ACTINOXYLON BANKSII GEN. ET SP. NOV.: A PROGYMNOSPERM FROM THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN OF NEW YORK

A new genus from a Middle Devonian locality near Cairo, N. Y., is described. Actinoxylon gen. nov. is based upon pyritic petrifactions. Three orders of branching are present: penultimate branch, ultimate branch, and leaf. The penultimate branch bears spirally arranged ultimate branches and leaves, the leaves apparently replacing the branches in the spiral. The ultimate branches bear opposite to subopposite and decussate leaves. The leaves are non-planated, unwebbed structures which show at least three dichotomies. Each segment of the leaf is terete as are all other axes. Internally the penultimate branch has a six-lobed actinostele with mesarch protoxylem areas, one or two per lobe. Secondary xylem is visible in the oldest parts of several specimens. The xylem has helical-reticulate, reticulate, scalariform and circular-pitted elements. The presumptive areas of phloem are occupied by cells with dark contents. The cortex is composed of a parenchymatous inner region and a sclerenchymatous outer region. The ultimate branch traces are at first three-lobed protosteles, later becoming four-lobed. Several ultimate branch traces also possess secondary xylem while within the cortex of the penultimate branch. The leaf traces are terete strands. Below each forking of a leaf segment there is a corresponding forking of the vascular strand. Actinoxylon is compared with the progymnosperms Actinopodium, Svalbardia, Archaeopteris, Siderella, and Tetraxylopteris. The anatomy of the penultimate branch of Actinoxylon is similar to that of Actinopodium, Archaeopteris macilenta, and Siderella. The ultimate branch traces of Archaeopteris and Actinoxylon are similar. The ultimate branch stele and pattern of trace formation in Actinoxylon is similar to the stelar configuration and trace formation in the r + 2 axes of Tetraxylopteris schmidtii. The unwebbed leaves are similar to those of Archaeopteris fissilis, Svalbardia, and the terminal units of the Aneurophytales.     

桂花植冠的枝系构型分析

采用Strahler法对福建省石峰寨风景区内的不同生长发育阶段桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)的枝系构型进行了统计分析。结果表明:桂花的分枝格局参数,除总体分枝率和逐步分枝率SBR1:2无显著变化外,其余参数因发育阶段的不同,均发生不同程度的变化。枝系构型的比较分析表明:成树阶段高生长不明显,以拓展上层空间为主,幼苗阶段表现出高生长,幼树阶段则表现出从高生长向横向生长过渡的趋势。通过分析叶片配置发现:在不同枝系上,叶片均集中于植冠内一级枝和二级枝上;叶片的大小从幼苗、幼树到成树阶段逐渐增大。这些说明桂花在不同生长发育阶段,枝系构型表现出一定的可塑性,反映了不同的适应对策。     

Branch architecture,light interception and crown development in saplings of a plagiotropically branching tropical tree,Polyalthia jenkinsii (Annonaceae)

To investigate crown development patterns, branch architecture, branch-level light interception, and leaf and branch dynamics were studied in saplings of a plagiotropically branching tree species, Polyalthia jenkinsii Hk. f. & Thoms. (Annonaceae) in a Malaysian rain forest. Lengths of branches and parts of the branches lacking leaves ('bare' branches) were smaller in upper branches than in lower branches within crowns, whereas lengths of 'leafy' parts and the number of leaves per branch were larger in intermediate than in upper and lower branches. Maximum diffuse light absorption (DLA) of individual leaves was not related to sapling height or branch position within crowns, whereas minimum DLA was lower in tall saplings. Accordingly, branch-level light interception was higher in intermediate than in upper and lower branches. The leaf production rate was higher and leaf loss rate was smaller in upper than in intermediate and lower branches. Moreover, the branch production rate of new first-order branches was larger in the upper crowns. Thus, leaf and branch dynamics do not correspond to branch-level light interception in the different canopy zones. As a result of architectural constraints, branches at different vertical positions experience predictable light microenvironments in plagiotropic species. Accordingly, this pattern of carbon allocation among branches might be particularly important for growth and crown development in plagiotropic species.     

AXILLARY AND DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING IN THE PALM CHAMAEDOREA

In both Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret and C. cataractarum Martius each adult foliage leaf subtends one axillary bud. The proximal buds in C. seifrizii are always vegetative, producing branches (= new shoots or suckers); and the distal buds on a shoot are always reproductive, producing inflorescences. The prophyll and first few scale leaves of a vegetative branch lack buds. Transitional leaves subtend vegetative buds and adult leaves subtend reproductive buds. Both types of buds are first initiated in the axil of the second or third leaf primordia from the apex, P2 or P3. Later development of both types of bud tends to be more on the adaxial surface of the subtending leaf base than on the shoot axis. Axillary buds of C. cataractarum are similarly initiated in the axil of P2 or P3 and also have an insertion that is more foliar than cauline. However, all buds develop as inflorescences. Vegetative branches arise irregularly by a division of the apex within an enclosing leaf (= P1). A typical inflorescence bud is initiated in the axil of the enclosing leaf when it is in the position of P2 and when each new branch has initiated its own P1. No scale leaves are produced by either branch and the morphological relationship among branches and the enclosing leaf varies. Often the branches are unequal and the enclosing leaf is fasciated. The vegetative branching in C. cataractarum is considered to be developmentally a true dichotomy and is compared with other examples of dichotomous (= terminal) branching in the Angiospermae.     

Effect of spikelet removal on the whole plant senescence of rice

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar IET 1444 showed a nonsequential mode of senescence as evident from the decline in chlorophyll and protein of the flag and second leaves at the senescent stage. Removal of 50,75 and 100 % spikelets from the panicle of rice plant or emasculation of the panicle by hot water treatment induced the development of secondary branch from the axil of second leaf but 25 % removal had no effect. Similarly, removal of 75 and 100 per cent spikelets from the panicle of secondary branch induced tertiary branch development, while 25 and 50 per cent removal had no such effect. Similar treatments on tertiary branch had no effect on further branch production. The pattern of leaf senescence of the untreated (control) main tiller, secondary and tertiary branches was identical, i. e. nonsequential, which could be changed into the sequential type only by the development of additional sinks (i. e. side branch). The leaf area and the seed number of secondary and tertiary branches were gradually reduced and reached a critical value in the tertiary branch. The removal of spikelets or emasculation delayed leaf senescence of the main tiller and the secondary and tertiary branches. Also the longevity of the whole plant could be increased by 40 d i. e., up to the senescence of the tertiary branch. Both leaves and reproductive parts control side branch production, which, in turn, controls the longevity of the whole rice plant.     

不同光环境下紫椴幼树树冠结构的可塑性响应

从冠形、侧枝和叶片在树冠中的空间分布角度对天然更新紫椴幼树的树冠结构进行了论述,认为紫椴幼树树冠对光照条件的变化有显著的可塑性响应.强光通过抑制主干的生长促进了侧枝的分化,庇荫则通过抑制1级侧枝的生长促进了侧枝的再分枝.随着光照水平的降低,紫椴幼树的数量叶片密度显著降低,且叶片逐渐集中于冠上层.林冠下的紫椴幼树通过这种侧枝和叶片的分布格局,在形态上提高其对光的截获能力在适度庇荫环境中,紫椴幼树垂直生长采取演替先锋种的"避荫”对策,侧枝生长采取中等耐荫种的"掠光”对策;在弱光环境中,紫椴幼树则采取典型的忍耐适应行为.这种树冠结构的变化是提高紫椴幼树对光的截获能力的一种有益适应.     

The ramification of Apinagia riedelii: A key to the understanding of the plant architecture of Podostemaceae,subfamily Podostemoideae

The study of the ramification pattern of Apinagia riedelii results in a new concept of the architecture of this species, with general implications to members of subfamily Podostemoideae with dithecous leaves. The presence of a subtending leaf below the floriferous shoot proves axillary branching also for species with dithecous leaves. Previous opinions of an unusual ramification mode by subfoliar or non-axillary branching or stem bifurcation in combination with dithecous leaves hitherto pleaded for Podostemoideae is refuted. Moreover, the view of the so-called dithecous leaves with one sheath (theca) at the ventral and one at the dorsal side of the leaf, previously regarded as initially connected with branching, has to be changed. The dithecous leaf arises from the branch and not from the mother shoot axis – as previously believed – and represents the addorsed hypsophyll, i.e., the first leaf (prophyll) of the floriferous branch. This finding leads to the conclusion that the lower sheath of the dithecous leaf is the ventral (not dorsal) sheath pointing to the branch and surrounding its flower bud with a ligule or an ochrea and a hood upon the bud. In this way, the branch and its flower bud become seemingly sunk in the leaf base. At the fusion of leaf basis and shoot results this enigmatic common tissue. The wings of the dorsal (upper) sheath of the dithecous leaf point to the mother shoot axis of the branch. Successive floriferous branches along the main stem disclose the shoot axis of A. riedelii as a monopodium (not sympodium) that develops an anthocladial (foliated) inflorescence in the form of a botrys or a compound botrys, respectively. Since it is generally difficult to define cymose or racemose inflorescences if subtending leaves are absent – which occur in most other species of subfamily Podostemoideae with dithecous leaves – the nature of these inflorescences is discussed anew. The findings on A. riedelii have consequences on our comprehension of the shoot architecture of Podostemoideae.     

Coping with branch excision when measuring leaf net photosynthetic rates in a lowland tropical forest

Measuring leaf gas exchange from canopy leaves is fundamental for our understanding of photosynthesis and for a realistic representation of carbon uptake in vegetation models. Since canopy leaves are often difficult to reach, especially in tropical forests with emergent trees up to 60 m at remote places, canopy access techniques such as canopy cranes or towers have facilitated photosynthetic measurements. These structures are expensive and therefore not very common. As an alternative, branches are often cut to enable leaf gas exchange measurements. The effect of branch excision on leaf gas exchange rates should be minimized and quantified to evaluate possible bias. We compared light-saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates measured on excised and intact branches. We selected branches positioned at three canopy positions, estimated relative to the top of the canopy: upper sunlit foliage, middle canopy foliage, and lower canopy foliage. We studied the variation of the effects of branch excision and transport among branches at these different heights in the canopy. After excision and transport, light-saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates were close to zero for most leaves due to stomatal closure. However, when the branch had acclimated to its new environmental conditions—which took on average 20 min—light-saturated leaf net photosynthetic rates did not significantly differ between the excised and intact branches. We therefore conclude that branch excision does not affect the measurement of light-saturated leaf net photosynthesis, provided that the branch is recut under water and is allowed sufficient time to acclimate to its new environmental conditions.     

Are sample sizes usually at least an order of magnitude too low for reliable estimates of leaf asymmetry?

Estimates of leaf size and asymmetry for individual trees are often obtained using sample sizes that are too small to take into account the possibility that size and asymmetry may be affected by the position of the leaf on the tree. This issue was addressed by exploring variation in leaf size and asymmetry within an individual of Alder (Alnus glutinosa). We found differences between branches for leaf size and for signed asymmetry but not for unsigned asymmetry. We also found that the size of a leaf was not correlated with its position on a branch and that the asymmetry of a leaf was not correlated with either its position on a branch or with the asymmetry of its neighbour. Repeated subsampling of a sample of 870 leaves showed that a subsample size approaching 500 leaves was required for consistently reliable estimates of the standard deviation of unsigned asymmetry. Smaller subsamples were required for consistently reliable estimates of mean unsigned asymmetry and of the mean and standard deviation of leaf size, but subsamples of less than 100 leaves provided consistently reliable estimates only of mean leaf size. For this species, reliable estimates of an individual's level of asymmetry are obtained only if several hundred leaves are sampled over several branches, but it is not necessary to sample the same sequence of leaves from each branch.     

温室内长春花总黄酮含量的动态变化研究

以长春花为试材,应用超声提取和分光光度法测定和分析了不同发育阶段长春花不同部位总黄酮含量的动态变化。结果表明：长春花不同时期各部位总黄酮含量由高到低的排列顺序是：果、叶、花、茎、根;不同叶位总黄酮含量是花叶大于果叶,果叶大于营养叶,不同枝位总黄酮含量是果枝大于叶枝,叶枝大于茎,形成由上到下的递减趋势;侧枝各部位总黄酮含量高于主枝,须根总黄酮含量高于主根,形成由外到内的递减趋势。     

关于木兰属厚朴组叶位的初步研究

根据多年来对厚朴组树种的观测,以及对厚朴芽、枝形态与解剖特征、枝型与叶位关系的研究,论述了厚朴组叶位问题,提出该组树种春叶集生春枝上,即春叶集生当年生枝基,夏、秋叶在夏、秋枝上互生并有小形叶和畸形叶,长萌枝、苗干叶互生的观点。这一结论纠正了长期以来厚朴组“叶假轮状集生于枝端”的错误记载。     

The sporeling development in Frullania tamarisci (L.) Dum

Abstract

The sporeling development in Frullania tamarisici (L.) Dum. ssp. tamarisci is described for the first time. Its pattern belongs to the Frullania-type in which a globose, many-celled protonema is formed within the stretched exospore. The primary leaves are ovate to oblong, followed by the saccate-inflated juvenile leaves. In the juvenile stage each underleaf is associated with a single leaf.     

不同展叶物候期胡杨离子分布、吸收和运输特征及其与土壤盐分关系

为明确胡杨(Populus euphratica )的离子分布、吸收和运输规律，探讨胡杨适应盐渍环境的生理机制，以不同展叶物候期（萌芽期、展叶期、叶片快速发育期、叶片成熟期）的胡杨为研究对象，测定其根、主干、老枝、幼枝和叶片中的可溶性盐离子含量，并对各离子吸收、运输和分配特征进行研究，同时结合林下土壤盐分特征，探讨胡杨离子分布与土壤盐分的关系，结果表明:随着展叶物候的变化，胡杨通过对离子吸收、运输和分布规律的差异满足生长发育的需要及对环境的适应。（1）根系选择性吸收K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力随展叶物候变化而呈先升后降趋势，多以叶片快速发育期为最高，恰与土壤中总盐及Na+、Cl-含量变化趋势相反。（2）离子从根系-主干及幼枝-叶片的运输能力随展叶物候的变化表现为先降后升的相反趋势，且多以叶片快速发育期为最低。（3）各器官中Na+和K+含量在展叶过程中变化不大，而在叶片成熟期有显著升高，且此期Na+以根中含量最高，K+以叶片中含量最高；叶片和根系中Ca2+、Mg2+含量随展叶物候变化整体呈升高趋势。（4）展叶物候期胡杨器官离子与土壤离子相关性表现为:萌芽期，各器官离子含量受土壤盐分影响较小，指标间相关性多不显著；展叶期，根中Na+与土壤离子成正相关，幼枝和主干K+与土壤多呈负相关；叶片快速发育期，幼枝Mg2+、根中Na+均与土壤离子呈正相关；叶片成熟期，各器官离子含量受土壤离子影响较小。     

散孔材与环孔材树种枝干、叶水力学特性的比较研究

为揭示散孔材与环孔材树种树木水分生理特性的差异,选取了常见的3种散孔材落叶树种(毛白杨、法国梧桐和樱花)和3种环孔材落叶树种(刺槐、合欢和白蜡),研究了其枝干与叶水力学性质的差异及其协调性。结果表明:3种环孔材树种枝干横截面积基础上的最大比导水率(Ks-max)大于3种散孔材树种,但其木质部对空穴化的脆弱性(P50branch)高于散孔材树种,6种树木枝干的水分传输能力和抵抗空穴化能力之间存在一种相互制约的权衡关系。3种散孔材与3种环孔材树种的叶最大水力导度(Kl-max)和水力脆弱性(P50leaf)并无显著差异;对于3种散孔材树种,叶的水力脆弱性要高于枝干,但对3种环孔材树种而言,枝干的水力脆弱性要高于叶。6种树木枝干和叶的水力学性质(Kmax、P50)之间并无相关关系。这些结果表明:散孔材与环孔材树种的枝干水力学特性有明显差异,但叶水力学特性无差异;枝干与叶水力学性质之间是相互独立的。     

SYLLEPTIC BRANCHING IN MYRSINE FLORIDANA (MYRSINACEAE)

Myrsine floridana produces all of its vegetative branches, other than those resulting from pruning or damage, by syllepsis, i.e. by the continuous development of an axillary meristem into a branch without an intervening stage of rest. These sylleptic branches, produced in series, have long and conspicuous hypopodia, broad pith connections with the parent axis, and expanded prophylls. Bud dormancy may be imposed when an axillary meristem is in the axil of the sixth or seventh youngest leaf of the parent shoot. Such axillary meristems may remain at the bud stage with only two pairs of scalelike leaves but these may later give rise to inflorescences or proleptic branches. Proleptic branches lack hypopodia, have narrow piths at their bases, and a series of leaves transitional from the original prophylls to normal foliage leaves within about ten leaves. Myrsine floridana has cortical bundles in the stem, related to the formation of minor lateral leaf traces. The hypopodia of sylleptic branches, since they are leafless, do not have cortical bundles.     

梨实生树个体发育过程中蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶同工酶的变化

梨实生树个体童区的童年组织的叶片中,总蛋白和可溶性蛋白含量明显低于成年区的成年组织,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的同工酶谱型也不同子成年组织。而当童年枝条高接在该树的童区和成年区后,主要形态性状、两种蛋白质含量及同工酶谱,分别与非高接的童区、成年区组织有相同表现。高接在童区的成年枝条生长受抑,蛋白质含量下降,但叶片、针刺、节间长度以及同工酶谱型仍表现一定的成年特性。蛋白质含量或同工酶谱的变化与梨实生树组织的成熟有关;个体的发育规律与组织所处的环境有关。     

缙云山大头号茶幼苗种群构件结构及与环境因子的多元分析

 基于构件理论,采用灰色关联度分析技术,对四川缙云山1989年风灾迹地林窗内大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)幼苗种群构件结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,四川缙云山大头茶幼苗种群构件结构主要分为一级枝、二级枝、当年生枝、空间结构、叶片等几大部分。分别可以以一级枝数或茎粗或长度、二级枝数或茎粗或长度、当年生枝数、3年生一级枝数、总叶数等的变化特征来表达其动态特点。前四者间的相关性亦很高,后者(包括主茎上叶面积)和主茎上第一级枝离地面高、主茎上第一叶距地高为比较稳定的特征,受其它生态因子作用影响不十分显著。相对而言,土壤全N、全P、全K、有机质含量及其pH值是比较关键的环境因子;而海拔高度和林窗大小及地形坡度却比较次要。灰色关联度分析不失为一种比较简捷而有效的分析植物种群构件结构特征间及与环境因子间关系的方法。     

Morphogenesis of proximal branch leaves in mosses

The formation of deeply dissected and compound leaves at the bases of branches, their homology between different groups of mosses, and probable factors responsible for their development are considered. Previous authors differ in the interpretation of such leaves and in most cases describe them as special morphological structures named pseudoparaphyllia. It is shown, however, that this term has been applied both to whole leaves and to separate leaf parts. Among the patterns of leaf formation deviating from the basic type, a special place belongs to the Hampeella variant, where deeply dissected and compound leaves are formed due to the delayed development of branch primordia. The families representing this variant occupy a basal position in the phylogenetic tree of pleurocarpous mosses. The Leucodon variant, where splitting of leaves into lobes is apparently explained by strong stem extension, is not specific for any definite phylogenetic group and manifests itself in different families. The Hypnum variant is also not associated with certain phylogenetic lineages, but it provides an example of more profound specialization.     

缙云山大头茶幼苗种群构件结构及与环境因子的多元分析

基于构件理论,采用灰色关联度分析技术,对四川缙云山１９８９年风灾迹地林窗内大头茶（Ｇｏｒｄｏｎｉａａｃｕｍｅｎａｔａ）幼苗种群构件结构及其与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,四川缙云山大头茶幼苗种群构件结构主要分为一级枝、二级枝、当年生枝、空间结构、叶片等几大部分,分别可以以一级枝数或茎粗或长度、二级枝数或基粗或长度、当年生枝数、３年生一级枝数、总叶数等的变化特征来表达其动态特点。前四者间的相关性亦很高,后者（包括主茎上叶面积）和主茎上第一一级枝离地面高、主茎上第一叶距地高为比较稳定的特征,受其它生态因子作用影响不十分显著。相对而言,土壤全Ｎ、全Ｐ、全Ｋ、有机质含量及其ｐＨ值是比较关键的环境因子;而海拔高度和林自大小及地形坡度却比较次要。灰色关联度分析不失为一种比较简捷而有效的分析植物种群构件结构特征间及与环境因子间关系的方法。关键词     

Some Effects of Ringing and Deblossoming Branches of Young Apple Trees on Leaf Composition

Bark rings and blossoms were removed from selected branchesof Y-shaped Sunset/M.7 apple trees at full bloom to give the10 possible combinations of ringed and unringed, deblossomedand cropping branches. Comparisons of leaf areas and dry weightper unit leaf area (specific leaf weight) showed that leavesfrom ringed branches were smaller and that extension shoot leavesfrom ringed branches had higher specific leaf weight. Fruitinghad little influence on area per leaf but gave lower specificleaf weight than deblossoming. Mineral analyses of leaves fromextension shoots in late summer were expressed in terms of unitleaf area and showed significant treatment effects. Ringingboth branches reduced the content of mineral elements but ringingonly one branch showed smaller effects on nitrogen, phosphorus,and potassium. This suggests that these elements are taken upthrough the xylem whenever the roots are adequately suppliedwith nutrients from the branches. Calcium content, on the otherhand, was appreciably reduced by any ringing, suggesting thatat least some of this element is normally transported in thephloem. There was no evidence in this experiment that low mineralnutrient levels in leaves on ringed branches had been limitingto dry matter production.