一种寄生茶小绿叶蝉蜡蚧菌的鉴定及产孢条件优化

【目的】对寄生茶小绿叶蝉的丝状真菌进行鉴定和分生孢子培养研究。【方法】采用形态特征比较和转录间隔区(ITS)序列构建系统树进行分析,分生孢子培养通过单因素筛选和正交试验进行产孢条件优化。【结果】根据形态特征比较和系统发育分析表明,该真菌为渐狭蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium attenuatum ZareW.Gams。最优产孢条件(质量体积比)为:蛋白胨2%,麦芽糖1%,蚕蛹粉1%,氯化钾0.05%,磷酸氢二钾0.1%,七水硫酸镁0.05%,琼脂1.5%,蒸馏水1 000 m L,25°C。【结论】通过形态特征比较和分子序列分析表明,罹病茶小绿叶蝉上的真菌为已知种——渐狭蜡蚧菌,并对该菌株进行了产孢条件的优化。研究结果为该菌株应用到茶小绿叶蝉的生物防治研究提供基础资料。     

高效降解纤维素低温真菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵优化

【背景】纤维素的生物转化已经成为能源、环境和化工领域的研究热点,但可降解纤维素的低温真菌鲜有报道。【目的】从西藏高海拔的植物根际土壤中筛选具有高效降解纤维素能力的低温真菌,优化其产酶条件,为其工业化应用奠定基础。【方法】利用稀释平板涂布法、刚果红定性及酶活定量分析进行低温降解菌的筛选;根据菌株形态学特征及ITSrDNA序列分析对其进行鉴定;利用单因素实验和响应面优化法优化其产酶条件。【结果】分离筛选到一株高效产纤维素酶的低温真菌NLS-2;鉴定菌株NLS-2为青霉菌属;在低温15°C下,其产纤维素酶的最佳培养条件为稻草粉2.5%,酵母粉0.5%,KH2PO40.5%,发酵时间7d,pH6.5,摇床转速170r/min。【结论】青霉菌NLS-2可在低温条件下生长并具有较强的纤维素酶生产能力,具有良好的应用前景。     

蜡蚧轮枝菌固体发酵基质的筛选与组分优化研究

对昆虫病原真菌一蜡蚧轮枝菌菌株Tri—BA81进行5种单一基质和4种合基质固体发酵,初筛出谷子单一基质和谷子＋麦麸＋磷酸盐组合基质为最佳发酵基质,后者的产孢量是前者的3倍多。选取谷子、麦麸、磷酸盐和稻壳为4个组分因子,每个因子分别设有不同质量比例的3个水平,按正交设计（L94^3）进行优化组合筛选研究。结果表明,产孢量最高的正交组合为5号配方,分生孢子产量达1．68×10^10个／g。     

一株纤维素降解细菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件分析

目的筛选高活性的纤维素降解细菌,并进行初步鉴定和产纤维素酶条件分析。方法采集吉首旗帜山松树林的土壤样品,通过富集培养和刚果红平板染色法筛选分离纤维素降解细菌;通过形态观察、生理生化特性检测和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对分离的菌株进行初步鉴定。利用单因素实验对产纤维素酶条件进行优化。结果分离获得1株高活性纤维素降解细菌JDM11,初步鉴定其为Bacillus velezensis;菌株JMD11产纤维素酶最佳培养温度、最适初始pH和培养时间分别为28℃、7.0～7.5和32h,在该条件下其滤纸酶(FPase)和羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)活力分别为260.32U/ml和651.75U/ml。结论菌株JDM11是1株高活性纤维素降解的Bacillus velezensis。     

蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium araneicola HK-1的鉴定及其对豆蚜的生物防治潜力

【目的】蚜虫是农业生产中最具破坏性的害虫之一,每年造成巨大的农业经济损失。本研究旨在对从死亡蚜虫虫体上分离获得的一株真菌HK-1进行鉴定,分析其生物学特性,并测定其分生孢子对豆蚜Aphis craccivora成蚜的毒力及其对常用化学农药的敏感性,以期为蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium的大规模生产和应用提供理论基础。【方法】结合形态特征和多基因联合分析对HK-1菌株进行鉴定;通过单独改变培养基、pH、碳源和氮源来测定菌株的菌丝生长速率、产孢量和孢子萌发率;采用浸渍法测定孢子悬浮液对豆蚜成蚜的致死率和致死中时(median lethal time, LT₅₀);采用生长速率法测定常用农药对该菌株的半效应浓度(median effective concentration, EC₅₀)。【结果】经鉴定本研究分离的菌株HK-1为蜡蚧菌Lecanicillium araneicola HK-1;生物学特性研究结果表明,L.araneicola HK-1在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基上的生长、产孢量和孢子萌发的状态均较其他培养基上的表现好;pH 9....     

一株苯系物降解真菌筛选及降解特性

采用逐量分批驯化的方法以污水处理厂污泥作为菌源,苯、甲苯、二甲苯为唯一碳源,驯化、分离、筛选能够有效降解苯系物的真菌,命名为B1。采用单因素以及正交实验方法并对真菌降解环境影响因素及降解效率进行了测定和研究。结果表明:真菌B1对苯系物降解的最佳条件为C:N=5:1,pH5,温度30℃,菌种接种量为5.5ml(50ml培养基)。采用GC对初始液相浓度0~90mg/L范围内的苯系物降解效果进行测定,未发现苯系物对真菌降解活性产生抑制作用。真菌对苯系物的降解效率为:甲苯>苯>二甲苯,最高降解效率分别达到87.39%,85.21%,81.47%。混合物降解效果略高于单一底物的降解效果。     

虫生真菌LL-01鉴定及对两种检疫性粉蚧的致病性

【目的】为丰富南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacinus和石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani的生防菌资源。【方法】本研究从感病南洋臀纹粉蚧上分离生防菌,采用基因序列分析方法进行种类鉴定,并在室内优化其培养条件,评估其对这2种检疫性粉蚧的致病性。【结果】分离得到1株编号为LL-01的虫生真菌,经r DNA-ITS、18S r DNA和Nad1序列分析确定为蜡蚧轮枝菌;该菌的生长和产孢最适的温度为26℃,光周期为6L︰18D,碳源为果糖,氮源为干酪素,此条件下培养10 d的蜡蚧轮枝菌菌落直径和产孢量分别可达4.66 cm和3.16×10⁸孢子/cm8孢子/cm²;其侵染不同虫龄南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧10 d后的LC_(50)分别为9.80×102;其侵染不同虫龄南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧10 d后的LC_(50)分别为9.80×10⁴-9.17×104-9.17×10⁵孢子/m L和5.00×105孢子/m L和5.00×10⁴-5.30×104-5.30×10⁵孢子/m L。浓度为1.00×105孢子/m L。浓度为1.00×10⁸孢子/m L的蜡蚧轮枝菌侵染南洋臀纹粉蚧和石蒜绵粉蚧后第10天,其累计致死率分别为84.09%-97.62%和89.89%-98.85%,LT_(50)分别为3.70-5.84 d和3.48-5.14 d;在侵染第5天时,蛋白酶和几丁质酶活性分别达峰值19.44 U/m L和15.01 U/m L,脂肪酶活性在侵染第6天时达到峰值7.68 U/m L。【结论】蜡蚧轮枝菌LL-01生长速度快、产孢量高,对这2种检疫性粉蚧的致病性强。     

一株产甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂菌株的筛选及其产物分析

【目的】解决石油长链烃类物质引起的环境污染问题,筛选可以高效降解石油烃的产糖脂类生物表面活性剂菌株。【方法】采用血平板、油平板法,从葡萄皮表面分离到6株产糖脂类的真菌,比较各菌株的排油性能,通过PCR扩增合成糖脂类表面活性剂的关键基因,筛选到一株具有emtl序列的真菌K6。经形态学、生理生化测定和分子系统发育分析(5.8S,ITS1,ITS2)对菌株进行鉴定,而且通过TLC和HPLC分析该菌株的代谢产物。【结果】经鉴定,该菌为Pseudozyma churashimaensis,可产甘露糖赤藓糖醇脂。石油烃降解实验表明,菌株K6具有很强的乳化性能和降解石油烃的能力,其石油烃降解率可达70.17%。【结论】菌株K6具有产生物表面活性剂和降解长链石油烃类的能力,其对石油污染环境的生物修复具有重要的现实意义。     

富角蛋白有机物对医院绿地真菌群落组成的影响

将富含角蛋白的无菌鸡毛粉引入一医院绿地土后,基于高通量测序技术分析真菌群落的组成及相对丰度,发现在富含角蛋白基质鸡毛粉降解过程中共有真菌6门15纲39目71科128属。加入鸡毛粉不同时期（初期3d、中期30d、后期90d）的医院土真菌群落有较大变化。添加鸡毛粉3d的医院土（YY1）中真菌群落多样性丰富,优势种是芽殖久浩酵母Guehomyces pullulans（57.42%）;加入鸡毛粉30d后（YY2）,群落组成中不少种的相对丰度明显下降,优势种为一分类地位未定属,其相对丰度是77.57%;加入鸡毛粉90d后（YY3）,一些潜在的人类病原菌的相对丰度有所上升,优势种是石膏样小孢子菌Microsporum gyseum（55.17%）,而初期的优势种芽殖久浩酵母Guehomyces pullulans的相对丰度则明显降低。研究可知富含角蛋白的鸡毛粉对医院绿地土壤中的真菌群落,尤其是一些人体潜在病原真菌的群落组成和相对丰度有明显调节作用。     

三种霉菌产纤维素酶能力分析与培养条件优化

对实验室现有3种真菌产纤维素酶能力的分析及培养条件优化。比较了3种菌在刚果红培养基上的透明圈大小、并分析产纤维素酶酶活;通过单因素与响应面分析的方法优化毛酶产纤维素酶的培养条件。通过试验得出3种真菌均能产纤维素酶,毛霉能产较多的纤维素酶。毛霉产纤维素酶的最佳条件为:pH 5.0,转速220 r/min,发酵时间47 h,发酵温度35℃,纤维素酶活为6.99U/mL。毛霉、青霉、曲霉均产纤维素酶,毛霉能降解玉米芯纤维素。     

Degradation of keratinous materials by the plant pathogenic fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Myrothecium verrucaria</Emphasis>

In this paper it is described for the first time the capability of Myrothecium verrucaria to grow in submerged and solid state cultures using poultry feathers as the only substrate. The fungus produced a protease with an unusual keratinolytic activity among plant pathogenic fungi. Its crude protease hydrolyzed keratinous substrates at pH 9.0 and 40 °C in the following order: poultry feather keratin > sheep wool keratin > human nail keratin > human hair keratin. Protease activity was highly sensitive to phenylmethyl sulphonyl fluoride (PMSF) indicating that the enzyme belonged to the serine protease family.     

Keratinolytic Activity of Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius

Aspergillus fumigatus can utilize chicken feather keratin as its sole carbon and nitrogen source. Because enzymatic conversion of native keratin into readily usable products is of economic interest, this fungus was studied for its capacity to produce and secrete keratin-hydrolyzing proteinases. Substantial keratin-azure hydrolyzing activity was present in the culture fluid of keratin-containing media. Considerably lower activity was present in cultures containing glucose and nitrate as the carbon and nitrogen sources, or keratin plus glucose and nitrate. Secretion of keratin-hydrolyzing activity in A. fumigatus was induced by keratin but repressed by low-molecular-weight carbon and nitrogen sources. The amount of keratinolytic enzyme present in the culture fluid was dependent on the initial pH of the culture medium. The crude enzyme also hydrolyzed native keratin and casein in vitro. Hydrolysis was optimal at pH 9 and 45°C. The crude enzyme was remarkably thermostable. At 70°C, it retained about 90% of its original activity for 1.5 h. The obtained results indicated that the A. fumigatus keratinolytic enzyme may be suitable for enzymatic improvement of feather meal. Received: 25 April 1996 / Accepted: 18 June 1996     

Identification of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida parapsilosis</Emphasis> Strain Producing Extracellular Serine Peptidase with Keratinolytic Activity

A yeast strain isolated from feather waste from a chicken processing plant was identified as Candida parapsilosis by biochemical tests and morphological studies. The yeast was able to grow in phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with 1% native feather as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. A keratin substrate was obtained from the feathers by dimethylsulphoxide extraction. A 20-fold concentrated culture supernatant from Candida parapsilosis grown on feathers was analysed by SDS–PAGE electrophoresis containing either 1% gelatin or 1% keratin as copolymerised substrates. The presence of a single band with an approximate molecular mass of 60 kDa with gelatinolytic and keratinolytic activities was observed. This proteolytic activity was fully inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. These results suggest that the extracellular enzyme belongs to the serine peptidase class. This is the first report of an extracellular serine peptidase produced by C. parapsilosis with keratinolytic activity. The role of this enzyme in yeast–host interactions is discussed.     

Keratinolytic activity of Bacillus megaterium F7-1, a feather-degrading mesophilic bacterium

The aim of this study was to investigate environmental conditions affecting chicken feather degradation and keratinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus megaterium F7-1, a feather-degrading mesophilic bacterium. B. megaterium F7-1 degraded whole chicken feather completely within 7 days. The bacterium grew with an optimum at pH 7.0–11.0 and 25–40 °C, where maximum keratinolytic activity was also observed. The production of keratinolytic enzyme by B. megaterium F7-1 was inducible with feather. Keratinolytic enzyme production by B. megaterium F7-1 at 0.6% (w/v) skim milk was 468 U/ml, which was about 9.4-fold higher than that without skim milk. The amount of keratinolytic enzyme production depended on feather concentrations. The degradation rate of autoclaved chicken feathers by cell-free culture supernatant was 26% after 24 h of incubation, but the degradation of untreated chicken feathers was unsuccessful. B. megaterium F7-1 effectively degraded feather meal, duck feather and human nail, whereas human hair and sheep wool showed relatively low degradation rates. B. megaterium F7-1 presented high keratinolytic activity and was very effective in feather degradation, providing potential use for biotechnological processes of keratin hydrolysis.     

Degradation of keratin substrates by fungi isolated from sewage sludge

Four fungal species including two dermatophytes and two saprophytes were isolated from sewage sludge samples at Basrah (Iraq) they were tested for their degradative ability towards three types of keratin substrates (human hair, chicken feathers and wool). The rate of keratin degradation was expressed as weight loss over three weeks of incubation using a liquid culture medium. Human hair had the highest degradation rate by colonization of Chrysosporium pannicola and Microsporum gypseum at a rate of 62% and 4% respectively. Chicken feathers were highly degraded by Aspergillus flavus (32%) while wool degradation was highest by C. pannicola (45.5%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei (38%). There was a significant difference (p < 0.00l) in keratin substrate degradation rates by the examined fungi. Keratinase activity was highest for C. pannicola and M. gypseum in the culture medium baited with human hair. Aspergillus flavus revealed the highest activity of this enzyme in cultures amended with chicken feathers while T. mentagrophytes var. erinacei showed highest keratinase activity in cultures with wool substrate. The amount of protein released into the culture medium varied among the tested fungi. The medium's alkalinity increased over incubation time from 6.5 to 7.8. Microscopic examination showed maceration of the keratin substrates by the fungi. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heterologous production of Aspergillus fumigatus keratinase in Pichia pastoris

Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius was previously shown to grow in mineral medium containing chicken feather flour as carbon and nitrogen source. Substantial proteolytic keratin-degrading activity was present in the culture supernatant after 24–72 h of growth at 42 °C. The keratinase was successfully purified by a single ion exchange chromatographic procedure and had a molecular mass of 31 kDa as determined by SDS–PAGE. The keratinase cDNA was expressed in Pichia pastoris cells and the recombinant clones were shown to be able to produce substantial caseinolytic, azo-keratinolytic and keratinolytic activities. SDS–PAGE and Western-blotting analysis using antibody against keratinase of A. fumigatus showed the presence of a single protein in the culture supernatants of several recombinant P. pastoris cells. This protein had a molecular mass corresponding to that of the A. fumigatus keratinase. The enzyme production profile showed that theP. pastoris recombinant cells produced an increasing amount of proteolytic and azo-keratinolytic activities over a 72 h growth period. Dry weight determination analysis indicated that 10% of the keratin flour was hydrolysed over a 24 h incubation period with 510 U (caseinolytic activity) of the recombinant keratinase.     

Lime treatment of keratinous materials for the generation of highly digestible animal feed: 1. Chicken feathers

Chicken feather keratin was treated with lime (calcium hydroxide) to obtain a liquid product rich in amino acids and polypeptides that can be used as an animal feed supplement. The effect of treatment conditions and the properties of the soluble keratin were studied. At high temperatures (150 degrees C), 80% of feather keratin was solubilized within 25 min, whereas a relatively longer reaction time (300 min) is needed at moderate temperatures (100 degrees C). After 3h of hydrolysis at 150 degrees C, 95% of feather keratin was digested. For the recommended conditions (100 degrees C, 300 min, and 0.1g Ca(OH)(2)/g dry feather), after lime treatment, about 54% of calcium can be recovered by carbonating. In rumen fluid, ammonia production from soluble keratin was similar to that of soybean and cottonseed meals and was greatly less than that of urea, indicating that no ammonia toxicity will result from cattle being fed soluble keratin.     

Solubilization of Feather Keratin by a Copper-amine Complex

Chicken feather keratin was solubilized by cupri-ethylenediamine treatment and the solubilized products were separated into acidic and basic fractions by ion exchangers. In the solubilized products which had a molecular weight between 10,000 and 60,000, all the original cystine residues disappeared and cysteic acid residues were recovered instead of them but partly. The cupri-ethylenediamine reagent which catalyzed air-oxidation of cystine residues in keratin was removable mostly from the products by dialysis against water. The common copper-amine complexes were ineffective to solubilize feather keratin except for Schweitzer’s reagent. One strongly basic, unusual amino acid was detected in the basic solubilized fraction. This amino acid was eluted after arginine by usual column chromatography.     

Native-feather degradation by Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1, a newly isolated keratinase-producing thermophilic anaerobe

A native-feather-degrading thermophilic anaerobe was isolated from a geothermal hot stream in Indonesia. Isolate AW-1, identified as a member of the species Fervidobacterium islandicum, was shown to degrade native feathers (0.8%, w/v) completely at 70 degrees C and pH 7 with a maximum specific growth rate (0.14 h(-1)) in Thermotoga- Fervidobacterium(TF) medium. After 24 h of culture, feather degradation led to an increase in free amino acids such as histidine, cysteine and lysine. Moreover, nutritionally essential amino acids such as tryptophan and methionine, which are rare in feather keratin, were also produced as microbial metabolites. A homomultimeric membrane-bound keratinolytic protease (>200 kDa; 97 kDa subunits) was purified from a cell extract of F. islandicum AW-1. The enzyme exhibited activity toward casein and soluble keratin optimally at 100 degrees C and pH 9, and had a half-life of 90 min at 100 degrees C. The enzyme showed higher specific activity for the keratinous substrates than other proteases and catalyzed the cleavage of peptide bonds more rapidly following the reduction of disulfide bridges in feather keratin by 10 mM dithiothreitol. Therefore, the enzyme from F. islandicum AW-1 is a novel, thermostable keratinolytic serine protease.     

南方红豆杉内生及根际放线菌多样性及其生物活性

【目的】研究药用植物南方红豆杉内生及根际土壤放线菌的多样性及其抑菌、抗肿瘤等重要生物活性并获得一些具有强抑制植物病原真菌以及抗肿瘤等重要生物活性的菌株。【方法】选择7种培养基从南方红豆杉及其根际土壤中分离放线菌,对链霉菌进行形态学分类,去重复后对其进行抑制植物病原真菌以及抗肿瘤活性的筛选并对高活性菌株进行初步鉴定。对部分菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序分析研究其多样性。【结果】研究共分离得到277株放线菌,经去重复后剩余111株放线菌,可归类到6个亚目、7个科、8个属。其中链霉菌可分为10个类群。生物活性研究结果显示:30.9%的菌株具有抑制植物病原真菌活性,其中6株放线菌对多种植物病原真菌显示了强的抑菌活性。分别有44.1%和33.3%的菌株对胃癌肿瘤细胞株SGC-7901和肺癌肿瘤细胞株NCI-H460的抑制率在40%以上。【结论】药用植物南方红豆杉及其根际土壤蕴含种类丰富的放线菌资源,具有良好的生物学活性。菌株KLBMP 2170具有显著的抑菌以及抗肿瘤活性,值得我们去进一步研究。