库布齐沙地两种植被恢复类型根际土壤微生物和土壤化学性质比较研究

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)与中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)是库布齐沙地分布广泛的优良固沙植被类型,在植被恢复过程中受到关注。以库布齐沙地自然恢复的油蒿群落与人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落为研究对象,以流动沙地为对照,采用野外调查、室内生化实验与统计分析相结合的方法,分析两种植被恢复类型根际与非根际土壤微生物、土壤化学性质的差异,研究土壤微生物与土壤化学性质间的相关关系,并运用综合指数法评价两种植被恢复类型对土壤生态系统的恢复效果,为库布齐沙地植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。主要结论如下:(1)与流沙对照相比,两种植被恢复类型根际、非根际土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳、氮含量均有不同程度的提高,其中,自然恢复的油蒿群落根际土壤微生物总数、细菌数量、微生物量碳和氮含量均显著高于中间锦鸡儿根际,真菌和放线菌数量分布表现为中间锦鸡儿油蒿;(2)两种植被恢复类型根际、非根际土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效钾含量均比流动沙地有不同程度地提高,其中,油蒿根际、非根际土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量显著高于中间锦鸡儿;(3)影响油蒿和中间锦鸡儿群落土壤微生物数量、生物量碳和氮的土壤因子是有机质、p H值、全氮、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷,其中,对两种植被恢复类型土壤微生物数量和生物量有正向促进作用的主要因子是土壤有机质、速效钾和全氮含量;(4)运用综合指数法计算出基于14个土壤指标的土壤质量综合指数(SQI),SQI值排序为:油蒿根际中间锦鸡儿根际油蒿非根际中间锦鸡儿非根际流沙对照。自然恢复的油蒿群落对土壤质量的改良效果显著优于人工种植的中间锦鸡儿群落,是库布齐沙地生态恢复的适合途径之一。     

刈割对草原化荒漠区驼绒藜(Krascheninnikovia ceratoides)根际土壤特性的影响

在休眠期对草原化荒漠中自然生长的驼绒藜(Krascheninnikovia ceratoides)进行不同频度的刈割处理(连年刈割、隔年刈割、对照),通过测定根际土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性等指标,分析和讨论了不同频度的刈割处理对驼绒藜根际土壤特性的影响。结果表明:(1)连年刈割和隔年刈割都显著提高了根际土壤含水量,隔年刈割使根际土壤全碳含量显著上升、有机质含量显著下降,但刈割对根际土壤pH值和全氮含量的影响不明显;(2)刈割对根际土壤微生物总量的影响不明显,但显著影响细菌、真菌和放线菌的组成,连年刈割使真菌数量显著增加,隔年刈割使放线菌数量显著增加,驼绒藜根际土壤中放线菌所占比例最大,其数量表征了土壤的贫瘠程度;(3)刈割对根际土壤过氧化氢酶和中性磷酸酶活性有显著影响,两种刈割处理会显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性、降低土壤中性磷酸酶活性,而对土壤多酚氧化酶、脲酶、转化酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响不显著。总之,隔年刈割对植物根际土壤养分供给及土壤分解者的活性更加有利,而且土壤理化因子对土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响不显著。刈割对驼绒藜根际土壤特性影响的规律性不强,可能是由于半灌木刈割利用的时间较短,根际土壤各个测量指标之间尚未形成显著的相关性。     

黄河三角洲莱州湾湿地柽柳种群分布特征及其影响因素

为探明黄河三角洲莱州湾柽柳(Tamarix chinensis Lour)灌丛环境因子的基本特征及其对柽柳灌丛空间分布类型的影响,采用样地与样方相结合的测定方法,对柽柳灌丛样地距海远近、地下水水位、土壤盐碱含量、土壤容重和孔隙度等基本物理参数以及土壤有机质、速效氮、磷养分等13个环境因子参数进行相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:莱州湾柽柳种群空间分布表现为聚集型分布,林分密度与距海距离和地下水水位呈极显著正相关,与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关;土壤含盐量与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,与地下水水位和土壤孔隙度呈极显著负相关;土壤含水量与地下水位呈极显著负相关。莱州湾柽柳灌丛13个环境因子的变异系数在0.060—1.296之间,土壤K+含量、土壤含盐量和林分密度变化幅度较大;其次为土壤有机质和有效磷,地下水水位的空间变异性高于至海距离,而土壤p H值、土壤容重和总孔隙度等基本物理性状变化幅度较小。土壤盐碱含量分别为0.47%和p H为8.48,呈重盐土和偏碱性特征。主成分分析表明,土壤盐碱含量是影响黄河三角洲莱州湾湿地柽柳灌丛分布的主导因素,其次是距海距离,土壤速效磷和地下水位次之。     

半干旱黄土高原苜蓿草地撂荒过程土壤水分变化特征

土壤水分是黄土高原植被恢复和生态建设的主要限制因子,明确土壤水分随植被演替的变化规律是阐明黄土高原植被与水分相互作用机制的重要基础。以半干旱黄土高原小流域苜蓿草地撂荒过程为研究对象,通过对2016-2018年生长季苜蓿群落、苜蓿+赖草群落、赖草群落和长芒草群落四种草地群落0-1.8 m土壤水分进行动态监测以及0-5 m深度土壤水分测定,分析不同演替阶段苜蓿草地土壤水分的动态特征,探讨土壤水分对苜蓿草地撂荒过程的响应。结果表明：（1）在苜蓿草地撂荒演替过程中,土壤水分随群落恢复时间的延长呈先增加后降低的变化,降水的年际动态显著影响不同演替群落的土壤水分响应;（2）0-0.4 m土壤水分主要受降水影响,使得各草地群落在这一层次没有显著差异（P>0.05）,而1 m以下的土壤水分含量则主要受植被类型的影响,各草地群落之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）;（3）0-5 m深层土壤水分随群落的演替,1 m以下各土层土壤水分含量逐渐增加,表明撂荒过程中使土壤水分得到了一定程度的恢复。研究结果揭示了苜蓿草地撂荒过程土壤水分的变化规律,可为黄土高原生态恢复提供理论依据。     

若尔盖高原湿地泥炭沼泽土亚硝酸盐还原酶（nirK）反硝化细菌群落结构分析

若尔盖泥炭湿地是世界少有的低纬度永久冻土湿地,具有高海拔、高紫外辐射、高有机质的特点。该区域N2O的排放量对全球气候变暖有重要影响。对若尔盖高原湿地泥炭沼泽土中的亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir K)反硝化细菌群落结构多样性进行分析,以期揭示该区域N2O释放的微生物调控机制。基于若尔盖高原湿地泥炭沼泽土的理化性质和反硝化活性(PDA),结合限制性酶切片段长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)技术、克隆文库及分子测序对该生态系统中的nir K反硝化细菌群落结构及多样性进行分析。反硝化活性测定结果显示:阿西地区麦溪地区分区地区,反硝化活性与土壤有机碳、总氮和丰富度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。Shannon-wiener多样性指数以阿西最高、分区最低。3个样品中共测序15条nir K基因代表序列,系统发育表明若尔盖高原湿地优势nir K反硝化菌群为变形门菌群。其中,阿西地区主要为α-变形菌门,麦溪地区主要为β-变形菌门,分区地区无法确定优势种群。冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)显示:有效钾和有效磷是影响nir K反硝化细菌群落结构的关键环境因子。本论文显示,若尔盖高原湿地存在着明显的反硝化作用,调控这些反硝化作用的nir K反硝化细菌多样性较高,且与土壤有效钾和有效磷密切相关。     

Failure of a Mycelial Formulation of the Nematophagous FungusHirsutella rhossiliensisto Suppress the NematodeHeterodera schachtii

Research was conducted to determine whether pelletized hyphae ofHirsutella rhossiliensissuppressed invasion of roots by the sugarbeet cyst nematodeHeterodera schachtiiin field microplots. The loamy sand in the microplots was infested withH. schachtiibut not withH. rhossiliensis.Alginate pellets, with or without hyphae ofH. rhossiliensis,were mixed into soil removed from the microplots (1 pellet/cm³of soil). The soil was placed in cylinders positioned vertically in microplots; cylinders (6/microplot) were 10.1 cm wide and 15.3 cm deep and contained 1200 cm³of soil. Pellets and soil also were placed in soil observation chambers, which were buried in the cylinders or kept at 20°C in moisture chambers in the laboratory. After 12 days, cabbage seeds were planted in each cylinder, and after 10 days of growth, the seedlings were removed from the soil andH. schachtiiin the roots were counted. The number ofH. schachtiiin roots was large and was unaffected by addition ofH. rhossiliensis.In soil observation chambers,H. rhossiliensisgrew vigorously from the pellets in heat-treated soil but not in nonheated soil, and enchytraeids and collembolans were observed near damaged pellets. We suspect that organisms, possibly including enchytraeids and collembolans, fed upon or otherwise inhibitedH. rhossil- iensis.     

Some aspects of the cation status of soil moisture

Summary The effect of potassium ions on a River Estate soil-water system was investigated by equilibrating the soil with 0.0001 to 0.02M KCl solutions. Soil solutions were obtained from soil samples prepared over a wide range of solution/soil ratios, both within and outside the field range. The soil-soil solution equilibrium remained undisturbed over the field range of solution/soil ratios, 0.25 to 1.0, for the 0.0001M 0.0002M, and 0.0005M KCl systems. Values of pK–1/2p(Ca+Mg) for these systems tended to decrease at ratios greater than 1.0 and with increasing strength of the KCl-equilibrating solutions. This is suggested to be due to the increasing potassium release from the soil with increasing solution/soil ratio for the 0.0001M KCl system and the increasing amounts of potassium present in the 0.0002M, 0.0005M, and 0.02M KCl systems.Both release and uptake of potassium were shown to be functions of the potassium concentration of the equilibrium soil solution. A value K₀, was defined as the concentration of potassium in the soil solution when potassium was neither released nor taken up by the soil. It is suggested that if this value is known, measurement of the soil solution potassiujm concentration under any particular conditions would indicate whether potassium was being released or taken up by the soil.It was deduced that the exchange complex of this soil had to be 62 per cent saturated with potassium before fixation occurred.     

蒸发条件下潜水埋深对土壤-柽柳水盐分布的影响

盐水矿化度下模拟设置4个潜水埋深(0.9、1.2、1.5、1.8 m),分析不同土层的土壤相对含水量(RWC)、含盐量(S_C)和土壤溶液绝对浓度(C_S)等水盐参数,及柽柳叶片和新生枝条的含水量及Na~+含量,探讨盐水矿化度下土壤-柽柳水盐参数对潜水埋深的响应规律。结果表明:各土层RWC与潜水埋深呈负相关,0.9 m潜水埋深下各土层的RWC均最高,且各土层RWC随土层深度的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势,其它潜水埋深下各土层RWC均逐渐增加,1.2 m是地下水所能上升且保持柽柳柱体土壤表层湿润的最高高度。各土层S_C和C_S与潜水埋深呈抛物线型,均表现为先增加后降低,潜水埋深1.2 m时,各土层S_C均最高。随土层深度的增加,各潜水埋深下S_C先降低后增加,而C_S呈现减少趋势;潜水埋深越高,土层间C_S变化幅度越激烈。潜水埋深对柽柳叶片和新生枝条的含水量无显著影响(P0.05),而随潜水埋深的增加,柽柳叶片Na~+含量逐渐增加,新生枝条Na~+含量则先增加后降低。从整个柽柳土柱看,随潜水埋深的增加,整个土壤剖面的RWC均值逐渐降低,而S_C和C_S均值先增加后降低,潜水埋深1.2 m是盐分变化的分界点,建议栽植柽柳的潜水埋深大于1.2 m。     

Changes in the bacterial populations of the highly alkaline saline soil of the former lake Texcoco (Mexico) following flooding

Flooding an extreme alkaline-saline soil decreased alkalinity and salinity, which will change the bacterial populations. Bacterial 16S rDNA libraries were generated of three soils with different electrolytic conductivity (EC), i.e. soil with EC 1.7 dS m⁻¹ and pH 7.80 (LOW soil), with EC 56 dS m⁻¹ and pH 10.11 (MEDIUM soil) and with EC 159 dS m⁻¹ and pH 10.02 (HIGH soil), using universal bacterial oligonucleotide primers, and 463 clone 16S rDNA sequences were analyzed phylogenetically. Library proportions and clone identification of the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Cloroflexi showed that the bacterial communities were different. Species and genera of the Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales and Xanthomonadales orders of the α- and γ-subdivision of Proteobacteria were found at the three sites. Species and genera of the Rhodospirillales, Sphingobacteriales, Clostridiales, Oscillatoriales and Caldilineales were found only in the HIGH soil, Sphingomonadales, Burkholderiales and Pseudomonadales in the MEDIUM soil, Myxococcales in the LOW soil, and Actinomycetales in the MEDIUM and LOW soils. It was found that the largest diversity at the order and species level was found in the MEDIUM soil as bacteria of both the HIGH and LOW soils were found in it.     

Effect of the chemical and physical condition of the soil on Verticillium wilt of antirrhinum

Summary In vitro study showed thatVerticillium dahliae Kleb. grew well in a wide range of acid and alkaline media (viz. pH 3.5 to 10.5). The best growth of the fungus was observed in pH 5.5. Soil pH 3.5 was toxic for growing antirrhinum seedlings. Development of Verticillium wilt of antirrhinum was affected by soil pH. The severity of the disease was greater in alkaline soil conditions compared with acid conditions. Soil of pH 3.5 gave very good control of the symptom expression by the infected plants. Rhizosphere analysis results showed that fungal population with the exception ofPenicillium spp., was drastically reduced in the rhizosphere of the plants grown in acid soil. Although the overall population of fungi was reduced in theV. dahliae infected antirrhinum rhizosphere in acid soil, the population ofPenicillium spp. markedly increased. The antagonistic activity of thePenicillium spp. in the rhizosphere might also have reduced the disease severity. Since the seedlings did not grow properly in very dry and very wet soil, rhizosphere analysis of these soils was not possible. Disease severity was much less in wet soil compared with plants grown in medium moisture level and dry soil, but the plant growth was very poor. Dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. H. K. Baruah from whom I had the inspiration for research     

Verticillium wilt of the hop: the survival of V. albo-atrum in soil

Verticillium albo-atrum was apparently eradicated from soil in which dicotyledonous plants were suppressed. In one field experiment V. albo-atrum was not recovered after 4 years of weed-free grass cover; in the same period soil infectivity reduced to very low levels under two bare fallow treatments. Where weeds developed after single annual cultivations soil infectivity declined from the initially high level but finally increased. In three observation trials in which hop plants were used to detect V. albo-atrum after grass-cover treatments, soil infectivity was very low after 2 years and apparently nil after 3–5 years. Grass cover effectively stabilizes infested soil; it may be used for limiting spread from primary disease outbreaks, and also as a short-term treatment to reduce the infectivity of soil to be re-planted with resistant varieties. The frequent incidence of V. dahliae hop infections in one trial indicated that this fungus was not amenable to control by grass cover treatment and hence may be ecologically distinct from V. albo-atrum.     

The effect of fumigants on soil recolonization in the glasshouse by organisms colonizing the spermosphere

Germinating turnip seeds were used as baits to measure changes in colonizing floras of the spermosphere in glasshouse soil boxes following fumigation. The spermosphere mycoflora of the untreated soil was always dominated by Fusarium, Pythium, and Gliocladium spp. Methyl bromide, chloropicrin, and MBC₃₃ (a 67:33 mixture of methyl bromide and chloropicrin), applied in polyethylene bags at a rate of 2·5 ml/cubic foot of soil, greatly reduced colonization by Fusarium and Pythium spp. for 120 days. Fungi and actinomycetes recolonizing treated soils were more active than in untreated soils, and each fumigant induced a characteristic recolonization pattern. The spermosphere of methyl bromide-treated soil was initially dominated by actinomycetes and later by Penicillium spp. In chloropicrin-treated soil, Trichoderma and later Penicillium spp. dominated, and in soil treated with MBC ₃₃, Penicillium and Trichoderma spp. were co-dominant. Dilution plates, made at the same time from the same soil, indicated a close correlation between inoculum density of different fungi in the soil and their inoculum potentials towards the spermosphere.     

河滨湿地不同植物群落根系分布特征与土壤理化性状的关系——以黄河中游荥阳段为例

在黄河中游郑州荥阳段,选择了5种河滨湿地植物群落进行根系和土壤性状特征研究,以期阐明不同植物群落的根系分布规律与土壤性状的关系,为河滨湿地植物群落组成以及土壤质量恢复提供科学参考。结果表明(1)在0—40 cm土层,根生物量密度与根长密度的平均值均表现为：芦苇群落(Phragmites australis)和芦苇-狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)群落均大于芦苇-拂子茅(Calamagrostis epigeios)-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草(Juncellus serotinus)群落。拂子茅-狗牙根、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根、拂子茅-水莎草-狗牙根三种植物群落类型下根生物量密度、根长密度在0—20 cm表层土壤较大,芦苇群落和芦苇-狗牙根群落的根生物量密度、根长密度在10—40 cm的土层较大。(2)黄河河滨湿地芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤以粉粒为主,拂子茅-狗牙根群落、芦苇-拂子茅-狗牙根群落、拂子茅-狗牙根-水莎草群落的土壤主要以砂粒为主。在0—40 cm土层,芦苇群落、芦苇-狗牙根群落的土壤含水率、土壤有机质、有效氮和有效磷含量均显著高于...     

Investigations into the exploitation of heterogeneous soils by Lupinus albus L. and L. pilosus Murr. and the effect upon plant growth

In calcareous soils, genotypes of Lupinus albus L. generally grow poorly, resulting in stunted plants that often develop lime-induced chlorosis. In contrast, some genotypes of L. pilosus Murr. occur naturally in calcareous soils without developing any visible symptoms of stress. Some genotypic variation for tolerance to calcareous soil does exist in L. albus and the tolerance mechanisms need to be determined. The adaptation through root system morphological plasticity of L. albus and L. pilosus, to heterogeneous limed soil profiles (pH 7.8) containing either patches of acid (non-limed) soil, or vertically split between acid and limed soil, was investigated. When grown in the presence of patches of acid soil, L. albus had a 52% greater shoot dry weight and visibly greener leaves compared with plants grown in the homogeneous limed soil. Total root dry matter in the acid-soil patches was greater than in the control limed-soil patches. This was due to a four-fold increase in the cluster root mass, accounting for 95% of the root dry matter in the acid-soil patch. Although these cluster roots secreted no more citric acid per unit mass than those in the limed soil did, their greater mass resulted in a higher citrate concentration in the surrounding soil. L. pilosus responded to the patches of acid soil in a manner comparable with L. albus. When grown in the homogeneous limed soil, L. pilosus had a greater maximum net CO₂ assimilation rate (P_max) than L. albus, however, the P_max of both species increased after they had accessed a patch of acid soil. Differences were apparent between the L. albus genotypes grown in soil profiles split vertically into limed and acid soil. A genotype by soil interaction occurred in the partitioning between soils of the cluster roots. The genotype La 674 was comparable with L. pilosus and produced over 11% of its cluster roots in the limed soil, whereas the other genotypes produced only 1–3% of their cluster roots in the limed soil. These results indicate L. pilosus is better adapted to the limed soil than L. albus, but that both species respond to a heterogeneous soil by producing mainly cluster roots in an acid-soil patch. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The effect of substrate media on the survival and growth of the eelgrass Zostera marina

We subjected transplants of eelgrass (Zostera marina) to different substrate media (high-silted soil, akadama soil, peat soil, humus soil, pond soil and natural sediment) for over 25 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Subsequently, an 80-day field transplantation experiment was conducted to assess the establishment success of transplants planted in high-silted soil, akadama soil and natural sediment. We measured plant response in terms of survivorship, morphology and productivity. Survival analysis combined with morphological and productivity assessment suggested that the optimum growing medium for the establishment of Z. marina transplants is high-silted soil. A redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the survival and growth of Z. marina transplants were positively related to the air-filled porosity of the substrate media and were negatively related to the organic matter content. This study will provide data that could prove helpful in successful eelgrass restoration and conservation.     

Improvements in the physical properties of soil under the influence of the rhizosphere microflora of four different plant species

Summary Finger millet or locally known asragi (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), greengram (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) plants were raised on sterilized, sterilized and reinoculated with soil microflora and unsterile sandy loam soil in pots for 45 days. Qualitative studies on the edaphosphere microflora indicated the continuation of rhizosphere effect beyond the root surface (rhizosphere) region. Increased microbial population in the sterilized soil was attributed to the effect of sterilization in favour of faster establishment of added microorganisms. In general, steam sterilization had detrimental effects, whereas crop growth had beneficial effects on the soil physical properties. Ragi and greengram were found superior to sorghum and soybean in improving soil structure as evidenced by increased aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity and decreased dispersion. Soil aggregates of less than 2.00 mm size were found to be increased due to crop growth. The rhizosphere microflora in association with roots of the growing plants is suggested to play a pivotal role in improving soil structure.     

荒漠草原盐沼湿地苦豆子土壤细菌群落构建机制及其影响因素

【背景】荒漠草原盐沼湿地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,土壤水分和盐分变化是影响该生态系统土壤细菌群落构建的重要因素。【目的】土壤细菌群落构建是由确定性和随机性主导的连续生态过程,阐明荒漠草原盐沼湿地土壤细菌群落的构建机制对于加深微生物作为关键生态系统因子重要性的理解具有积极意义。【方法】以宁夏中部典型荒漠草原盐沼苦水湖湿地为研究对象,对近湖边（near the lake,NL）和远离湖边（far from the lake,FL）苦豆子群落土壤理化特性进行测定并结合土壤细菌高通量测序分析。【结果】NL和FL样地具有明显的水盐梯度变化,NL样地土壤pH、含水量和电导率均显著高于FL样地;变形菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和黏菌门是研究区域土壤细菌群落的优势菌门,变形菌门相对丰度随水盐梯度上升而升高,放线菌门和厚壁菌门相对丰度则随之下降,门下成员大多与水盐变化具有明显的相关性;此外,FL样地土壤细菌网络则具有稳定的网络关系;随着NL样地向FL样地的延伸,土壤细菌群落由随机过程主导,并且受pH、电导率和环境变量的影响。【结论】荒漠草原盐沼湿地水分和盐分的变化改变了土壤细菌群落结构;土壤细菌群落通过生态位占据等策略提高逆境下的生存能力;细菌群落构建是随机过程和确定性过程组成的连续统一体,同样受环境变化的影响。本结果揭示了荒漠草原盐沼湿地细菌群落结构和相互关系对环境变化的响应特征,同时阐明了该区土壤细菌群落的构建机制及影响因素,也为相关科学研究提供了一定理论参考。     

黄土高原典型植被恢复过程土壤与叶片生态化学计量特征

为揭示黄土高原典型人工植被恢复过程中植物叶片与土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素变化特征及其交互作用,以延安庙咀沟流域恢复20—40a的刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、草地和坡耕地(对照)为研究对象,分析了各样地植物叶片和土壤C、N、P化学计量的变化特征及相互关系。结果表明:从20a到40a的恢复过程中,3种植被叶片C含量均显著增加,草地叶片P含量显著升高,而刺槐、柠条叶片N和P含量则显著降低。刺槐、柠条及草地土壤C、N、P含量随着恢复年限的延长而增加,比耕地分别增加了70%—349%、27%—202%、13%—62%(P0.05),其中刺槐的增幅最大。从增速来看,刺槐和柠条林土壤表层C、N增速表现为前期(0—20a)大于后期(20—40a),而草地则相反。在20—40a的恢复过程中,刺槐、柠条叶片C∶N、C∶P均显著增加,草地叶片C∶P、N∶P则显著降低。恢复过程中,土壤C∶P在刺槐和草地中显著增加,而土壤N∶P仅在草地中显著增加,土壤C∶N则没有显著变化。相关性分析显示叶片C和土壤C、N、P显著正相关,叶片N、P和土壤N显著正相关,叶片和土壤N∶P显著正相关,叶片P、C∶P与土壤C、N增速显著相关,表明叶片P可以指示土壤C、N增速的变化,而N∶P可以将植物和土壤联系起来。植被恢复过程中,叶片和土壤C、N、P含量及增速均发生显著变化,且存在密切的联系,这种变化的趋势在刺槐、柠条和草地中有所不同。     

Effect of soil texture and its organic content on the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum (MIAU 145 C) in controlling Meloidogyne javanica and stimulating the growth of kidney beans

The efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum (MIAU 145 C) in promoting kidney bean (cv. Goli) growth in different soil texture (sandy loam, loam and clay loam) and organic matter content (0.5 and 2% of leaf litter) was assessed in a factorial experiment in the absence of Meloidogyne javanica. In another factorial experiment, the effect of soil texture, soil organic content and control measure (no control, 10?ml of T. harzianum containing 10⁶ spore ml^?1 and 2?mg ai cadusafos kg^?1 soil) was determined on nematode-infected kidney bean’s growth, fungus controlling activity and M. javanica reproduction. Except for the shoot length, the fungus improved plant growth. Clay loam was not a proper soil type for the cultivation of kidney bean plants (even in the soil without nematode), but the plant grew better in sandy loam and loam soil. The presence of leaf litter in the soil enhanced plant growth, increased fungal efficiency and increased nematode reproduction. It seems that T. harzianum can activate the plant defence system in sandy loam soil. T. harzianum was more effective in sandy loam or loam soil containing 2% organic matter (leaf litter) and reduced the reproduction factor of the nematode in the tested soil textures equally to the chemical nematicide treatment.     

天然高寒草地转变为燕麦人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响

为查明高寒草地上种植燕麦(Avena sativa)对土壤线虫群落的影响,于2014年7、9月用土钻法和湿漏斗法(Baermann法)对西南民族大学青藏高原畜牧业高科技研发示范基地内燕麦地(Oat grassland,OG)和天然草地(Natural grassland,NG)的土壤线虫群落进行调查。共分离土壤线虫10179条,隶属于2纲8目50科143属,平均密度477条/100g干土。燕麦地与天然草地土壤线虫群落结构具有明显差异,影响群落结构的主要类群为拟丽突属(Acrobeloides)、原杆属(Protorhabditis)、丝尾垫刃属(Filenchus)和盘旋属(Rotylenchus),但不同月份间存在差异。燕麦地的土壤线虫群落密度、食细菌线虫密度、食真菌线虫密度和自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)均显著高于天然草地(P0.01;P0.05;P0.001;P0.01),植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)则显著低于天然草地(P0.05)。两种草地7月份的土壤线虫群落类群数和香农多样性指数(H′)均显著低于9月(P0.05),仅燕麦地7月份的食细菌、食真菌线虫密度和Simpson优势度指数(C)显著高于9月(P0.05;P0.001;P0.01)。典范对应分析(Canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)及回归分析结果表明,土壤pH、有机质、全氮、速效磷和含水量是影响线虫群落的主要环境因子。研究结果表明,高寒草地种植燕麦后在短期内改变了线虫群落结构,增加了线虫群落密度以及食细菌和食真菌线虫在群落中的比例,以植物寄生线虫为主的群落营养结构转变为以食细菌线虫为主,同时也增加了线虫群落不同月份间的差异。