Radiation-induced endometriosis in Macaca mulatta.

Female rhesus monkeys received whole-body doses of ionizing radiation in the form of single-energy protons, mixed-energy protons, X rays, and electrons. Endometriosis developed in 53% of the monkeys during a 17-year period after exposure. Incidence rates for endometriosis related to radiation type were: single-energy protons, 54%; mixed-energy protons, 73%; X rays, 71%; and electrons, 57%. The incidence of endometriosis in nonirradiated control monkeys was 26%. Monkeys exposed to single-energy protons, mixed-energy protons, and X rays developed endometriosis at a significantly higher rate than control monkeys (chi 2, P less than 0.05). Severity of endometriosis was staged as massive, moderate, and minimal. The incidence of these stages were 65, 16, and 19%, respectively. Observations of clinical disease included weight loss in 43% of the monkeys, anorexia in 35%, space-occupying masses detected by abdominal palpation in 55%, abnormal ovarian/uterine anatomy on rectal examination in 89%, and radiographic evidence of abdominal masses in 38%. Pathological lesions were endometrial cyst formation in 69% of the monkeys, adhesions of the colon in 66%, urinary bladder in 50%, ovaries in 86%, and ureters in 44%, focal nodules of endometrial tissue throughout the omentum in 59%, and metastasis in 9%. Clinical management of endometriosis consisted of debulking surgery and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy combined in some cases with total abdominal hysterectomy. Postoperative survival rates at 1 and 5 years for monkeys recovering from surgery were 48 and 36%, respectively.     

Backward and forward masking in Macaca mulatta.

8 highly trained rhesus monkeys were examined on both backward and forward masking to determine the feasility of studying masking in unrestrained monkeys and of studying perceptual phenomenon without the confounding of linguistic variables. It was found that monkeys could respond well under the given conditions. The data indicated a more pronounced effect of the masking stimulus on backward masking than on forward masking.     

Photic and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure susceptibility in Macaca mulatta.

Ninety-five out of 100 male Macaca mulatta of varying ages from a restricted habitat in N. India showed no abnormal seizure susceptibility or EEG response to photic stimulation and no electro-clinical features of epilepsy after pentylenetetrazol, 40 mg/kg sc.c. Autopsy studies on the remaining five monkeys with increased seizure proneness revealed depressed skull fractures with cortical trauma in four and a neoplasm in one. Presumably, these factors were responsible for the lowered seizure susceptibility to photic stimulation and pentylenetetrazol activation.     

Reinforced drawing in Macaca mulatta

Two male Macaca mulatta were trained with food reinforcement to make marks with a crayon on an opaque plastic surface. Both subjects used repetitive arm movements in their drawing. One monkey produced fanlike patterns which have also appeared in the drawings of other primate species, including humans. It is suggested that the forms produced by reinforced drawing are similar to those found in the non-reinforced artwork of other primates and that the development of all primate art may be dependent on simple mechanical arm movements.     

Placental transfer of phenylalanine in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis

We investigated placental transport mechanisms of phenylalanine in Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis. In the beginning of the third trimester we administered i.v. phenylalanine and p-chlorophenylalanine to pregnant animals. Initial higher phenylalanine concentrations were observed followed by a rapid decrease in both rhesus mothers and fetuses when compared with phenylalanine levels in fascicularis mothers and fetuses. In general, however, placental transfer mechanisms of phenylalanine did not differ significantly between the two species.     

Estimation of gestational and skeletal age in Macaca mulatta.

Results of qualitative and quantitative studies of prenatal skeletal development in Macaca mulatta are presented. Longitudinal radiographic observations were carried out on 20 monkeys of known gestational age, beginning on 120 days of gestation until the neonatal stage of skeletal development. These studies were based on multiple uterotomies on each pregnant female. The technique described provides accurate data on prenatal bone ossification, and permits an accurate estimation of fetal age in pregnant rhesus monkeys with unknown conception dates.     

恒河猴与食蟹猴微卫星DNA多态性的比较分析

目的分析恒河猴和食蟹猴群体间的遗传多样性,确立一种对恒河猴和食蟹猴种群个体的遗传鉴别方法。方法利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增技术采用15个多态性微卫星DNA位点对50只恒河猴和50只食蟹猴个体进行了DNA多态性的分析,对比两群体间等位基因数目差异。结果筛选的15个具有显著多态性的微卫星DNA位点对恒河猴和食蟹猴种群可以进行DNA多态性分析,其等位基因数目均在7个以上,且两群体间有11个位点的等位基因数存在一定的差异。结论利用这些多态性微卫星DNA位点建立一种有效鉴别恒河猴和食蟹猴种群遗传背景的方法具有一定的可行性。     

Experimental Babesia microti infections in non-splenectomized Macaca mulatta.

Eight non-splenectomized Macaca mulatta were inoculated intravenously with strains of Babesia microti that originally were isolated from 2 human cases of babesiosis and then were maintained in hamsters in the laboratory. Patent infections developed in 7 animals with peak parasitemias of 496 to 3,906 organisms/mm3 blood. Prepatent periods ranged from 15 to 46 days. Parasitemia persisted for at least 90 days in all animals and in one, organisms were still present 559 days after inoculation.     

Healed fractures in Macaca mulatta: age, sex, and symmetry.

Previous studies utilizing series of wild-shot primates have suggested that there is an association between locomotor behavior, aggression and patterning of healed fractures. In this study, observations taken upon a series of 126 rhesus macaques which represent a total sample of a naturally occurring social group from Cayo Santiago, are used to reexamine the conclusions drawn from previous studies. As a control, a series of randomly collected rhesus skeletons from the same colony is examined. Major differences in pathology incidences by age, sex and laterality is indicated between the two groups. Possible explanation for cross-specific variability in fracture patterning are also considered.     

Selection and pairing of 'normal' rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for research: procedures, techniques, and observations.

A selection process has been developed by the authors to insure investigators that animal subjects used in their experiments will accurately reflect biological changes associated with the project design. The procedure involved the following: complete physical examination; complete hemogram, serum electrolytes, serum biochemistry, body weight; and anthropometric determinations; aging by dentition; electrocardiography; total-body radiography; fecal culture; fecal ova, and parasite examinations; and examination of other conditions. Arithmetic means and standard deviations were calculated and used to eliminate monkeys whose values varied from the mean by more than two standard deviations.     

Brief report: Chromosomal analysis of perinatal death in Macaca mulatta and Macaca radiata

Peripheral blood samples from 53 macaque perinatal deaths at the California Primate Research Center (CPRC) were cultured to produce chromosomes for analysis. Karyotypes were constructed for 26 successful cultures and revealed no apparent chromosomal anomalies. A genetic screening program at primate breeding facilities is important for estimating the frequency of chromosomal anomalies in macaques and for understanding the contribution of chromosomal anomalies to reproductive loss and congenital malformations in macaques.     

Biochemical genetics of macaques. I. 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase polymorphisms in Macaca mulatta and Macaca speciosa

Starch gel electrophoresis of erythrocytes from 1812 Macaca mulatta has unequivocally demonstrated that the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) isozymes are controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles. Limited data on erythrocytes from 89 Macaca speciosa were also consistent with autosomal codominance.This work was supported in part by NIH Grants HD 07835 (WHS) and RR-00167 (Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center) and by the Research Committee of the UW Graduate School (Project No. 170207).Paper No. 2146 of the Laboratory of Genetics, and Publication No. 16-045 of The Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center.     

A spontaneous outbreak of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): clinical observations.

A spontaneous, progressive disease occurred in a large domestic breeding colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The disease was characterized by slow but continuous weight loss, alopecia, acne, facial edema, diarrhea and trauma from other monkeys. Breeding efficiency was impaired with a high incidence of abortions and stillbirths. Live offspring were small and unthrifty contributing to a high infant mortality rate. The cause of this disease was polychlorinated biphenyls (PCSs) which were present in the concrete sealant on the cage floors. Removing the sealant and resurfacing the floors alleviated the problem.