如何组织新疆山区植物学实习

新疆地区雪峰林立，生态环境多样，植物种类丰富，植被垂直带谱明显、完整，且人烟稀少，植被破坏较小，许多植物还保持着原始的生长状态。因此，这些地区是观察和研究植物多样性，了解植被分布规律以及植被与环境关系的好课堂，同时也是植物分类学、生态学野外实习较为理想的场所。 　　为了使学生在短期的植物学野外实习中取得较好的效果，首先是实习地点的选择，指导教师在带队实习之前，应先选择具有山地荒漠带、山地草原带、山地草甸草原带、山地寒温性针叶林带、亚高山灌丛草甸带、高山草甸带、高山流石坡植被带和高山冰雪带的地点作…     

青海省柴达木盆地及其周围山地植被

 柴达木盆地位于青藏高原东北部,其植被分布规律较复杂。东部为半干旱荒漠草原地带,地带性植被为荒漠化草原;中部为干旱荒漠地带,地带性植被为灌木和矮半灌木砾漠;西部为极端干旱裸露荒漠地带,在砾石戈壁和低山基本上无植被。本区盆地底部随着地貌、土壤和地下水的变化,出现了植被环带状分布规律。从盆地边缘向中心依次发育着洪积平原灌木、矮半灌木砾漠带,冲积平原灌木沙漠带,冲积—湖积平原灌木盐漠带,湖积平原盐生草甸带,最后为裸露盐壳和盐湖。本区山地的植被垂直带自东而西明显不同。荒漠草原地带的带谱为：山地草原—山地常绿针叶林—亚高山灌丛—高寒草甸—高山稀疏植被;荒漠地带为：矮半灌木山地石漠—高寒草原—高寒草甸—高山稀疏植被;极端荒漠地带为：裸露低山石漠—矮半灌木山地石漠,高寒草原—高山稀疏植被.     

我国西南高山针叶林的外生菌根组合

本文报道了大致位于东喜马拉雅山脉和横断山脉的部分高山针叶林带的外生菌根菌和针叶林有关树种的菌根组合。并例举了有关菌的分布与树种的依赖关系以及菌根的外部和内部形态。     

青藏高原高山植被的初步研究

青藏高原是我国高山植被类型最丰富、独特和分布最广泛的区域,发育有大面积的高山灌丛、高寒草甸、高寒草原,高寒荒漠、高山流石坡稀疏植被及零散分布的高山垫状植被。它们占据着森林上线至永久雪线之间的高山带和广阔的高原面,从高原东南部至西北部有水平方向的地域分异。联系高山带以下各垂直带的植被特征及各地的气候条件分析,初步认为高原东南部的山地植被垂直带谱属于湿润型山地垂直带结构类型,高原腹地及西北部的山地植被垂直带谱属于干旱型山地垂直带结构类型。此外,还对青藏高原高山植被类型的丰富性及高山垫状植被的生态地理分布特点进行了初步探讨。     

东北地区植被多样性的研究I.寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被多样性分析

用Ｒｅｎｙｉ及Ｈｉｌｌ多样性指数簇相结合的方法,对中国寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被的区系多样性、生活型多样性及叶级多样性进行了分析,将亚高山矮曲林带（Ｉ）、寒温性针叶疏林带（Ⅱ）、山地上部寒温性针叶林亚带（Ⅲ１）、山地中部寒温性针叶林亚带（Ⅲ２）和山地下部寒温性针叶林亚带（Ⅲ３）,划分为生物多样性的特殊性植被型（Ｉ）、过渡性植被带（Ⅱ）及生物多样性的交汇性植被亚带（Ⅲ１）、稀疏性植被亚带（Ⅲ２）和富集     

贺兰山不同海拔典型植被带土壤微生物多样性

土壤微生物多样性在海拔梯度的分布格局研究近年来受到和植物动物一样的重视程度,但是干旱风沙区微生物多样性在海拔梯度上的多样性分布规律尚未揭示。本研究以处于干旱风沙区的贺兰山不同海拔的六个典型植被带（荒漠草原带、山地旱生灌丛带、温性针叶林带、针阔混交林带、寒温性针叶林带和亚高山草甸带）土壤为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸甲酯法(FAMEs)系统研究微生物多样性群落特征以及在不同植被带分布规律。结果表明：土壤微生物功能多样性随海拔增加发生变化,且微生物群落结构存在显著差异。Biolog分析显示土壤微生物群落代谢活性依次是：亚高山草甸>寒温性针叶林>针阔混交林>温性针叶林>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原,随海拔的升高土壤微生物群落物种丰富度指数（H）和均匀度指数（E）总体上均表现出增大的趋势,差异显著（P＜0.05）;FAMEs分析表明不同海拔的微生物区系发生了一定程度的变化,寒温性针叶林土壤微生物磷酸脂肪酸生物标记的数量和种类均最高,且细菌、真菌特征脂肪酸相对含量也最高;土壤微生物群落结构多样性次序是：寒温性针叶林带>针阔混交林带>温性针叶林带>亚高山草甸>山地旱生灌丛>荒漠草原。本研究结果表明贺兰山海拔梯度的微生物多样性分布规律不同于已有的植物多样性“中部膨胀”研究结果,这说明在高海拔地区有更多的适合该生境的微生物存在,这对维持干旱风沙区的生态系统功能稳定性具有重要意义。     

横断山区的湖泊植被

横断山区海拔4200米以上的高原面上分布着数以百计的冰蚀湖泊;4000米以下的山地有十余个断陷构造湖。湖泊中发育着独具特色的水生植被,本文据1976—1985年的实地调查,对横断山脉主要湖泊的生态地理学特征作了分析。共划分出41个相当于群系的群落类型,其中沉水群落就有18个。与长江中下游的大型浅水湖相比,这里的群落类型多样,地理成分复杂。群落分布区类型计有6个,兼有世界广布、旧世界热带分布、北温带分布、东亚分布和北极高山分布的。此外,高山水韮、浮叶水马齿群落等仅为横断山区亚高山和高山地带所特有。横断山区湖泊植被具明显的垂直地带性。根据湖泊群落组成、结构和生态环境的差异,可以划分出5个湖泊植被带,即Ⅰ.山地亚热带;Ⅱ.山地暖温带;Ⅲ.高山寒温带;Ⅳ.高山寒带和Ⅴ.极高山冰雪带。最后,本文报道了横断山区亚高山带和高山带湖泊中杉藻群落,高山水韭群落等8个类型的组成和结构。     

横断山区的湖泊植被

横断山区海拔4200米以上的高原面上分布着数以百计的冰蚀湖泊;4000米以下的山地有十余个断陷构造湖。湖泊中发育着独具特色的水生植被,本文据1976—1985年的实地调查,对横断山脉主要湖泊的生态地理学特征作了分析。共划分出41个相当于群系的群落类型,其中沉水群落就有18个。与长江中下游的大型浅水湖相比,这里的群落类型多样,地理成分复杂。群落分布区类型计有6个,兼有世界广布、旧世界热带分布、北温带分布、东亚分布和北极高山分布的。此外,高山水菲是浮叶水马齿群落等仅为横断山区亚高山和高山地带所特有。横断山区湖泊植被具明显的垂直地带性。根据湖泊群落组成、结构和生态环境的差异,可以划分出5个湖泊植被带,即I.山地亚热带;Ⅱ．山地暖温带;III．高山寒温带;Ⅳ 高山寒带和V．极高山冰雪带。最后,本文报道了横断山区亚高山带和高山带湖泊中杉藻群落,高山水菲群落等8个类型的组成和结构。     

东北地区植被多样性的研究Ⅰ.寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被多样性分析

用Renyi及Hill多样性指数簇相结合的方法 ,对中国寒温带针叶林区域垂直植被的区系多样性、生活型多样性及叶级多样性进行了分析 ,将亚高山矮曲林带 (Ⅰ )、寒温性针叶疏林带 (Ⅱ )、山地上部寒温性针叶林亚带 (Ⅲ1 )、山地中部寒温性针叶林亚带 (Ⅲ2 )和山地下部寒温性针叶林亚带 (Ⅲ3) ,划分为生物多样性的特殊性植被带 (Ⅰ )、过渡性植被带 (Ⅱ )及生物多样性的交汇性植被亚带 (Ⅲ1 )、稀疏性植被亚带 (Ⅲ2 )和富集性植被亚带 (Ⅲ1 ) .对Ⅰ、Ⅱ带及Ⅲ1 亚带的植被宜采取保护性经营对策 ,对Ⅲ2 、Ⅲ3亚带 ,采取恢复和提高其生物多样性 ,促进植被进展演替的经营对策 .     

中国高山植物区系地理格局与环境和空间因素的关系

高山带是具有极端环境和明确边界的植物分布区,研究高山植物区系地理对于理解空间彼此隔离的极端高寒环境下植物区系的形成与相互联系具有重要意义。本研究整合了中国境内14座主要山地的高山植物区系数据,用Jaccard指数测度不同区系之间的相似性,运用相关分析和Mantel检验方法,重点分析了中国高山种子植物区系地理成分的构成、不同山地之间的相似性及其环境和空间相关因素。结果表明,中国山地的高山带分布着物种丰富的种子植物区系,14座主要山地即包含了65科489属3,670种(含340个种下单位),主要由北温带分布及其亚型、世界分布、旧世界温带分布和东亚分布及其中国–喜马拉雅分布亚型等成分构成,缺少中国–日本分布类型,中国特有属的比例较高(5.2%)。14座山地高山植物区系构成的地理分异显示:北热带和东亚成分自南向北减少,而北方温带成分增加;自西向东古地中海成分减少,北方温带成分增加,而东亚成分在中部达到最大值;在属级地理成分构成上,北方山地和青藏高原周缘山地构成了区系成分近似的两大群组,台湾高山植物区系与大陆东部北方高山带的区系联系更密切。地理隔离是高山植物区系分异的首要因素,高山带的面积大小也影响到其区系成分的构成,而夏季热量是影响中国高山植物区系地理分异的首要气候因子,显示全球变暖对未来高山植物区系具有潜在的胁迫作用。     

A study on the vegetation in the east side of Helan Mountain

This paper analyzed the vegetation data obtained from a field survey conducted in the East Side of Helan Mountain, China, to reveal the features of mountainous vegetation growing in a transitional zone between the steppe and desert regions. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the process of analysis, to clarify the spatial variation of floristic composition of the vegetation in the lower mountain range.The preliminary results obtained from the analysis are: (1) There are 53 vegetation formations existing in the area, following the China's criteria of vegetation classification system. (2) Those vegetation types compose a vertical vegetation spectrum in the East Side of Helan Mountain due to the climatic gradient caused by elevation variation. The spectrum consists of 4 zones. They are, from the foot up to the peak in turn, mountain steppe zone, mountain open forest and steppe zone, mountain coniferous forest zone, and alpine bush and meadow zone. The mountain coniferous forest zone can be further divided into two subzones: Pine forest subzone and Spruce forest subzone. (3) Most of the vegetation types show clear xeromorphic features due to the base zone of the vertical vegetation spectrum lying in the arid region of China. (4) The distribution of vegetation types and flora is sensitive and susceptible to the moisture condition that the vertical vegetation spectrum has quite different expressions between northern and southern exposures. (5) Floristic composition of the vegetation shows a northern temperate feature. The families that are rich in species in the area include Gramineae, Compositae, Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae, Rosaceae and others, most of which are abundant in herbaceous species. (6) The variation of the ecological conditions from the north to the south also leads to the differentiation of vegetation and its floristic composition in the area. (7) The broad-leaved forest can not form a forest zone in the vertical vegetation spectrum. This may be a special characteristic of the spectrum sitting on a transitional zone between the steppe and desert regions.     

论黄山松林在庐山植被垂直带谱中的位置

 黄山松林是我国东部亚热带中山地区垂直带上特有的山地温性针叶林,垂直分布高度从海拔600～700m以上的山坡、山脊,上限可分布到1750～1900m左右的山顶。庐山的黄山松林主要分布在海拔800～850m以上至山顶的地段．本文通过对庐山黄山松林的生境、区系性质、生活型谱、以及群落动态和残存群落的分析,有关孢粉资料的考证和与周围山地的对比,认为黄山松林是温性针叶林,尽管目前由于人为活动而使之成为庐山海拔1000m以上地区现存植被的优势类型,但在植被垂直带划分中它应从属于山地落叶阔叶林带。     

佛坪国家级自然保护区植被垂直带谱及其与邻近地区的比较

在首先确定垂直带划分的原则和将佛坪自然保护区植被划分为落叶阔叶林带、中山小叶林带和亚高山针叶林带３个垂直带,各垂直带植被物种组成的区系、生活型组成和物种多样性的差异证实了这种划分的合理性。与邻近地区植被垂直带谱的比较表明,佛坪自然保护区的植被垂直带谱与秦岭北坡有明显差异,表现为典型的暧温带与北亚热带过渡区域的植被景观,虽然基带以上各植被带暖温带特色很明显,但其植被属性应是北亚热带的。     

The Fundamental Characteristics of the Steppe Vegetation in Xizang Plateau

The steppe vegetation of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau is somewhat similar to the temperate steppe of our country, but it possesses its own characteristics: 1. The elements of the Qinghai-Xizang floral region or plant species taking the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau as their chief distribution center play a dominant part in tile constitution of the steppe communities. In these communities, the plants are usually sparse and dwarf, their growth period is shorter and the biological productivity is lower than the steppe in the temperate zone. They possess synusia consisting of herbaceous plants fit for cold climate, synusia consisting of kobresia and synusia consisting of cushion plants. 2. There are 4 types of steppe vegetation in the Xizang Plateau. And the tussock-grass steppe is the most typical. According to their different ecological characteristics, they may be divided into 3 types. Of these, the most widely distributed type is the cold temperate-weak semiarid steppe. And there are many characteristical steppe communities. 3. Distributionally, the steppe in the Xizang Plateau belongs to a special type of vertical distribution in the subtropical latitude zone, it is different from the gene- rally known montane vertical belt, and possesses a vertical-horizontal distributive nature, i.e. "zonation of plateau". Within the Plateau steppe region, steppe eommunities with different ecological characteristics have clearly marked areal differentiaton, and which has determined the nature of the vertical belts in these areas. According to different basal belts of the vertical belt spectrum, such belts may be divided into 3 types. There are no forests in the montane vertical belt spectra in the Plateau steppe region, and the upper distributional limit of the steppe vegetation reaches an altitude of about 5200 (5400) m., which is the highest distributional limit of steppe on the earth.     

山西五台山高山林线的植被景观

 过草本植物群落的分类和排序,结合对乔木和灌木分布的分析,确定了五台山高山林线的几条植被界线以及五台山森林上限附近植被的性质。结果表明：1）阳坡林线的海拔范围为2 605～2 790 m,阴坡林线的海拔范围为2 810～3 015 m;2）草本植物群落随海拔高度的变化比较明显,阴坡和阳坡从郁闭林到山顶均依次分布林下草本层、林缘草甸、亚高山灌丛草甸、高山草甸,草本植物的分布很好地体现了林线内部景观的差异性;3）海拔高度是高山林线附近草本植物群落空间分异的决定性因素。     

贺兰山天牛科昆虫区系组成及垂直分布

2013-2015年对贺兰山不同海拔和垂直植被带的天牛科昆虫进行系统调查,结果表明:贺兰山共有天牛科昆虫6亚科31属45种,其中,沟胫天牛亚科属、种数最多,有14属21种,其种数占总种数46.67%,天牛亚科有9属12种,幽天牛亚科有4属5种,花天牛亚科有2属4种,锯天牛亚科2属2种,膜花天牛亚科仅有1属1种。区系组成上,古北界有17种,占总种数的37.78%,其中中亚成分占35.29%,广布型28种,占总种数的62.22%。在我国昆虫地理区划中的分布共有13个分布类型,全国广布型最多,占总种数的20%。以蒙新区种类为主体,并与东北区和华北区关系密切联系。在垂直分布上,以山前阔叶林带采集到的天牛种类最多,有22种,占总数的48.89%;从低海拔的山前荒漠半荒漠带到高海拔的山地针叶林带,天牛物种数量逐渐增加;除山地草原带外,随海拔增高,古北界种类逐渐增多。通过聚类分析显示,山地针叶林带和针阔混交林带天牛种类组成相似性较高;山地灌丛带、山地疏林带和山前阔叶林带相似性较高;山前荒漠半荒漠带、山地草地带与其他植被带天牛组成差异较大。     

青甘边区黑河流域森林植被带及其昆虫区系的组成

黑河发源于青海、甘肃交界的祁连山区,是甘肃河西走廊最大的内陆河水系之一,水源丰富,流量稳定,这不仅取决于祁连山区大气降水和冰川融水,更重要的是与上游森林植被密不可分。但是,由于森林害虫猖獗成灾,严重威胁着这一地域森林的生存。近几年我们在森林昆虫普查的基础上,对黑河流域森林昆虫     

Timberline and alpine vegetation on the tropical and warm-temperate oceanic islands of the world: elevation, structure and floristics

In the oceans of the tropical and warm-temperate zone (40° N–40° S), only a small number of islands are high enough to show timberline and alpine vegetation. Excluding large islands with a more continental climate, only the following oceanic islands are relevant: Pico (Azores), Madeira, Tenerife, Gran Canaria and La Palma (Canary islands), Fogo (Cape Verde islands), Fernando Poo (Bioko) and Tristan da Cunha in the Atlantic Ocean, Réunion and Grande Comore (Ngazidja) in the Indian Ocean, Yakushima (Japan), Maui and Hawaii (Hawaiian islands), and Mas Afuera (Juan Fernandez islands) in the Pacific Ocean. Timberline and alpine vegetation exist here under a unique combination of a highly oceanic climate and a marked geographic isolation which contrasts with the tropical alpine vegetation in the extended mountains of South America, Africa and Southeast Asia.This review seeks to identify common physiognomic patterns in the high elevation vegetation that exist despite the fact that the islands belong to different floristic regions of the world. Based on the existing literature as well as personal observation, an overview of the elevation, physiognomy and floristics of the forest (and tree) line and the alpine vegetation on 15 island peaks is given.The forest line ecosystems are dominated either by conifers (Canary islands, Yakushima), heath woodland (Azores, Madeira, Réunion, Grande Comore, Fernando Poo) or broad-leaved trees (Hawaiian islands, Juan Fernandez islands, Tristan da Cunha). In the subalpine and alpine belts, dry sclerophyllous scrub occurs on island mountains that are exposed to the trade winds (Canary islands, Cape Verde islands, Hawaiian islands, Réunion, Grande Comore). These peaks are more or less arid above the forest line because a temperature inversion restricts the rise of humid air masses further upslope. In the summit regions of the remaining islands, which are located either in the wet equatorial and monsoonal regions or in the temperate westerly zones without an effective inversion layer, mesic to wet vegetation types (such as grassland, alpine heathland and fern scrub) are found.Compared to mountains at a similar latitude in continental areas, the forest line on the islands is found at 1000 to 2000 m lower elevations. The paper discusses four factors that are thought to contribute to this forest line depression: (1) drought on trade-wind exposed island peaks with stable temperature inversions, (2) the absense of well-adapted high-altitude tree species on isolated islands, (3) immaturity of volcanic soils, and (4) an only small mountain mass effect that influences the vertical temperature gradient.     

Lichen biota of Khakassia

The diversity of Khakassia lichen biota inhabiting the central part of the Altai-Sayan mountain region and the general regularities in the lichen distribution on substrates and along vertical belts have been studied. The lichen composition of 1330 species, 262 genera, and 82 families was determined via generalization of the lichenological data available for this republic. The main lichen synusia in high mountain, mountain steppe, and mountain forest belts were recorded.