一种植物生长激素-N'-(5-硝基-2-羟基苯亚甲基)-3,5-二羟基苯甲酰肼的合成、晶体结构和抗菌活性

目的:合成并表征一种属于植物生长激素的席夫碱类化合物.方法:由5-硝基水杨醛和3,5-二羟基苯甲酰肼在甲醇溶液中反应得到N′-(5-硝基-2-羟基苯亚甲基)-3,5-二羟基苯甲酰肼.结果:用单晶X-射线衍射法测得其结构并表征,同时通过抗菌实验证明其在一定浓度下具有明显的抗菌活性.结论:这种席夫碱类化合物在某种程度上具有明显的抗菌活性.     

Multipurpose Intensive Care Unit in a District General Hospital

The advantages of a four-bedded purpose-built general intensive care unit in a district general hospital are described. In addition to 1,447 inpatients treated between January 1968 and December 1971 the unit was used to conduct outpatient investigations. This has filled an important gap in conventional arrangements, and is practical and economical. The unit has proved to have advantages, not only for seriously ill patients but also has benefited the hospital in other ways. It has been of material assistance in recruiting and training nursing and medical staff and has been welcomed and supported by patients and their relatives. It has also attracted practical support from voluntary organizations whose generosity has enabled much additional equipment to be purchased.     

三维重建在口腔解剖生理学教学中的应用*

口腔解剖生理学是口腔专业重要的基础课程,本学科理论知识内容复杂,实践操作技能要求高,给老师和初学者在教与学的过程中带来很大的压力。本学科自开课以来一直在探讨选择最佳的教学方法,随着计算机图像技术的不断完善,CT三维重建也随之问世,颌面部三维重建模型,逼真形象,便于操作和理解,大大降低了学习难度,显著提高了教学质量,取得相当客观的效果。     

Prejudice and tolerance in a period of increasing ethnic diversity and growing unemployment: Denmark since 1970

Abstract

Since the end of the 1960s Denmark, once an ethnically homogeneous country, has become more heterogeneous as a result of immigration by foreign workers and refugees. The question is how has this development influenced the attitudes in Denmark towards immigrants? The saliency of the immigrant issue has certainly grown, but contrary to expectations, the level of ethnocentrism has changed very little. If anything, the Danish population has become less prejudiced and more tolerant during the last thirty years. This conclusion, based on a number of national surveys, is even more conspicuous as the level of unemployment has increased in the same period.     

Novel alpha- and omega-conotoxins from Conus striatus venom.

Three neurotoxic peptides from the venom of Conus striatus have been purified, biochemically characterized, and chemically synthesized. One of these, an acetylcholine receptor blocker designated alpha-conotoxin SII, has the sequence GCCCNPACGPNYGCGTSCS. In contrast to all other alpha-conotoxins, SII has three disulfide bonds (instead of two), has no net positive charge, and has a free C-terminus. The other two paralytic peptides are Ca channel-targeted omega-conotoxins, SVIA and SVIB. omega-SVIA is the smallest natural omega-conotoxin so far characterized and has the sequence CRSSGSPCGVTSICCGRCYRGKCT-NH2. Although omega-conotoxin SVIA is a potent paralytic toxic in lower vertebrate species, it was much less effective in mammals. The third toxin, omega-conotoxin SVIB, has the sequence CKLKGQSCRKTSYDCCSGSCGRSGKC-NH2. This peptide has a different pharmacological specificity from other omega-conotoxins previously purified from Conus venoms; only omega-conotoxin SVIB has proven to be lethal to mice upon ic injection. Binding competition experiments with rat brain synaptosomal membranes indicate that the high-affinity binding site for omega-conotoxin SVIB is distinct from the high-affinity omega-conotoxin GVIA or MVIIA site.     

Ivermectin 20 years on: maturation of a wonder drug

Ivermectin has been on the veterinary market for almost a quarter of a century and has been approved for human use for 18 years. Its use has revolutionized the treatment of nematode and arthropod parasites in animals and has provided hope for the control or even eradication of filariases in humans. Although much remains to be learned about how the drug works and how resistance to it will develop, it has earned the title of "wonder drug".     

Methods of Therapy in Alcoholism

Although the philosophy of the community mental health center has been applied to alcoholism since the early part of this decade, it has been pursued much more intensively in recent years, and there has been a decentralization in the management of alcoholics in a series of stages from the jail or work-house to the state hospital and to the clinic and the community. The medical practitioner now has opportunity to treat the alcoholic in private practice.Advances have been made in two directions. Advances in medical management have included reinforcement of the importance of hydration and electrolyte balance, particularly magnesium. Psychopharmacology has contributed three drugs particularly important in the management of acute alcoholism and its complications. These drugs are chlordiazepoxide, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine. Another drug, Antabuse, when properly used, has proven extremely valuable as a deterrent.Equally important have been administrative advances. The importance of the environment and its manipulation has been recognized, and a series of institutional and non-institutional resources, such as clinics, half-way houses, foster homes, and Alcoholics Anonymous has made it less likely that a patient will be turned away without help.     

Tetrathiomolybdate anticopper therapy for Wilson's disease inhibits angiogenesis,fibrosis and inflammation

The need for agents to lower body copper in Wilson's disease, a disease which results from copper toxicity has been the driving force for the development of the effective anticopper drugs penicillamine, trientine, zinc, and now tetrathiomolybdate (TM). Because of its rapid action, potency, and safety, TM is proving to be a very effective drug for initial treatment of acutely ill Wilson's disease patients. Beyond this, TM has antiangiogenic effects, because many proangiogenic cytokines require normal levels of copper. This has led to use of TM in cancer, where it is generally effective in animal tumor models, and has shown efficacy in preliminary clinical studies. Most recently, it has been found that TM has antifibrotic and antiinflammatory effects through inhibition of profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokines.     

Interaction of glycogen synthase of rabbit skeletal muscles with flavin mononucleotide

The effect of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) on the activity of the I- and D-forms of rabbit skeletal muscle glycogen synthase has been studied for the first time. FMN has been shown to inhibit in a noncompetitive fashion the both forms of the enzyme, the D-form being more sensitive to the effect of the inhibitor. It has been shown also that glycogen synthase has three different sites involved in the interaction with inhibitors, namely, and active site, an adenyl nucleotide binding site and a FMN binding site. FMN binding has been shown to occur mostly via the isoalloxasine ring.     

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a pervasive pathogen highlights the need for new antimicrobial development

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has entered the spotlight as a globally pervasive drug-resistant pathogen. While historically associated exclusively with hospital-acquired infections in immunocompromised hosts, the methicillin-resistant form of S. aureus has been spreading throughout communities since the 1990s. Indeed, it has now become a common household term: MRSA. S. aureus has developed numerous mechanisms of virulence and strategies to evade the human immune system, including a host of surface proteins, secreted enzymes, and toxins. In hospital intensive care units, the proportion of MRSA-related S. aureus infections has increased strikingly from just 2 percent in 1974 to 64 percent in 2004. Its presence in the community has been rising similarly, posing a significant public health burden. The growing incidence of MRSA unfortunately has been met with dwindling efforts to develop new, more effective antibiotics. The continued emergence of resistant strains of bacteria such as MRSA demands an urgent revival of the search for new antibiotics.     

雌激素及应激与人类认知功能的关系

以当前生理学、医学等相关学科研究的最新成果为例介绍了雌激素、应激和人类认知功能三者之间的关系。说明雌激素与应激均可影响人类情绪、中枢学习和记忆功能,不利应激降低雌激素水平,而雌激素又可减少不利应激带来的损害,最后指出雌激素替代治疗的广阔临床应用前景。     

An archeozoological analysis of teeth of lower jaw of pigs coming from the Kostolac culture (3,250-3,000 B.C.), originating from Vucedol,including comparison with recent

An investigation has been made within the expertise regarding teeth of 10 left halves of mandibles of recent sows as well as teeth of 18 pig mandibles originating from Kostolac culture (3,250-3,000 B.C.) from Vucedol archaeological location. TWS (Tooth Wear Stage) has been determined at all molars, according to Grant method and a corresponding numerical equivalent has been added, so MWS (Mandibular Wear Stage) has been obtained by summing up the above. On the basis of these values and ranges of MWS, an approximate age at the time of death has been determined for each unit. All the recent units have been older than 17 months, while the age of Kostolac units has come out to be between 14 and 17 months.     

Gene expression signatures in primary immunodeficiencies: the experience from human disease and mouse models

Extensive research on molecular genetics in recent decades has provided a wealth of information regarding the underlying mechanisms of primary immunodeficiency diseases. The microarray technology has made its entry into the molecular biology research area and hereby enabled signature expression profiling of whole species genomes. Perhaps no other methodological approach has transformed molecular biology more in recent years than the use of microarrays. Microarray technology has led the way from studies of the individual biological functions of a few related genes, proteins or, at best, pathways towards more global investigations of cellular activity. The development of this technology immediately yielded new and interesting information, and has produced more data than can be currently dealt with. It has also helped to realize that even a 'horizontally exhaustive' molecular analysis is insufficient. Applications of this tool in primary immunodeficiency studies have generated new information, which has led to a better understanding of the underlying basic biology of the diseases. Also, the technology has been used as an exploratory tool to disease genes in immunodeficiency diseases of unknown cause as in the case of the CD3Delta-chain and the MAPBPIP deficiency. For X-linked agammaglobulinemia, the technique has provided better understanding of the genes influenced by Btk. There is considerable hope that the microarray technology will lead to a better understanding of disease processes and the molecular phenotypes obtained from microarray experiments may represent a new tool for diagnosis of the disease.     

Arachidonate release and c-fos expression in various models of hypoxia and hypoxia–hypoglycemia in retinoic acid differentiated neuroblastoma cells

Hypoxia-hypoglycemia has played an important role in inducing both phospholipase A2 activation and the expression of the early gene c-fos, in the neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-BE, after it has been differentiated by retinoic acid. Under hypoxic-hypoglycemic conditions, arachidonic acid release has found to be significant after 30 min, whereas c-fos expression has required at least 4 h. This model has been obtained by adding glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose to the culture and by placing cells in an atmosphere containing 100% N2 for different time periods. This condition has been compared with two different models: NaCN and nitrogen have been used as hypoxic stimuli, without inhibiting the glycolytic pathway, but the same cell cultures have been used. Cell viability and the fall of cellular ATP levels have been evaluated in all the models, in order to monitor and compare the hypoxic cellular damage. Phospholipase A2 activation has been found to be significant in all conditions, even if to a different extent; but only hypoxia combined with the inhibition of the glycolytic pathway, has induced a significant expression of c-fos. It is very difficult to study hypoxic stimuli in 'in vitro' systems. Our study has compared three different models and the one combining gaseous hypoxia and hypoglycemic conditions seems to be very effective in stimulating early events involved in hypoxic phenomena such as phospholipase activation and the expression of the early gene c-fos.     

The impact of commercially available purinergic ligands on purinergic signalling research

Due to the extremely wide-spread expression of purinergic receptors, purinergic signalling has been implicated in numerous physiological and pathophysiological areas. To better understand the involvement of purinergic receptors in such areas, the researcher’s requirement for diverse and varied purinergic receptor ligands has greatly increased. This has generated increased commercial opportunities for life science suppliers, and ultimately, has led to a rapid expansion in the number of commercially available purinergic receptor ligands. The wide-spread availability of ligands to researchers has greatly benefited the scientific community, nurturing the rapid and continued expansion of the purinergic signalling field.

     

Sensitivity of the rabbit embryonal Leydig cells to the action of different pituitary hormones

Leydig cells reaction of rabbits testis to choriogonin action has been investigated during the prenatal period of ontogenesis. It has been found, that these cells sensitivity to the hormones studied has been detected at the early stages of embryogenesis. The specialization of Leydig cells response to choriogonin, thyrotrophin and prolactin in the process of prenatal period has been shown.     

Identification of a novel cytosolic tocopherol-binding protein: structure, specificity, and tissue distribution

Alpha-tocopherol plays an important role as a lipid-soluble antioxidant. It is present in all major mammalian cell types and shows tissue-specific distribution. This suggests the presence of specific proteins involved in intracellular distribution or metabolism of alpha-tocopherol. A diminution of tocopherol plasma concentrations contributes to the development of diseases such as vitamin E deficiency (AVED), atherosclerosis, and prostate cancer. Further evidence has been obtained for the existence of sites in cellular metabolism and signal transduction where alpha-tocopherol potentially plays a regulatory role. A signal transduction modulation specific for alpha-tocopherol has been described in several model systems. Using radioactively labeled alpha-tocopherol as tracer, we have isolated a new alpha-tocopherol-associated protein (TAP) from bovine liver. This protein has a molecular mass of 46 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.1. From its partial amino acid sequence, a human gene has been identified with high homology to the newly described protein. Sequence analysis has established that the new TAP has structural motifs suggesting its belonging to a family of hydrophobic ligand-binding proteins (RALBP, CRALBP, alpha-TTP, SEC 14, PTN 9, RSEC 45). Human TAP has been cloned into Escherichia coli, and its tissue-specific expression has been assessed by Northern blot analysis.     

Mechanisms of thymus organogenesis and morphogenesis

The thymus is the primary organ responsible for generating functional T cells in vertebrates. Although T cell differentiation within the thymus has been an area of intense investigation, the study of thymus organogenesis has made slower progress. The past decade, however, has seen a renewed interest in thymus organogenesis, with the aim of understanding how the thymus develops to form a microenvironment that supports T cell maturation and regeneration. This has prompted modern revisits to classical experiments and has driven additional genetic approaches in mice. These studies are making significant progress in identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control specification, early organogenesis and morphogenesis of the thymus.     

Triglyceride synthesis: insights from the cloning of diacylglycerol acyltransferase

Although the biochemistry of triglyceride synthesis has been studied for decades, an understanding of the molecular processes involved has been lacking. The recent cloning of a gene encoding acyl coenzyme A : diacylglycerol acyltransferase, an enzyme that catalyses the final step in triglyceride synthesis, has opened this area to molecular investigation and has begun to provide new insights into triglyceride metabolism.     

Lymphatic filariasis: new insights into an old disease

Lymphatic filariasis has afflicted people in the tropical areas of the world for thousands of years but even up to comparatively recent times it has been poorly understood and its importance under recognised. In the last 2 decades or so there has been a flurry of activity in filariasis research, which has provided new insights into the global problem of filariasis, the pathogenesis of filarial disease, diagnosis and control.