海洋微生物天然活性物质的开发应用进展

综合课题研究和国内外文献资料报道概括了海洋微生物及其天然活性物质的开发和应用现状、海洋微生物天然活性物质的研究开发方法及其开发和应用前景。     

EST-SSRs的开发及应用研究进展

综述了EST-SSR标记的开发方法及其在构建遗传学图谱,筛选与定位目的基因,遗传多样性的研究,比较基因组学的研究和品种鉴别等方面的应用。     

工业生产用的乳酸发酵菌的筛选和开发

近年来由于工业生产特别是生产聚乳酸可降解塑料(Polylactic acid-PLA)和涂料的需要,乳酸发酵引起人们的重视。最近美国Argonne国家实验室S.P.Tsai等介绍了一些有望用于可降解的PLA塑料和涂料的细菌的筛选与开发方法,并提出了一些筛选标准:     

SNP分子标记及其在木本植物遗传育种的应用

木本植物因其生命周期长、基因组杂合度高、基因组较大、遗传背景不清晰等特性,制约了其研究进程。随着现代生物技术的发展,DNA分子标记技术在木本植物研究领域的应用越来越多,其中单核苷酸多态性(SNP)作为第三代分子标记技术以其高效、快速、稳定、可靠等诸多优点得到广泛应用。本文简述SNP标记的特点、开发方法、检测方法及其在木本植物遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析、品种鉴定、连锁图谱构建和辅助育种等方面的研究进展,为更好地应用SNP技术开展木本植物研究提供参考。     

基于简化基因组数据开发岭南青冈微卫星引物

微卫星标记（simple sequence repeat，SSR）在基因组中普遍存在，具有共显性、高多态性等特点，在群体空间遗传研究中应用广泛。随着测序技术的发展，SSR的开发方法也更加多样化。岭南青冈（Quercus championii Benth）是中国南方常绿阔叶林的珍贵材用树种，对其分子标记的开发可促进岭南青冈的育种和种质保护。本研究基于4个岭南青冈个体的简化基因组序列进行SSR引物的开发。使用pyRAD软件分析显示：①每个个体中包含微卫星重复片段的序列在46 000~84 000条；②个体内聚类后得到的位点数在5 500~24 000；③个体间聚类后获得1 158个一致性位点。在1 158个位点中获得186个侧翼序列没有变异且重复碱基位于序列中间位置的位点。使用Primer Premier 5.0设计了25对引物，在来自3个群体的36个岭南青冈个体中进行验证，结果表明17对引物能成功扩增，共获得106个等位位点，每个引物的等位基因数在2~12，平均为6.2。引物的期望杂合度和观测杂合度分别为0.19~0.88和0.11~0.76。本研究的引物开发方法具有速度快、效率高、成本低的特点，可应用于群体遗传学分子标记的开发。     

反向疫苗学分析方法及在疫苗开发中应用进展

疫苗自从被广泛应用以来,在人类抵抗致病微生物的战斗中发挥了越来越重要的作用。传统的疫苗开发方法是通过培养微生物,从中分离具有免疫保护作用的有效抗原,费时费力,且有很大局限性。近年来,基因组学和生物信息学方法的联合,促成了反向疫苗学(Reverse vacc inology)的产生,即从致病微生物的基因组中用生物信息学方法预测得到一批可能的保护抗原,然后通过生物化学、免疫学以及微生物学方法加以验证,大大加快了寻找保护性抗原的速度。迄今为止,人们已经多次成功地运用了反向疫苗学,其中在脑膜炎奈瑟球菌B疫苗开发研制上的成功应用成为一个里程碑式的事件,为以后的疫苗开发工作奠定了良好的基础。     

生物多样性评价软件BiodiversityMapping的设计与实现

针对目前国内生物多样性相关软件缺乏的情况,利用可视化开发方法和地理信息系统组件包shape Viewer Objects开发了一个综合性的生物多样性评价软件BiodiversityMapping。该软件运行于Windows98／NT操作系统下,是一个32位Windows应用软件;可以计算8类37种d、D生物多样性测度并能利用地理信息系统技术将结果空间化表达。利用该软件计算了北京东灵山地区3个研究区域(小龙门、梨园岭和东灵山主峰)内11个生境中大步甲属(Carabus)昆虫的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数并制图,然后对这3个地区进行了右尾和排序。结果表明,BiodjversityMapping软件能够准确方便地计算多种生物多样性测度,是生物多样性评价的一个有力工具。     

抗IL-5纳米抗体筛选及活性检测

白介素-5(IL-5)是一种同源二聚体细胞因子,是嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophilic, EOS)增殖、活化和成熟的重要调节因子。抗IL-5单克隆抗体能阻断IL-5与IL-5受体亚单位α(IL-5Rα)结合,已成功用于治疗嗜酸性粒细胞哮喘。目前上市的单克隆抗体药物需要反复注射给药,严重影响了患者的依从性,而且注射给药的全身暴露率高。为获得适合吸入给药的抗体,在羊驼天然库中通过3轮淘选,挑取单克隆通过Phage ELISA初筛,共获得461个阳性克隆,其中50个为序列独特的分子,最终选择30个分子进行重组表达纯化。通过ELISA结合、ELISA阻断、FACS阻断、TF-1增殖抑制等实验对候选抗体进行体外活性检测,成功获得一个具有阻断IL-5和IL-5Rα结合的纳米抗体AIL-A96-Fc。通过与人和猴IL-5的ELISA结合实验表明,该分子具有良好人猴交叉活性,而且在FACS阻断实验和ELISA阻断实验中,AIL-A96-Fc表现出良好的阻断效果。该开发方法不仅提供了一个靶向IL-5的候选纳米抗体AIL-A96-Fc,也为后续开发更多靶向IL-5的候选纳米抗体提供了指导意义。     

遗传物质的发现者之一——麦卡锡

1944年,3位科学家艾弗里、麦卡锡和麦克劳德在DNA遗传本质方面的发现是20世纪最重要的发现之一,这个发现打开了生物学革命的大门,从而改变了人类对自然界的看法,这项研究还为1953年沃森和克里克DNA双螺旋结构的发现奠定了坚实的基础,但不幸的是3位科学家都未曾荣获诺贝尔奖.通过介绍麦克林·麦卡锡的科学研究,从而对这项发现的基本状况有一个基本的了解.     

苏联猛犸象的研究

猛犸象(Elephas primigenius)是最著名的动物化石之一。在欧洲,西伯利亚,中国北部以及其他区域内的许多地方,都曾发现过大批这种动物的遗体,而且它们的庞大的躯体与奇特的形状早就吸引了人们的注意。此外,在亚洲及欧洲的冻土带内,曾发现过这种动物的,连皮,肉和毛都保存着的完整的尸体。古代极北地区的居民,当他们发现了这些由于海岸崩裂而从地下深处露出来的尸体后,曾企图寻求关于这些奇怪动物的外貌的解释。在耶库     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细