid (DHA). The major fatty acids identified were palmitic (16:0), cis-11,14 icodienoic (20:2), behenic (22:0), cis-8,11,14 eicosatrienoic(20:3n6), cis-4,7,10,13,16,19 docosahexanoeic (22:6n3), cis-13,16 docosadienoic (22:2), erucic (22:1n9), -5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoic (20:5n3), trichosonoic (23:0), nervonic (24:0), arachidonic (20:4n6), cis-10 pentadecanoic (15:1), cis-11,14,17 eicosatrienoic (20:3n3), and myristic acid (14:0). The total PUFA contents ranged from 31.45 to 40.37%. The fatty acids were characterised by the relatively high abundance of PUFAs, while C20 unsaturated acids were appreciably more abundant than C18 unsaturated acids. This is the first report on fatty acid profiles of the genus Sirodotia.