亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1在成年大鼠脊髓中的分布

目的观察亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1(huntingtin-associated protein 1, HAP1)在成年大鼠脊髓中的分布特点.方法采用免疫组织化学ABC法和免疫印迹(Western blotting)方法.结果免疫组织化学结果显示,在成年大鼠脊髓中,以背角灰质浅层(Rexed Ⅰ,Ⅱ层)的HAP1免疫反应性最强,阳性细胞最密集,免疫反应产物除分布在胞体外,还大量弥散分布于胞体间的神经毡内;背角深层有部分HAP1免疫反应阳性细胞呈散在分布,中央管周围灰质(Rexed X)内阳性胞体密度和免疫反应性强度仅次于后角浅层,而在脊髓腹角,偶见HAP1免疫反应阳性神经元.此外, Western blotting分析显示,脊髓背角内HAP1表达水平明显高于脊髓前角.结论 HAP1主要分布于大鼠脊髓背角灰质浅层和中央管周围灰质神经元内,提示其可能与痛觉信息一级传入和/或调控有关.     

大鼠视网膜中HAP1的免疫组织化学定位及不同光照条件对HAP1表达的影响

目的探讨亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1(huntingtin associated protein 1, HAP1)是否存在于视网膜内及是否与视觉有关.方法对正常大鼠眼球壁用ABC法进行免疫组织化学染色,观察HAP1在视网膜中的定位;用半定量免疫印迹方法(Western blotting)检测不同光照条件对大鼠视网膜中HAP1表达的影响.结果 HAP1较广泛地分布在大鼠视网膜各层,但以内核层及外核层中免疫反应较强,阳性反应产物主要定位在节细胞层和内核层/外核层中部分细胞胞体内;其余各层中,HAP1免疫反应较弱,阳性产物呈弥散分布,未见明显的阳性胞体.在连续处于黑暗环境中72小时大鼠视网膜中,HAP1表达较常规光照动物明显减少,而连续光照72h大鼠视网膜内HAP1表达无明显变化.结论 HAP1在视网膜中的存在及不同光照条件对视网膜HAP1表达的影响表明,HAP1可能与视觉活动有关.     

禁食促进下丘脑中摄食相关核团HAP1的表达

目的探讨下丘脑中的亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1（huntingtin-associated protein 1,HAP1）是否与摄食有关。方法免疫印迹法检测禁食对大鼠下丘脑HAP1表达的影响,RT-PCR法检测禁食对大鼠下丘脑HAP1 mRNA表达的影响,免疫组织化学染色法观察禁食对下丘脑与摄食调节有关核团内HAP1表达的影响。结果免疫印记分析和RT-PCR检测显示,与正常进食的大鼠比较,禁食1d、2d、3d、4d后大鼠下丘脑HAP1表达逐渐增多;免疫组织化学研究表明,弓状核、背内侧核、外侧下丘脑区内HAP1的表达在禁食后显著增多,而禁食对腹内侧核HAP1的表达无明显影响。结论下丘脑中的HAP1与摄食有关,可能参与了食欲的调节。     

蛋白磷酸酯酶2A调节微管相关蛋白1b的磷酸化

微管相关蛋白MAP1b的生物学活性受其磷酸化修饰的调节,后者则受相应的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酯酶(PP)调控.为研究蛋白磷酸酯酶在脑内对MAP1b磷酸化的调控作用,采用有代谢活性的大鼠脑片作为模型,分别应用冈田酸(okadaic acid)和cyclosporin A选择性地抑制PP2A 和PP2B活性,来研究其对脑内蛋白磷酸酯酶MAP1b磷酸化的调控.采用特异性的MAP1bⅠ型磷酸化依赖性抗体522和免疫印迹技术检测MAP1bⅠ型磷酸化.结果表明,当PP2A被okadaic acid选择性抑制后,MAP1bⅠ型磷酸化明显增加.而PP2B被选择性地抑制后,MAP1b磷酸化的变化不大.免疫组化染色显示,MAP1b广泛分布于鼠大脑神经元和突起中,与对照组相比,在PP2A抑制的脑片中抗体522的免疫活性在神经元中明显升高.上述结果表明,PP2A是脑中调控MAP1bⅠ型磷酸化的主要蛋白磷酸酯酶.     

慢性复合应激对大鼠胰腺HAP1表达的影响

目的探讨慢性复合应激大鼠胰腺内胰岛内分泌细胞HAP1表达的变化及其意义。方法36只大鼠随机分为两组:慢性复合应激组和正常对照组。应激组动物无规律交替暴露于垂直旋转、睡眠剥夺、捆绑(6h/d)和夜间光照等慢性复合性应激,共6周;实验结束后,采用免疫组织化学和Western-blot等方法检测两组大鼠胰腺胰岛内分泌细胞内HAP1蛋白表达的变化。结果HAP1在大鼠胰腺内选择性表达于胰岛内分泌细胞中。与对照组相比,慢性复合应激组大鼠胰腺HAP1的表达明显增强(P<0.05)。结论6周慢性复合性应激可使大鼠胰腺中胰岛内分泌细胞的HAP1表达加强,提示HAP-1在慢性复合应激促进胰腺内分泌功能中可能发挥一定作用。     

杏仁核注射Aβ 25-35后大鼠脑内细胞周期蛋白、tau蛋白和Bax蛋白的异常表达

近年来研究发现,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)病人脑内神经元细胞周期相关蛋白的异常表达与AD相关病理改变存在关联。为探讨β-淀粉样蛋白(β—amyloid,Aβ)的毒性作用能否导致成年脑神经元表达细胞周期相关蛋白,以及细胞周期相关蛋白表达与神经损伤之间的关系,我们运用免疫组化、积分光密度分析等方法对Aβ25-35多肽片段单侧杏仁核注射的大鼠脑进行了研究。结果显示,Aβ25-35注射的大鼠脑内除了有与神经纤维缠结相关的磷酸化tau蛋白和凋亡相关蛋白Bax蛋白水平增加外,术后7d细胞周期相关蛋白cyclin A和cyclin B1蛋白在神经元内异常表达,但术后21d时cyclin A的表达有所降低,而cyclin B1在脑内神经元中已检测不到;免疫荧光双标结果显示Aβ25-35注射后7d的大鼠脑内有较多的cyclin B1和Bax、cyclin B1和磷酸化tau蛋白共存的神经元,而Bax与磷酸化tau蛋白阳性信号很少共存在同一细胞上。以上结果提示,Aβ可导致成年脑神经元表达细胞周期相关蛋白,这些神经元可能会通过与Bax相关的凋亡途径死亡,或首先导致与AD神经纤维缠结相关的tau蛋白磷酸化。     

纽蛋白在原代培养脊髓神经元的分布及其与神经元形态的相关性

目的　用免疫组织化学及形态学等方法对原代培养大鼠脊髓神经元的形态及其纽蛋白 (vinculin)分布进行研究。方法　实验采用原代培养的大鼠脊髓神经元 ,用细胞松弛素 D(cytochalasin D) -丝状肌动蛋白解聚剂处理细胞后 ,用相差显微镜观察细胞形态 ,同时用单克隆抗体免疫组化方法显示细胞内纽蛋白的分布。结果　原代培养的脊髓神经元可见 2～4个细长的突起 ;免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在神经元的胞体及突起均有分布。细胞松弛素 D处理细胞后 ,神经元胞体变大 ,轮廊不清 ,突起增多 ,变短、变粗 ,多分支且分支末端膨大 ;免疫组织化学方法显示纽蛋白在核周的分布明显增加 ,而在突起内的分布则变得不连续 ,呈散在点状。结论　丝状肌动蛋白 (filem ental- actin,F- actin)的完整性对维持神经元的正常形态是必需的 ;神经元形态的变化与纽蛋白分布的变化相关     

胃溃疡对大鼠胃中HAP1表达的影响

建立冰乙酸性大鼠胃溃疡模型,采用ABC法进行免疫组织化学染色,观察并探讨胃溃疡对胃壁中HAP1(huntingtin as-soc iated protein 1,HAP1)表达的影响。结果溃疡组大鼠胃壁中HAP1阳性细胞数目及光密度与正常进食的大鼠相比显著增多。     

大鼠坐骨神经结扎后脊髓钙结合蛋白PV的表达变化

目的:研究大鼠坐骨神经结扎模型钙结合蛋白Parvalbumin(PV)在脊髓的时空变化规律,为探讨其在神经再生中的作用与机制提供实验依据。方法:SD大鼠随机分为假手术对照组和坐骨神经结扎组,实验组结扎后分别存活1,3,7,14或21d,采用免疫组化结合图像分析技术观察PV在脊髓的表达变化。结果:在对照组,PV免疫阳性神经元主要分布于腰髓背角Ⅱ层,Ⅲ～Ⅵ层只观察到少量散在分布的PV样阳性神经元,脊髓前角Ⅷ层和Ⅸ层内也可见少量多极的大型阳性神经元。术后各时间点PV样阳性神经元表达下降,14d下降最显著,21d表达有所上升,但还是低于7d组。脊髓后角PV免疫阳性产物灰度值测定结果显示:术后14d后角PV表达最低,与对侧和对照组以及1、3d组相比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:坐骨神经结扎后PV表达变化呈现一定的时空模式,为进一步揭示PV在神经系统疾病中的作用提供实验依据。     

生长休止蛋白7在大鼠小脑皮质发育过程中的动态表达

目的研究生长休止蛋白7(Gas7)在大鼠小脑皮质不同发育时期的动态表达。方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测Gas7mRNA在大鼠小脑皮质不同发育时期的表达;免疫组织化学方法观察Gas7蛋白在大鼠小脑皮质不同发育时期的表达和分布。结果 RT-PCR结果:Gas7mRNA在大鼠小脑皮质发育时期的表达呈现先增强后减弱的趋势,高峰出现在生后第21d(P21)。免疫组化实验结果:在胚胎第18.5d(E18.5)和E20.5仅Purkinje细胞层有Gas7免疫阳性产物分布;出生当天(P0)外颗粒层出现Gas7阳性神经纤维,Purkinje细胞层出现形态不规则的Gas7免疫阳性细胞;P7外颗粒层和Purkinje细胞层免疫反应增强,内颗粒层出现一些散在的Gas7强阳性细胞,胞体较小,突起清晰可见;P14小脑皮质4层均有Gas7阳性表达;P21小脑皮质3层Gas7免疫阳性反应较P14增强(P0.01);Adult(2月龄)较P21免疫反应减弱(P0.01)。结论 Gas7在大鼠小脑皮质发育过程中的动态表达呈现出时空特异性,提示Gas7基因在大鼠小脑皮质发育过程中可能起着重要的调控作用。     

Expression and ultrastructural localization of Mint2 in the spinal cord of rats

Mint protein family, as adaptor molecules, contains three members, Mint1, Mint2 and Mint3. Although Mint3 is ubiquitously expressed, Mint1 and Mint2 have been reported to express specifically in neuron. Here we demonstrated Mint1 and Mint2 expression pattern in rat spinal cord. The protein level of Mint2 was found to be higher than that of Mint1 in rat spinal by western blot. In an attempt to know Mint2 distribution in the spinal cord of rat, in situ hybridization was carried out, Mint2 mRNA was showed to be ubiquitously distributed in cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections of rat spinal cord, and high intensive signal was detected in motor neurons. These were further confirmed by fluorescent immunohistochemistry, Mint2 was also found to exist throughout gray matter especially motor neurons where Mint2 was mainly located in perikaryon, however, Mint1 was showed to be relatively lower. By electron microscope, Mint2 was found to be mainly located in vesicles in perikaryon in motor neuron of lumbar section, and at the same time Mint2 was located in axons in myelin and presynaptic terminals. These data suggest that Mint2 may play more important role in spinal cord than the other two family members.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF GLYCINE, GABA, GLUTAMATE AND ASPARTATE IN RABBIT SPINAL CORD, CEREBELLUM AND HIPPOCAMPUS

The distribution of glycine, GABA, glutamate and aspartate was measured among about 60 subdivisions of rabbit spinal cord, and among the discrete layers of cerebellum, hippocampus and area dentata. A more detailed mapping for GABA was made within the tip of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Spinal ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion cell bodies were analyzed for the amino acids and for total lipid. The distribution of lipid and lipid-free dry weight per unit volume was also determined in spinal cord. Calculated on the basis of tissue water, glycine in the cord is highest in lateral and ventral white matter immediately adjacent to the ventral grey. The distribution of GABA is almost the inverse of that of glycine with highest level in the tip of dorsal horn. It is most highly concentrated in the central 75% of Rexed layers III and IV. Aspartate in the tip of ventral horn is 4-fold higher than in the tip of the dorsal horn and 3 times the average concentration in brain. Glutamate was much more evenly distributed and is relatively low in concentration with slightly higher levels in dorsal than in ventral grey matter. Large cell bodies in both ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion contained high levels of glycine. As reported by others, GABA was found to be high in cerebellar grey layers, area dentata, and regio inferior of hippocampus. Glycine was moderately high in cerebellar layers but moderate to low in hippocampus and area dentata.     

HAP-1在慢性复合应激大鼠肾上腺的表达

目的探讨慢性复合应激大鼠肾上腺髓质细胞亨廷顿蛋白相关蛋白1(Huntingtin-associated protein 1,HAP-1)表达的变化及其意义。方法36只大鼠随机分为两组:慢性复合应激组和对照组。应激组动物进行6周的垂直旋转、睡眠剥夺、捆绑(6h/d)和夜间光照等慢性复合性应激试验;实验结束后,所有动物采用免疫组织化学、Western-blot以及RT-PCR等方法检测肾上腺髓质细胞内HAP-1蛋白和mRNA水平的变化。结果与对照组相比,慢性复合应激组的大鼠肾上腺髓质中HAP-1的表达明显增强(P<0.05),HAP-1 mRNA水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论6周慢性复合性应激大鼠HAP-1在肾上腺髓质区的表达加强,mRNA水平提高。提示HAP-1在慢性复合应激促进肾上腺功能中可能发挥一定作用。     

猫腰髓中GABA能神经元的分布及年龄相关变化

目的观察和比较GABA能神经元在青年猫和老年猫L6段脊髓的分布,探讨GABA能神经元在脊髓中分布的年龄相关变化及意义.方法免疫组织化学ABC法.结果青年猫与老年猫L6段脊髓灰质内,GABA能神经元及神经纤维分布广泛,各个Rexed板层均可见GABA-IR细胞,其中背侧灰质阳性最强,其次是腹侧灰质.标记的GABA能神经元胞体为卵圆形、三角形、多角形和星形,可分为大、中、小三种类型.经比较,老年组GABA能神经元的数量及免疫反应性均明显低于青年组.结论老年动物脊髓调节功能的减弱可能与GABA能神经元减少有少.     

Widespread distribution of the major polypeptide component of MAP 1 (microtubule-associated protein 1) in the nervous system

We prepared a monoclonal antibody to microtubule-associated protein 1 (MAP 1), one of the two major high molecular weight MAP found in microtubules isolated from brain tissue. We found that MAP 1 can be resolved by SDS PAGE into three electrophoretic bands, which we have designated MAP 1A, MAP 1B, and MAP 1C in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility. Our antibody recognized exclusively MAP 1A, the most abundant and largest MAP 1 polypeptide. To determine the distribution of MAP 1A in nervous system tissues and cells, we examined tissue sections from rat brain and spinal cord, as well as primary cultures of newborn rat brain by immunofluorescence microscopy. Anti-MAP 1A stained white matter and gray matter regions, while a polyclonal anti-MAP 2 antibody previously prepared in this laboratory stained only gray matter. This confirmed our earlier biochemical results, which indicated that MAP 1 is more uniformly distributed in brain tissue than MAP 2 (Vallee, R.B., 1982, J. Cell Biol., 92:435-442). To determine the identity of cells and cellular processes immunoreactive with anti-MAP 1A, we examined a variety of brain and spinal cord regions. Fibrous staining of white matter by anti-MAP 1A was generally observed. This was due in part to immunoreactivity of axons, as judged by examination of axonal fiber tracts in the cerebral cortex and of large myelinated axons in the spinal cord and in spinal nerve roots. Cells with the morphology of oligodendrocytes were brightly labeled in white matter. Intense staining of Purkinje cell dendrites in the cerebellar cortex and of the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex was observed. By double-labeling with antibodies to MAP 1A and MAP 2, the presence of both MAP in identical dendrites and neuronal perikarya was found. In primary brain cell cultures anti-MAP 2 stained predominantly cells of neuronal morphology. In contrast, anti-MAP 1A stained nearly all cells. Included among these were neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes as determined by double-labeling with anti-MAP 1A in combination with antibody to MAP 2, myelin basic protein or glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. These results indicate that in contrast to MAP 2, which is specifically enriched in dendrites and perikarya of neurons, MAP 1A is widely distributed in the nervous system.     

Stigmoid bodies contain type I receptor proteins SorLA/LR11 and sortilin: new perspectives on their function.

Stigmoid bodies (SBs) are structures in the cytoplasm of neurons. SBs are mostly found in the hypothalamic region of the rat and contain a protein called huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1). In a recent publication, large cytoplasmic structures were shown to be immunoreactive for a type I receptor called SorLA/LR11. By light microscopic analysis, these structures appeared similar to SBs in size and in brain regional and subcellular localization. To determine whether these large puncta correspond to HAP1-containing SBs, we used antibodies specific to various domains of the apolipoprotein receptor LR11 to perform immunocytochemistry in rat and mouse brain tissue. Transfection studies using HeLa cells were conducted to demonstrate the specificity of the antibodies. We found that, in both species, antibodies to the domain II (or VSP10 for vacuolar sorting protein 10 domain) of LR11 immunoreact with large cytoplasmic structures. Co-localization immunolabeling experiments in rat brain tissue sections and in neuron cultures showed that these LR11-immunoreactive structures correspond to HAP1-positive SBs. Electron microscopy was performed in rat hypothalamus and further demonstrated the presence of LR11 in SBs and its co-localization with HAP1. LR11-containing SBs were most abundant in the hypothalamus but were also found in many brainstem nuclei, thalamus, and hippocampus. Our data also show that sortilin, another transmembrane protein containing a VPS10 domain, localizes to large cytoplasmic puncta and is found in LR11-positive and Hap1-positive SBs in hypothalamic neuron cultures.     

A cytoarchitectonic scheme for the spinal cord of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus: lumbar region.

In Nissl stained and silver impregnated transverse sections of the chick spinal cord it is possible to subdivide the gray matter of the lumbar region into ten cytoarchitectonically discrete regions or laminae. The laminae are basically similar in both brachial and lumbar regions of the chick cord, with minor exceptions in the dorsal horn. The laminar scheme postulated for the chick cord is , with the exception of the glycogen body and orientation of laminae 1, 2 and 3 in the dorsal horn, similar to the laminar scheme proposed by Rexed (1954) for the cat.