鲻鱼早期卵子发生的超微结构研究

用电子显微镜技术观察鲻鱼早期卵子发生进入第一次成熟分裂前期联会丝复合体期、粗线期、双线期和网状期卵原细胞和初级卵母细胞生发泡和胸质的超微结构特点。在联会丝复合体期,生发泡内同源染色体配对,联会丝复合体中央出现重组节,胞质中不同发育类型的核仁样及其相关线粒体的分布及其数量可作为划分鲻鱼早期卵子发生各个时期的依据。另外,首次观察到靠近膜细胞有一种不规则形细胞,推测是分泌成熟抑制肽细胞。     

ERYTHROPOIETIC CELL POPULATION CHANGES DURING THE HEPATIC PHASE OF ERYTHROPOIESIS IN THE FOETAL MOUSE

Estimates have been made of the absolute numbers of hepatogenic erythropoietic cells from 12.5 days post fertilization onwards in the mouse. All stages of maturation up to reticulocytes are present in the earliest samples but the least mature cells (proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts) predominate; more mature cells (orthochromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes and erythrocytes) predominate later in development. The number of hepatogenic haemoglobinized cells increases exponentially with a population doubling time of about 8 hr until about 15.5 days post fertilization. There is then a sharp transition and the doubling time lengthens to about 2 days. The immature cells formed during the rapid phase of increase are poorly haemoglobinized; hence the increase in haemoglobin lags behind that of cells. Calculations of the rates of formation of hepatogenic haemoglobinized cells and haemoglobin per standard number of liver cells show maxima between 15 and 16 days; these findings are in accord with direct observations of rates of haemoglobin synthesis in cultured mouse foetal livers made previously.     

白刺胚乳早期发育的超微结构研究

白刺(Nitraria sibirica)胚乳发育经历游离核阶段、细胞化阶段和被吸收解体阶段。游离核胚乳沿胚囊壁均匀排列为一层,胞质浓厚,其中有丰富的质体、线粒体、高尔基体、内质网和各种小泡等细胞器。珠孔区域的胚囊壁具发达的分枝状壁内突,而周缘区域的胚囊壁具间隔的钉状内突,内突周围的细胞质中具多数线粒体和小泡。胚乳细胞化时,初始垂周壁源于核有丝分裂产生的细胞板。在细胞板两端开始壁的游离生长,一端与胚囊壁相连接,另一端向心自由延伸。壁的游离生长依赖于小泡的融合。早期胚乳细胞具大液泡,具核或无核,细胞质中有大量的线粒体,质体缺乏,其壁仍由多层膜结构组成。     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF FERN GAMETOPHYTES DURING ONE- TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

During early stages in the transition from 1- to 2-dimensional gametophyte development the change from filamentous to bulbous apical cell is not accompanied by major changes in the nature or number of cytoplasmic components of the cell. However, chloroplasts in apical cells of plants grown in red light are larger than those from cells of plants grown in blue light. In addition, the orientation of cytoplasmic microtubules is different in apical cells of plants from red and blue light. This change in orientation may be causally related to the change in apical cell form during 1- to 2-dimensional growth.     

小煤炱科子囊壳超微结构研究

用扫描电镜对小煤炱科Meliolaceae的美座附丝壳Appendiculella calotroma(Desm.)Hoehnel和莫勒针壳炱Irenopsis molleriana(Wint.)Stev.的子囊壳进行观察的结果,发现它们的子囊壳都有一个小孔口,孔口周围有2～4层小圆柱形至椭圆形细胞;它们的子囊壳表面细胞呈疣状或乳突状,具纵向沟纹。其中美座附丝壳还有具横条纹的蠕虫状附属物,莫勒针壳炱有光滑的子囊壳刚毛。子囊壳表面孔口的发现为小煤炱目Meliolales的确立提供了直接的证据。     

胎肝中肝干细胞的免疫组织化学研究

目的采用免疫组织化学方法显示不同时期人胚胎肝脏的干细胞,分析肝干细胞的形态与分布特点及发育过程中干细胞在肝脏中的迁徙,探讨肝脏的发生发育及肝内干细胞的来源。方法不同发育时期胎儿肝脏,取材、固定、制成石蜡切片,ABC法检测肝干细胞特异性的表面标记物CD34、CK19、C-11和OV6。结果胎肝内汇管区周边界板处有卵圆样细胞表达CD34、C-11、CK19和OV6,阳性细胞紧密排列成管,呈鞘样包绕着早期汇管区,部分包绕着初级汇管区,随着次级汇管区的成熟,卵圆样干细胞逐渐局限于赫令氏管周围;此外,胚胎发育的不同阶段均可见CD34、OV6阳性的单核样细胞分散在肝索、肝血窦之内,多见于汇管区的问充质组织之内,肝血管内鲜见。结论胚胎发育早期汇管区周边界板处含有丰富的干细胞,可能是肝脏发育的起点,这些干细胞逐渐分化为胆管上皮样细胞,然后分化为肝细胞和胆管上皮细胞;造血干细胞是肝内的另一干细胞来源,造血干细胞在肝内受到诱导作用分化为小部分的肝实质细胞。     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF THE SHOOT APEX DURING THE INITIATION OF THE FIRST LEAF IN GERMINATING PINUS BANKSIANA

The morphology and anatomy of the shoot apex in germinating Pinus banksiana seeds is described by using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and microspectrophotometry, with special attention given to events preceding the appearance of the first leaf primordia at about 72 hr post-imbibition. The 2C nuclei begin DNA synthesis at about 43 hr. RNA increases until 52 hr and is followed by a reduction related to cytokinesis. Protein drops after 36 hr, apparently related to digestion of storage protein bodies, which by 48 hr are about 50% digested. The resulting protein body vacuoles do not enlarge. Starch is digested just prior to appearance of the leaves and may be mediated by α-amylase production from stacks of endoplasmic reticulum. Heterochromatin increases in the nuclei during germination and coincides with an increase in repeated nucleotide sequences. Golgi bodies increase in number after the first mitoses.     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF CELL DIVISION IN THE CAMBIUM

The fine structure of dividing cambial cells of Ulmus americana and Tilia americana has been studied in material fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide. The cambia examined consisted of 7–9 rows of unexpanded fusiform cells, all of which had similar ultrastructural components. The fine structure and sequence of events of mitosis and cytokinesis in the dividing cambial cells apparently are similar to those of dividing cells in root tips and leaves. Of special interest was the observation that during cytokinesis, a broad cytoplasmic plate or phragmosome precedes the developing phragmoplast and cell plate through the dividing cambial cell. Smooth and coated vesicles derived from dictyosomes are associated with cell plate formation in these cells, smooth vesicles primarily with earlier stages of plate formation, and coated vesicles in later stages.     

东方蝾螈早期发育过程中细胞核超微结构的观察

东方蝾螈胚胎发育过程中,从原肠早期到原肠末期无论外胚层或中胚层细胞核内都含有大量的异染色质团块,而到神经板形成后所有细胞核内染色质均呈分散状态。异染色质向常染色质的转变过程发生在原肠末期到神经板形成这段时间里,在原口闭合后4.5小时之前完成,此时期似乎是形态发生的转折点。到发育的后期,细胞核内有一些染色质又会由分散状态转变为凝聚的异染色质团块。预定神经上皮向神经组织分化的决定是个逐渐的过程,这一过程在原肠口闭合时已经开始,到神经板期完成。染色质的分散似乎发生在细胞有了初步决定之后。本文就染色质超微结构变化的意义以及染色质超微结构变化与细胞分化的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

健康新生儿口腔微生物的早期定植研究

目的：观察母亲阴道细菌对其新生儿口腔微生物定植的影响,确定早期定植于新生儿口腔的细菌种类以及新生儿口腔的优势菌,观察不同喂养方式对新生儿口腔微生物的影响。方法：对刚出生的22名健康新生儿口腔及其母亲分娩前的阴道进行棉拭子取样,新生儿连续一周每天口腔取样,在需氧、兼性厌氧、厌氧条件下培养,检出细菌经形态学及生化鉴定。刚出生婴儿的口腔拭子及其母亲阴道拭子选用成品的CY酵母菌业色检测培养盒检测酵母菌。结果：剖腹生产的刚出生的健康婴儿口腔100％无菌,经产道生产的刚出生的健康婴儿口腔25％有菌;母亲阴道细菌Staphlococcus epidermidis(S.epidermidis),Streptococcus faecalis (S.faecalis),Lactobacilli spp.在经产道生产的刚出生的新生儿口腔中可以检出;45.5%新生儿出生后第二天可检出Streptococcus salivarius (S.salivarius)的定植,S.salivarius和Streptococcus mitis(S.mitis)为出生一周新生儿口腔的优势菌;9.1%的新生儿口腔中可检出厌氧菌Veillinella spp.。母乳喂养和人工喂养的新生儿口腔优势菌差异无显著性（P＞0.05),但人工喂养新生儿口腔中的S.epidermidis检出率和菌量均明显低于母乳喂养组（P＞0.05)。结论：母亲阴道细菌对经产道生产的新生儿口腔微生物的定植有一定影响,出生一周的健康婴儿口腔中的优势菌为S.salivarius和S mitis,Veillonella spp.,是最早定植在新生儿口腔中的厌氧菌,不同喂养方式对优势菌在新生儿口腔的早期定植无明显影响。     

山羊早期胚胎发育的超微结构研究

本实验以促卵泡刺激素(FSH)进行超排处理所得的胚胎为材料,首次对山羊附植前胚胎发育过程中的超微结构变化进行了系统的研究。结果表明:(1)在桑椹期以前,胚胎中大都为带帽线粒体,从此期开始这种线粒体明显减少;从四细胞期开始,出现基质浅具横嵴的线粒体,且以后各期逐步增多。具横嵴的线粒体可能由带帽线粒体的帽状泡消失后转变而来。(2)核仁从四细胞期开始网状化,以后网状化程度逐步增强,颗粒部明显增加。(3)间隙连结最早形成于4细胞期,紧密连结和桥粒分别从8细胞期开始出现。     

AN EVALUATION OF ERYTHROPOIESIS IN THE YOUNG RAT

Estimates of the cell population kinetic parameters have been obtained for the erythroid cells of the young growing rat using the technique of labelled mitoses and these results have been analysed by a computer programme. The phases of the cell cycle for the proliferating cells have been shown to be of shorter duration than generally reported. Together with the differential cell count and initial labelling index these data have enabled estimates of the growth fraction, birthrate, flow rate, number of divisions and transit time to be determined for each compartment.     

RECENT PROGRESS IN THE STUDY OF EARLY EVENTS IN MAMMALIAN FERTILIZATION*

During the past 25 years, great advances have been made in understanding the physiology, morphology and biochemistry of fertilization in invertebrate animal species. In contrast to this situation, there is a paucity of knowledge pertaining to mammalian fertilization. Major areas in which information is lacking are the nature of changes undergone by spermatozoa in preparation for fertilization, and the mechanisms involved in sperm penetration of the egg investments. The present state of knowledge of these events is outlined, and the weaknesses of some current concepts are evaluated. Fertilization of mammalian eggs in vitro seems an attractive method for studying gamete interaction, but experience has shown that numerous problems are associated with this technique. As a result, the information on mammalian fertilization that has been derived from studies conducted in vitro has fallen considerably short of expectations; some factors contributing to this discrepancy are described. Recent findings concerning the regulation of sperm motility and fertilizing ability seem to have considerable significance for mammalian fertilization in vivo and in vitro. These findings have been utilized to refine existing procedures; fertilization of hamster eggs in vitro has now been accomplished in the presence of numbers of spermatozoa comparable to those believed to be present at the site and time of fertilization in vivo. It is anticipated that this improved technique, by more closely approximating the physiological situation, will substantially assist the derivation of useful information from in vitro fertilization studies.     

鼠疟原虫裂殖子的超微结构研究

用透射电镜观察了两种鼠疟原虫的体内游离裂殖子。发现顶端中央有一凹陷的口样结构。描述了棒状体、球形体和个体间的结构差异,以及核孔、表被等的形态细节。还注意到线粒体外侧常伴有一致密舌形结构。对以上结果进行了讨论。     

猪肥大细胞的超微结构研究

对４头一月龄长白仔猪的肠粘膜肥大细胞（ＭＭＣ）、粘膜下结缔组织肥大细胞（ＣＴＭＣ）及胸腺髓质肥大细胞（ＴＭＭＣ）进行了透射电镜观察。未发现它们之间存在超微结构的显著差异。     

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HAPLOID EMBRYOIDS OF LARIX DECIDUA DURING EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS

Cultures of haploid tissue derived from megagametophyte tissue were investigated at various stages of embryoid development. At the earliest stage of development the cells were vacuolate and plastids and mitochondria were simple in structure. Eventually, embryonal domes were formed which in turn, produced suspensor cells. As the embryoid developed, its apical cells showed increased complexity of plastids, eventually developing chloroplasts and amyloplasts. In addition, the vacuolar volume in the cells was reduced, while vesicle production increased. Cristae in mitochondria became more apparent. In the suspensor cells, plastids remained as leucoplasts and amyloplasts without any internal membrane structures. Mitochondria became more developed and vesicle number increased in the long cells. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which was the most common form of this class of membrane, was reduced by the cotyledonary stage and replaced by rough endoplasmic reticulum. Phenolic deposits appeared with maturation of the suspensor, and an extracellular matrix of PATAg (Thiery) positive polysaccharide was detected between the cells.     

对于棉花早期蕾损失的补偿作用分析

1981—1984年在河北省饶阳县三种肥力水平地块上,以4个陆地棉Gossyium hirsutum L.品种为材料,进行了11次人工模拟第二代棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hübner)对棉蕾的为害试验,旨在确定受害株在繁殖器官水平上的补偿途径。每两天记录一次每处理各10株棉花各节位的发育状况。数据表明,每株去除8个左右的早期蕾的影响是:1)始花日推迟9.32天但不引起皮棉减产;2)有效花期缩短5.95天,这对产量有不利影响;3)现蕾总数(包括去除数)增加15.31％,合每株7.07个,这奠定了补偿的基础;4)开花速度加快17.21％,致使每株总花数比对照多0.43朵;5)幼铃脱落率降低9.85％;6)成铃数增加15.28％,合每株2.34个;7)果枝数、每铃籽棉重以及皮棉百分率都无显著变化。由此可以清楚看出,这些受害株能够基本上弥补损失的蕾数,同时开花速度显著加快,使得总花数略有增加,幼铃脱落率显著降低,结果成铃数显著增多。这些正作用的总效应远超出缩短有效花期造成的负作用。因此,遭受一定程度早期蕾损失的植株在一般情况下都能增产。这一认识动摇了华北棉区控制棉铃虫的通常对策,该对策把防治重点放在第二代上。     

AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF TRANSMITTING TISSUE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PISTIL OF LILIUM LEUCANTHUM

A study of developing transmitting tissue of Lilium Leucanthum pistils was undertaken in order to correlate structure with function. Lining the stylar canal are stigmatoid cells which contain a secretory zone consisting of a labyrinth of wall ingrowths characteristic of transfer cells. The functional feature of the labyrinth is a high surface-to-volume ratio that facilitates an intensive transmembrane flux of solutes. Stigmatoid cells in various stages of development and maturation have been investigated with the aid of electron and light optics in conjunction with cytochemical techniques. During development of the secretory zone, vesicles, formed by hypersecretory dictyosomes, fuse with the plasma membrane and contribute their contents to the growing wall. The pattern of secretory zone development is basipetal and is associated with initiation of chemotropism. In a mature pistil large crystals, having a basipetal pattern of development, and sensitive to protease, can be observed in the cytoplasm of stigmatoid cells. At anathesis, degradation of the crystal can be observed in the cells of the stigma surface and progresses basipetally as the pistil ages. The role of the crystal is uncertain. Immature pistils cultured in the presence of labeled proline take up the label which at maturity of the pistil is transferred to the canal of the pistil. The label is found in the crystals and the secretory zone of the stigmatoid cells. Pollen tubes growing in the canal of a labeled pistil take up the label.