沙门氏菌滤过型的研究

根据 B.(1954)的报道,细菌滤遇型早在1907年巳被发现。其后有很多学者进行了这方面的工作。(F.B.Cooper 和 S.A.Petroff,1928;Phillip Hadley 等,1931;H.1925;B.B.CyKaen,B.1937;H.H.1954;B.1954;E.Klieneberger-Nobel,1951;I.Nasz 和 B.Lovas,1956)。近年来滤过型存在的重要性更引起了医学家与生物学家的普遍注意;但是这种形态在生物学上与免疫学上的意义,直到现在,还不够清楚。我们于1955年开始沙门氏菌中的伤寒桿菌及乙型伤寒桿菌滤过型问题的研究。     

Ochre Suppression in SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

A bacterial strain was constructed which permitted positive selection for ochre suppressor mutations as well as for the loss of suppressor function. A derivative bearing an ochre suppressor mutation was selected following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. The suppressor-bearing strain was treated with nitrous acid to eliminate suppressor function by mutation, and a strain lacking suppressor activity was selected. The selected strain which had lost suppressor function was then subjected to mutagenesis to induce a second suppressor mutation. The alternating sequence (induction of an ochre suppressor mutation → induction of a mutation eliminating ochre suppressor activity) was repeated 29 and one-half times in a single strain. Some of the suppressor mutations were tentatively mapped at four locations on the chromosome. The first suppressor mutation selected maps at about minute 30 on the chromosome. The second suppressor selected maps at approximately minute 60, while the third suppressor maps nearby, possibly as far as minute 72. Among the subsequently selected suppressor mutations, all eleven which were mapped were cotransducible with the gal and nic loci near minute 36 on the chromosome and may represent more than one suppressor gene. Deletions were selected which inactivate two of the ochre suppressor alleles mapping near the gal-nic region, suggesting that one or more such genes are dispensable. Some evidence also suggests that the occurrence of either deletion mutations or transduction-mediated recombination events in the gal-nic region can cause instability of nearby suppressor alleles.     

Nonsense Motility Mutants in SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM

Of 313 motility-deficient mutants isolated from an LT2 his(amber) strain fixed in phase 1 by gene vh2(-), 25 regained motility when amber or ochre suppressors were introduced, in F' factors or by transduction. The fla mutants (23 amber, 1 ochre) fell in complementation groups A, B, C, F, K, a new group, M, and at least one further new group; the hypothesis of a fla gene which specifies only an RNA structural component of a flagellum-synthesizing basal apparatus is disproven for the corresponding genes. Hfr and transductional crosses confirmed gene assignments from complementation and indicated that flaM and another new fla locus map near H1. A small minority of motile bacteria were detectable in many of the amber fla mutants. In groups A and F some pairs of amber fla mutants complemented each other, and perhaps each of these groups corresponds to more than one structural gene. The suppressed derivatives of a mutant with an amber mutation in H1 made flagella morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from wild-type flagella. A slow-spreading but flagellate mutant showed mainly non-translational motility in broth, and in a viscous medium the bacteria reversed very frequently; its amber mutation, probably near H1, is inferred to cause a defect in chemotaxis, so that the bacteria give the avoidance reaction continuously.     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌噬菌体型的相变异

经过反复检查1980～1993年间在新疆维吾尔自治区各地收集的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)菌株,发现了鼠伤寒沙门氏菌噬菌体型的相变异(phase variation)。在4774或4776噬菌体型(完全型)的培养物中,有一小部分可以发生变异,有的变为4000(第1相),有的变为0776或0774(第2相)。这种4000和0776(0774)噬菌体型培养物的多数,容易发生回复变异,变为原来的噬菌体型4774(或4776);有时,4000噬菌体型(第1相)可以变为0776(第2相),而0774噬菌体型(第2相)也可以变为4000(第1相)。在7776噬菌体型(完全型)的培养物中,也有一小部分可以变为7000(第1相)或0776(第2相)。7000(或7002)和0776噬菌体型培养物的多数容易发生回复变异,变为原来的噬菌体型7776(或7774)。从完全型培养物变为第1相或第2相的变异率为156%,从第1相或第2相培养物变为完全型的变异率为532%。这一现象的阐明,将有助于鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的噬菌体分型,和对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌感染的流行病学分析有重要意义。