不同天然居群小檗种子萌发障碍因子研究

以西天山野果林霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗以及特克斯居群红果小檗种子为试验材料,研究了4组野生小檗种子生物学特性、吸水特性以及去种皮、低温层积和不同浓度GA₃处理对小檗种子休眠与萌发特性的影响,结果表明：（1）4组野生小檗种子的吸水率均表现出逐渐增加的趋势,黑果小檗种子与红果小檗种子吸水率差异不明显,其种皮透水透气性相似;（2）霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗种子的种皮对萌发存在强烈的抑制作用;而新源居群红果小檗种子的种皮抑制作用不明显;（3）4℃低温层积处理对4组野生小檗种子萌发影响很大,随层积时间的增加小檗种子发芽率均逐渐提高,3组黑果小檗种子层积90 d时,休眠基本被解除;红果小檗种子层积30 d时,休眠基本被解除;（4）浓度为200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理可显著提高4组小檗种子发芽率,浓度过高或过低均会对小檗种子萌发起到抑制作用。层积60 d时霍城居群、新源居群和特克斯居群黑果小檗去种皮种子用200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理2 h后,发芽率分别为85.00%、83.33%和86.67%;红果小檗层积15 d时去种皮种子用浓度为200 mg·L^-1的GA₃溶液处理后,发芽率可达86.67%。研究结果将为今后野生小檗的种质资源保护,利用及可持续发展提供技术支持和科学依据。     

塔额盆地野果林不同居群野扁桃土壤种子库及幼苗更新研究

【目的】明确新疆野扁桃(Amygdalus ledebouriana)土壤种子库及幼苗更新特征,探究影响野扁桃种群更新受限因子。【方法】以新疆塔额盆地的野扁桃为研究对象,通过对野外样地调查、土样采集及母株下幼苗数量、级别统计的方法对新疆野扁桃土壤种子库及幼苗更新进行研究。【结果】(1)野扁桃土壤种子库种子平均密度为96.45粒/m2,托里居群完整种子密度最大,裕民居群被啃食种子密度最大,虫蛀种子仅在塔城居群出现;(2)野扁桃种子主要分布在枯枝落叶层,占种子总量的56.29%,S2(0—5 cm)土层占29.07%,S3(5—10 cm)土层占14.65%,土壤种子水平扩散距离与野扁桃所处坡度成正比;(3)调查的野扁桃幼苗中未发现实生苗,Ⅰ级苗占幼苗总数的51.13%,母株基部50 cm内的范围是野扁桃幼苗集中分布区域。【结论】野扁桃土壤种子库分布特征表现为近母株及地表,幼苗更新的特征也表现为近母株分布,自然条件下,被啃食种子、虫蛀种子和生态位缺失是野扁桃实生苗无法萌发,实生更新受限转而进行萌生更新的主要原因。     

新疆野杏种质资源表型性状多样性研究

为了明确新疆野杏种质资源的遗传多样性和变异特点,以新疆伊犁地区3个野杏居群为研究对象,采集了135个单株样品,测定其植株35个形态特征相关指标,利用DPS 7.05软件对表型指标和主成分进行分析,采用UPGMA法对3个居群的欧氏距离进行聚类分析。结果显示:(1)数值性状和非数值性状的Simpson和Shannonweaver指数均为霍城居群最高(0.979 9、4.729 9;0.981 9、4.770 1),巩留居群居中(0.975 5、4.385 7;0.978 6、4.416 0),新源居群最小(0.944 7、3.241 9;0.945 2、3.277 1),说明霍城居群的表型最丰富,巩留居群居中,新源居群的表型多样性最差。(2)各居群间不同性状变异系数的变异幅度在6.16%~54.58%之间,大部分性状的变异系数都在10%以上;霍城居群和新源居群均为果形指数的变异系数最小,遗传较稳定,巩留居群叶片长宽比的变异系数最小;3个居群均以硬度的变异系数最大,另有单果重、鲜核重和壳厚的变异系数也普遍较大。(3)新源居群与巩留居群间的欧氏距离为20.445 3,其亲缘关系最远;霍城居群与新源居群间的欧氏遗传为19.218 6,其亲缘关系最近。(4)35个性状的主成分分析中前14个主成分的累计贡献率为80.64%,说明叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片长宽比、叶基形态、叶尖形态、着色类型、单果重、鲜核重、鲜仁重、果实形状、可溶性固形物等是造成新疆野杏表型差异的主要因素。     

我国东北东部林区花楸树的天然更新特征

花楸树是我国东北林区重要的非木质资源树种.本文选取东北东部林区有代表性的花楸树分布区,采用样线法对花楸树的天然更新特点及其影响因素进行了调查分析.结果表明:在东北东部林区,花楸树以种子繁殖、桩蘖繁殖和根蘖繁殖3种方式更新;在未经破坏的天然林和恶劣生境下的天然林中,3种方式建成的幼苗数量比例各占1/3,无显著差异;但在破坏后形成的次生林中,桩蘖苗比例(16.5%)明显降低.桩蘖和根蘖更新能够维持当地居群的稳定,其中根蘖繁殖可使幼苗扩散到母株周围50cm或更远处;1.0～2.9cm的Ⅱ径级向3.0～4.9cm的Ⅲ径级的转化率很低,在破坏后形成的次生林、恶劣生境下的天然林和未经破坏的天然林中,Ⅱ径级向Ⅲ径级的转化率分别为25.6%、45.3%和15.9%.这是限制花楸树天然更新的关键环节.     

海南甘什岭白藤土壤种子库特征及幼苗更新能力

为探究海南甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子库的储备状况及幼苗更新能力,按公里网格设置样地30块(20 m×20 m),于各样地内沿对角线设置7个1 m×1 m小样方,对白藤种子和天然更新幼苗(≤40 cm)的分布状况进行调查,比较不同样地环境条件下种子储备和幼苗更新能力的大小,并采用随机森林方法,对影响种子和幼苗数量的立地环境因子进行分析。结果表明:甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子分布不均匀,土壤种子库种子主要集中在枯落物层;白藤更新幼苗中Ⅰ级(0～9 cm)幼苗占比最高,达61.63%,是更新幼苗的主体,但Ⅰ级幼苗、Ⅱ级幼苗间的转化率较低(39.18%),是制约白藤幼苗天然更新关键环节;立地环境因子中,林冠高度、林分郁闭度、凋落物厚度和林分密度是影响种子分布和幼苗数量的主要环境因子;总之,在自然状态下,白藤天然更新能力不足,应采用人工干预和调控措施促进更新;在白藤更新抚育过程中,应通过林内疏枝除冠、间苗等措施,调节立地环境因子,改善种子的着地环境,提高白藤幼苗转化率,达到促进白藤自然更新的目的。     

海南甘什岭白藤土壤种子库特征及幼苗更新能力

为探究海南甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子库的储备状况及幼苗更新能力,按公里网格设置样地30块(20 m×20 m),于各样地内沿对角线设置7个1 m×1 m小样方,对白藤种子和天然更新幼苗(≤40 cm)的分布状况进行调查,比较不同样地环境条件下种子储备和幼苗更新能力的大小,并采用随机森林方法,对影响种子和幼苗数量的立地环境因子进行分析。结果表明:甘什岭地区白藤土壤种子分布不均匀,土壤种子库种子主要集中在枯落物层;白藤更新幼苗中Ⅰ级(0～9 cm)幼苗占比最高,达61.63%,是更新幼苗的主体,但Ⅰ级幼苗、Ⅱ级幼苗间的转化率较低(39.18%),是制约白藤幼苗天然更新关键环节;立地环境因子中,林冠高度、林分郁闭度、凋落物厚度和林分密度是影响种子分布和幼苗数量的主要环境因子;总之,在自然状态下,白藤天然更新能力不足,应采用人工干预和调控措施促进更新;在白藤更新抚育过程中,应通过林内疏枝除冠、间苗等措施,调节立地环境因子,改善种子的着地环境,提高白藤幼苗转化率,达到促进白藤自然更新的目的。     

中国新疆野苹果天然群体遗传多样性SSR分析

摘要：本研究以新疆巩留、新源、霍城、托里4个居群下的12个新疆野苹果群体为材料,应用涉及12个连锁群的17对SSR引物进行了群体微卫星位点等位基因和基因型差异分析,从地理居群、海拔高度、引物类型角度对新疆野苹果天然群体遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了 探索。结果表明：17对SSR引物在新疆野苹果中种内多态位点百分率达100%;XY1、HC2群体的基因多样性较高。聚类结果显示,同一居群下的群体分在相同的组中;巩留居群与新源居群的遗传关系最近,霍城居群次之,托里居群最远。不同地区间遗传多样性,霍城居群最高,托里居群最低。海拔高度对群体遗传结构影响较小,除了观测杂合度与海拔存在弱正相关外,大多数遗传参数与海拔无相关性。新疆野苹果群体内变异大于群体间,群体间分化很小,基因流较高。     

土壤种子库对漫溢区受损植被更新的贡献

在塔里木河下游选择两个典型漫溢区,在野外进行了土壤种子库萌发试验,并与河水漫溢区的幼苗库进行比较,以确定土壤种子库对受损植被更新的贡献度.结果表明：两个漫溢区土壤种子库物种数均为12种,生活型组成以多年生草本和灌木为主;种子库密度分别为282.5和173.2粒·m^-2,表层土壤(0～2 cm)种子密度分别占总密度的76.9%和71.0%.土壤种子库对实生幼苗的物种组成和密度具有显著影响,两个漫溢区实生幼苗数量分别有84.7%和99.4%来源于土壤种子库.两个漫溢区土壤种子库与实生幼苗库物种相似性系数分别为0.72和0.63;实生幼苗密度与种子库密度具有很好的正相关性,说明土壤种子库对植被更新具有重要贡献.     

外来杂草薇甘菊种群土壤种子库动态

研究了内伶仃岛不同群落中薇甘菊土壤种子库动态。结果表明,在薇甘菊土壤种子库中,上层(0～3cm)土壤种子库密度显著高于下层(3～5cm),从地表向下随着深度的增加,活力种子逐渐减少,幼苗主要由上层土壤中的种子萌发而成。群落所处的演替阶段影响薇甘菊种群的开花结实,从而影响到薇甘菊种子的产生和种子库的储量。处于演替后期的群落中种子库储量下降。     

格氏栲天然林林窗和林下种子散布及幼苗更新研究

以格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林为研究对象,探讨了林窗和林下格氏栲种子雨、种子库的分布特征及幼苗更新状况。结果表明:林窗种子雨总量和完好种子密度高于林下,未成熟种子比例低于林下;林窗和林下种子雨高峰期掉落数量分别占种子雨总量的77.13%和74.5%;林窗种子库储量低于林下,种子库中以全食或捡拾种子比例最高,其中种子库储量垂直分布表现为枯落物层(约占2/3)>腐殖质层(0～5 cm)(约占1/3)>心土层(5～10 cm)(小于1%),以格氏栲种子占绝对优势;格氏栲从种子到幼苗的转化率低,林窗中格氏栲完好种子密度与幼苗密度均高于林下。林窗微生境提高了种子散布过程中格氏栲成熟种子的密度和比例,有利于促进格氏栲的幼苗更新,表明林窗在格氏栲种群恢复过程中扮演着重要角色。     

中国新疆野苹果[Malus sieversii(Lebed.)Roem.]群体遗传结构的SSR分析

以中国新疆伊犁地区的巩留县莫合镇库尔德宁、新源县交吾托海、霍城县大西沟和塔城地区的裕民县巴尔鲁克山4个种下居群的109个新疆野苹果实生株系为材料,利用8对苹果SSR引物进行群体遗传结构的研究。结果表明:8对SSR引物在4个居群中可平均扩增出16条带,其中巩留县居群多态性带数百分比最高为89.06%,各位点平均Nei基因多样度为0.257;4个群体共扩增出128个位点,在种级水平及巩留县、新源县、霍城县和裕民县4个居群水平多态性位点百分比分别为100%、88.28%、84.38%、87.50%、78.12%,种级水平Nei基因多样度(H=0.2619)和香农信息指数(I=0.4082)大于种下居群,4个种下居群Nei基因多样度和香农信息指数比较巩留县>霍城县>新源县>裕民县;巩留县居群和新源县居群遗传一致度最大,遗传距离最近;根据基因分化系数(GST=0.064)值,测得的基因流Nm为7.265。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,巩留县和新源县居群遗传关系最近,霍城县居群次之,裕民县居群远离其他3个居群,巩留县、新源县、霍城县和裕民县4个居群是相对独立的群体,但同时存在部分基因交流。所有参数分析表明,巩留县遗传多样性最丰富,故在制定原位种质保护计划时应优先考虑巩留县居群。     

The chemical nature of P accumulation in agricultural soils��implications for fertiliser management and design: an Australian perspective

Sand burial, persistent seed bank and soil water content (SWC) are three factors that potentially can affect regeneration in sand dune plant populations. To evaluate the effects of these three factors on population regeneration of Eremosparton songoricum, a rare and endangered legume, we investigated seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival in greenhouse and controlled field experiments in different sand dunes microsites. Freshly matured seeds are physically dormant, and the highest germination was only 9.3?±?5.8% at 25/10°C. Seed germination occurred at burial depths from 0 to 10 cm, but the maximum depth from which seedlings emerged was 6 cm; from 1 to 6 cm, the deeper the burial, the lower the percentage of seedling emergence. Only 36.2% of the total soil seed banks occurred at depths of 0?C6 cm. For artificially sown seeds at different dune microsites, mean seedling emergence percentage was 6.8%. Of 150 seedlings that emerged in the field investigation at the study site, only those germinating in flat sandy areas survived, and mean survival percentage was only 2.0%. Thus, the proportion of non-dormant seeds in soil seed banks that developed into seedlings and survived to the end of the growing season was only 0.2%. Minimum SWC for seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival was 2.0%. During monitoring of emergent seedlings in the field, low seedling recruitment was at least partly due to the rate of root extension (1.6?±?0.3 cm day^?1) into the sandy soil, which was slower than that of the downward movement of plant-available moisture (2.8?±?0.6 cm day^?1). Thus, population regeneration under natural conditions rarely occurred via sexual reproduction, owing to the limited water resources available for seedling establishment. Rational field seeding practices, including manually scarified or dry stored seeds before sowing, sowing the seeds at right time and suitable place, are suggested for ecological restoration of endangered E. songoricum populations.     

Factors Limiting Post‐logging Seedling Regeneration by Big‐leaf Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) in Southeastern Amazonia,Brazil, and Implications for Sustainable Management1

Post‐logging seedling regeneration density by big‐leaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), a nonpioneer light‐demanding timber species, is generally reported to be low to nonexistent. To investigate factors limiting seedling density following logging within the study region, we quantified seed production rates, germinability, dispersal patterns, and seed fates on the forest floor through germination and the first seedling growing season in southeastern Amazonia, Brazil. Fruit production rates were low by three logged and one unlogged populations compared to reports from other regions. Commercial‐sized trees (>60 cm diameter) were more fecund than noncommercial trees (30–60 cm diameter) at two sites, averaging 14.5 vs. 3.9 fruits/tree/year, respectively, at Marajoara, a logged site, over 8 yr. Fruit capsules contained an average of 60.3 seeds/fruit, 70 percent of which appeared viable by visual inspection. Sixty‐seven to 72 percent of apparently viable seeds germinated in nursery beds 2.5 mo after the dispersal period, when wet season rains began. Dry season winds blew most seeds west‐northwest of parent trees, with median dispersal distances of 28 and 9 m on west and east sides of parent trees, respectively. Nearly 100 percent of seeds fell within an area of 0.91 ha. On the forest floor beneath closed canopies, mammals, invertebrates, and fungal pathogens killed 40 percent of apparently viable seeds, while 36 percent germinated. Nine months after seedling establishment—midway through the first logging season following seed dispersal—14 percent of outplanted seeds survived as seedlings, representing 5.8 seeds/fruit. We conclude that seedlings are likely to survive in logging gaps at appreciable densities only in rare cases where previous year fruit production rates by logged trees were high (4–12.5% of commercial‐sized trees/year at Marajoara) and where tree crowns were felled in west or northwest directions.     

紫茎泽兰土壤种子库特征及其对幼苗的影响

研究紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)土壤种子库特征及其对紫茎泽兰种子的萌发、幼苗命运的影响, 在综合治理紫茎泽兰入侵危害及防止紫茎泽兰的继续扩散等方面有着重要的意义。该文在攀枝花紫茎泽兰入侵严重的地区, 通过采集果园、放牧灌丛以及禁牧灌丛3种不同生境紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的样本, 以说明不同干扰程度下紫茎泽兰种子在土壤中的分布状况。通过野外调查并结合盆栽实验, 初步研究了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库基本特征以及光照和种子在土壤中的埋藏深度等对紫茎泽兰幼苗的影响。结果表明: 1)果园、放牧灌丛和禁牧灌丛等3种干扰程度不同生境的深层种子量占总种子量的比例分别为56.44%、46.96%和24.86% (p=0.006), 这说明土壤深层种子量大小与干扰成正比, 干扰越大, 深层次紫茎泽兰种子量占总种子量的比重越大。2)播种在0、1和5 cm深度的种子萌发率分别为64.67%、22.67%和13.33%, 即种子埋藏越深, 萌发率越低, 不同层次种子萌发率差异极显著(p=0.00); 幼苗死亡率分别为27.95%、0和0, 表层种子萌发的幼苗有较高的死亡率, 而由埋藏在深层的种子萌发的幼苗没有死亡, 土壤表层发芽的幼苗与不同埋藏深度种子萌发的幼苗之间死亡率差异极显著(p=0.00)。3)在无遮蔽、半遮蔽和全遮蔽3种不同情况下, 紫茎泽兰幼苗的死亡率分别为72.15%、30.38%和4.87%, 定居率分别为6.66%、33.99%和46.67%, 即遮蔽程度越高, 死亡率越低, 定居率越高, 不同处理之间死亡率和定居率差异均极显著(p=0.00)。研究结果暗示, 强光可能是导致紫茎泽兰幼苗死亡的重要原因, 人类活动的干扰可能导致更多的紫茎泽兰种子进入土壤深层, 从而改变了紫茎泽兰土壤种子库的结构。由于土壤深层种子比表层种子具有更强的抵抗强光照射等不良环境因子影响的能力, 所萌发的幼苗成活率高, 表明其具有更高的繁殖效率, 因此人类活动干扰是紫茎泽兰入侵后难以根除的原因之一。     

生境片段化对千岛湖马尾松林内土壤种子库的影响

土壤种子库是森林群落更新的主要来源之一,对森林的演替和恢复等具有重要意义。生境片段化现象正日益严重地影响着森林群落,并可影响森林土壤种子库。研究了千岛湖地区的大陆及岛屿次生马尾松林内土壤种子库的组成及其影响因素(e.g.,岛屿面积,形状指数,隔离度和距岛屿边缘距离等)。根据大陆和岛屿的面积及边缘梯度,采用大数量小样方法,分别在土壤种子库最大化(初冬,2015年12月)和最小化(晚春,2016年4月)时期对马尾松林内土壤进行了机械取样。对土壤样品进行萌发实验,检测了两个时期的土壤种子库上层(0—2 cm)和下层(2—5 cm)种子组成,并通过广义线性混合效应模型等手段分析其影响因素。结果显示:(1)所有316个土壤样本中,萌发出幼苗1422株,隶属于29科、40属、41种。其中,木本植物幼苗占13种1024株,草本占28种398株。(2)Jaccard指数和相关性分析均显示初冬、晚春时期的土壤种子库组成具有很高的相似性;土壤种子库上、下层组成的相似性也很高。(3)广义线性混合效应模型分析显示,在大陆和岛屿上,土壤种子库下层种子含量低于上层;而大陆样地土壤种子库中的木本植物种子数较岛屿样地高。岛屿上,土壤种子库中的种子数随土层的加深而降低;随边缘梯度升高也下降,尤其是草本植物的种子。对于岛屿上的木本植物,不耐阴种的种子数量远大于耐阴种,尤其是土壤下层。表明千岛湖地区马尾松林内土壤种子库组成受到生境片段化的影响,进而可能作用于该类型森林群落的演替。     

The influence of straw disposal and cultivation regime on the population dynamics ofBromus sterilis

The effects of straw-burning and cultivation regime upon the population dynamics of a naturally-occurring infestation of Bromus sterilis were investigated over a period of 11 months. Both grain and straw of the original crop were seriously contaminated with seeds of this species. An initial population of 12 635 seeds m^-2 declined by 85% between July and late August in uncultivated stubble without straw-burning, but only 44% of seeds gave rise to seedlings. A further 10% had produced seedlings by late December and another 5% emerged between February and April. By April no viable seed remained. Straw-burning destroyed 97% of the ungerminated seeds on the soil surface and reduced seedling numbers by 94%. However, those seedlings which did survive formed many tillers and produced considerable quantities of seed. Shallow cultivation reduced the seed population by 34% and in April there were 47% fewer seedlings on these plots than on direct drilled ones. Ploughing to a depth of 20 cm eradicated the weed; and although buried seeds germinated, they failed to emerge. Seedlings emerging in spring failed to flower before harvest. Detailed laboratory investigation showed that although B. sterilis does not have a pronounced requirement for vernalisation, chilling did accelerate flowering, while long-day photoperiods were required for panicle extension. Only germinated seeds responded to the vernalisation stimulus.