亚麻酶法脱胶研究进展

该文综述了亚麻酶法脱胶的研究现状及前景。从酶的组成、酶法亚麻脱胶工艺和酶法脱胶后亚麻纤维结构及组成变化三方面进行了论述。指出了亚麻酶法脱胶的优越性,现存的问题及其研究方向。     

亚麻微生物脱胶优势菌的选育及其应用

从亚麻种植土壤与沤麻水中分离出96株能分解果胶的菌株。通过初筛和复筛获得4株果胶酶高产菌株。其中,在果胶平板培养基上生长速度快、产果胶酶活力高的12号菌株被确定为优势菌,经鉴定其为枯草芽孢杆菌。最适脱胶条件为：麻水比1：15,pH7．5,温度32～33℃,预培养的优势菌接种量3％。结果表明,采用优势菌的脱胶周期比对照缩短50％左右,而且麻的纤维质量明显得以改善。     

亚麻脱胶新工艺的初步研究

研究了温水浸渍亚麻脱胶过程中的产果胶酶的微生物数量、种类和果胶酶活力变化规律,分离筛选出了产果胶酶活力较高的厌氧和兼性厌氧菌各l株,研究了这2个菌株的种子培养条件,用正交实验法优化了接入厌氧和兼性厌氧菌的亚麻脱胶工艺.实验结果表明亚麻脱胶周期缩短35%,可改善麻纤维质量.     

亚麻纤维脱胶菌的筛选及脱胶效果研究

为筛选亚麻纤维脱胶菌株,从麻脱胶废水、废麻堆积物等7个含麻胶质样品中分离得到39株能分解果胶的菌株.采用水解圈法复筛选出8株果胶酶活性较高的菌株,经果胶酶、纤维素酶活性测定和菌体脱胶试验,最终确定8-1是优良的亚麻脱胶菌株,该菌株果胶酶活可达663.17 u/mL,而纤维素酶活仅为9.13 u/mL.菌株8-1经形态观察、Biolog菌种鉴定系统鉴定以及基于16S rDNA序列构建的系统进化树分析为一株芽孢杆菌.     

亚麻脱胶菌种的选育及脱胶过程的初步研究

从沤麻主生物期的水中分离产果胶酶的菌株经初筛、复筛获得了三株专性厌氧细菌,初步鉴定为费氏芽孢杆菌,对其亚麻脱胶性能进行了初步研究,确定人工加菌沤麻的最适工艺条件为：加菌量2％,加菌时间：沤麻进入主生物期零时,菌株A优于其它菌株．结果表明：采用上述工艺进行沤麻实验,可缩短沤麻时间30％,并可提高麻纤维质量。     

果胶酶在麻类脱胶中的应用及其作用机理

脱胶是麻类产业链中的难题。生物脱胶则是解决麻类加工技术难题的发展方向。果胶酶在生物脱胶中的应用一直是研究的重点。本文通过分析国内外有关果胶酶和产酶微生物在选育、发酵、酶学性质、基因工程与脱胶工艺等方面的研究进展,阐明了果胶酶在麻类脱胶中的作用机理。果胶酶是麻类生物脱胶不能缺少的关键酶之一,但不能独立完成麻类脱胶;根据麻类纤维原料特性,采用基因操作等技术构建复合酶高产菌株是未来的重点研究方向。     

枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)产果胶酶的研究Ⅰ.菌种选育、鉴定及其酶学特征分析

分离到1株高产果胶酶菌株,经形态、生理以及生化指标鉴定,确认为枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)并命名为枯草杆菌18.发酵液用90%硫酸铵沉淀,透析后的粗酶经CM-52柱层析,收集酶峰,再过Shephadex G-100得部分纯化酶.该酶最适pH9.0,在pH9～11稳定,最适反应温度60℃,50℃加热50 min保存60%酶活,60℃加热50 min酶活则保存10%.酶的等电点(pI)4.0,分子量31 000.该酶对苎麻脱胶有较好的特异性.     

从富集液中发掘麻类脱胶果胶酶基因的技术

为了突破传统可培养技术筛选麻类脱胶用果胶酶基因的不足,通过设计不同总DNA提取方法、样品富集方法以及优化PCR反应体系,建立起了一套适合于直接从富集液中发掘麻类脱胶用果胶酶基因的技术。结果表明,震荡培养脱胶时间比静止培养脱胶时间缩短51.5%;通过PowerSoilTMDNA Isolation Kit从第4次富集后的震荡发酵中能提取适合的总DNA;PCR最优反应体系为:总体积为25 ml,Mg2+浓度为2.0 mmol/L,dNTPs浓度为0.2 ng/μl,引物浓度为0.6μmol/L,DNA模板取2.5 ng/μl,Taq聚合酶量为0.8 U。获得的基因序列与已报道的果胶酶基因FJ538208序列高度相似,应用该技术成功地从麻类脱胶富集液中克隆到了果胶酶基因。     

果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium aroidearum) WNH的筛选及其汉麻生物脱胶效果

【背景】麻类生物脱胶与化学法脱胶相比具有环保优势。【目的】获得用于汉麻生物脱胶的高效果胶酶菌株。【方法】使用以果胶为唯一碳源的培养基,采用平板稀释法进行菌株筛选,通过生理生化实验和16s rRNA基因序列比对鉴定目标菌株。采用单因素试验优化产酶条件,并验证该条件下汉麻生物脱胶效果。【结果】获得一株具备高活性果胶的酶菌株,归类为果胶杆菌(Pectobacterium aroidearum) WNH。在培养温度27 °C、转速160 r/min、接种量10%、初始pH 7.0的条件下培养16 h后,果胶杆菌WNH的粗酶液果胶酶活力达155.03 U/mL。按上述条件对汉麻韧皮进行二次脱胶处理,处理后脱胶率为27.18%,较对照组提高了6.93%。【结论】果胶杆菌WNH具备汉麻生物脱胶的潜力。     

芽孢杆菌苎麻脱胶动态过程分析

苎麻纤维被誉为天然纤维之王,应用广泛.脱胶是实现苎麻纤维应用的关键,然而传统化学脱胶工艺使用大量酸碱以及高温高压条件,耗能高且严重污染环境.微生物脱胶工艺由于具备节能环保等优势,是当前的研究热点.为了解决微生物脱胶普遍存在效率低、不均匀等问题,本文利用所筛选的芽孢杆菌LY11进行微生物脱胶试验,通过检测、分析脱胶过...     

Investigation of Critical Core Formulation and Process Parameters for Osmotic Pump Oral Drug Delivery

Push–pull osmotic pump (PPOP) tablets of a practically insoluble model drug were developed and the effect of various formulation and process parameters on tablet performance was evaluated in order to identify critical factors. The formulation factors such as the viscosity grade of polyethylene oxide as the primary polymer as well as the level and location of osmogen within the bilayer tablets led to a difference in performance of osmotic tablets and hence should be critically evaluated in the design of such dosage forms. Modification of granulation process, i.e., the granulating liquid composition or drying method of granules, did not impact the drug release from the osmotic tablets at the evaluated scale of this study. The influence of varying dose and aqueous solubility of other model drugs (i.e., theophylline, acetaminophen, and verapamil HCl) on the developed PPOP template was also investigated. Results showed that irrespective of the perceived complexity of development and manufacturing of osmotic pumps, the osmotic tablets in this study demonstrated a robust and yet flexible platform in accommodating different types of drug candidates, regardless of solubility, for the dose levels below 25% w/w of the pull layer formulation.     

Bacteriologic and therapeutic considerations in intra-abdominal surgical infections

The most important factor in the treatment of intra-abdominal infections are early diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention while antibiotics play a secondary role. The goals of surgical procedures should be to stop peritoneal contamination, to debride necrotic tissue, to remove debris and foreign bodies and to drain any pus collection. Antibiotics should be initiated before surgery and they must encompass both colonic aerobes and anaerobes including Bacteroides fragilis group but not necessary Enterococcus sp. Antibacterial agents with pure activity against anaerobes include chloramphenicol, clindamycin and the nitroimidazoles while ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanate, ticarcillin/clavulanate, cefoxitin, cefotetan, ceftizoxime imipenem/cilastatin, meropenem and some advanced quinolones like sparfloxacin, represent a single drug to cover both aerobic and anaerobic microflora. Although almost all clinical trials usually result in a 90% efficacy rate, the final outcome is dependant on the stage of the infection (early versus late), sepsis score, underlying diseases and the applied surgical procedures. On the other hand the choice of antibiotic(s) must be influenced by its toxicity, profiles local nosocomial susceptibility patterns, resistance inducing ability and price.     

Changes in the Ribonuclease Activity of Flax Cotyledons following Inoculation with Flax Rust

There was a significant increase in the ribonuclease activity of both resistant (Bombay) and susceptible (Bison) varieties of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) 3 to 4 days after inoculation with flax rust (Melampsora lini [Pers.] Lev., race No. 3). A second and much greater increase in the activity of this enzyme occurred only in the susceptible host at later stages of disease development. While a similar increase in ribonuclease level was also caused by mechanical injury, evidence is presented showing qualitative differences between the enzyme from parasitized tissue and that from the mechanically injured cotyledons. Comparison of the enzyme from healthy and inoculated cotyledons and from flax rust revealed the presence of a relatively unstable component and some unique catalytic properties in the enzyme from inoculated cotyledons.     

Influence of Several Process Parameters on Sourdough Fermentation

The influence of several process parameters (starter, sourdough refreshment, dough yield, ingredients) on sourdough fermentation was investigated. This was realised by online measurement of both pH and gas pressure in sourdough in a closed air‐tight reactor. Firstly, the effect of sourdough refreshment on both gas pressure and acidification was evaluated and shown to be accompanied by an increase in both acidification and gas pressure evolution rates. Secondly, two commercial starters (BRS and BIO) differing in their microflora were compared as regards to their gassing power and acidifying properties. BRS exhibited faster acidification but less gassing power. Moreover, the variation of sourdough yield for BRS starter induced a different evolution of the acidification profile. Sourdough fermentation varied also depending on the presence of NaCl. 2% of NaCl induced a lower gassing power in sourdough by inhibiting the yeasts.     

D-amino acid aminotransferase of Bacillus sphaericus. Enzymologic and spectrometric properties.

D-Amino acid aminotransferase, purified to homogeneity and crystallized from Bacillus sphaericus, has a molecular weight of about 60,000 and consists of two subunits identical in molecular weight (30,000). The enzyme exhibits absorption maxima at 280, 330, and 415 nm, which are independent of the pH (5.5 to 10.0), and contains 2 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mol of enzyme. One of the pyridoxal-5'-P, absorbing at 415 nm, is bound in an aldimine linkage to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the protein, and is released by incubation with phenylhydrazine to yield the catalytically inactive form. The inactive form, which is reactivated by addition of pyridoxal 5'phosphate, still has a 330 nm peak and contains 1 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. Therefore, this form is regarded as a semiapoenzyme. The holoenzyme shows negative circular dichroic bands at 330 and 415 nm. D-Amino acid aminotransferase catalyzes alpha transamination of various D-amino acids and alpha-keto acids. D-Alanine, D-alpha-aminobutyrate and D-glutamate, and alpha-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and alpha-ketobutyrate are the preferred amino donors and acceptors, respectively. The enzyme activity is significantly affected by both the carbonyl and sulfhydryl reagents. The Michaelis constants are as follows: D-alanine (1.3 and 4.2 mM with alpha-ketobutyrate and alpha-ketoglutarate, respictively), alpha-ketobutyrate (14 mM withD-alanine), alpha-ketoglutarate (3.4 mM with D-alanine), pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (2.3 muM) and pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (25 muM).