嗜热拟青霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶条件的优化*

从土壤中筛选出一株高产木聚糖酶的嗜热真菌J18,经鉴定为一种新的拟青霉,暂定为嗜热拟青霉。该菌能够利用几种天然纤维质材料固体发酵产木聚糖酶,小麦秸杆为最佳碳源。单因素优化试验表明：小麦秸杆粒度为0．3mm-0．45mm,初始水分含量83％,初始pH7．0,温度为50℃为最佳产酶条件。在优化后的条件下,培养8d产木聚糖酶的水平高达18,580U／g干基碳源。因此,嗜热拟青霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶将具有很大的工业化应用前景。     

多拟青霉属一嗜热新种

报道了多拟青霉属 (PolypaecilumCost)的 1个嗜热新种 :嗜热多拟青霉 (P .thermophilusD .M .WangetD .C .Li) ,对其进行了描述和讨论 ,附有插图。研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室 (HSAUP)。     

马齿苋内生菌橘青霉和波兰青霉中抗青枯菌的活性物质

为了挖掘农作物病害生物防治新资源,以药用植物马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)为材料,通过培养基种植法分离和纯化其根、茎、叶中的内生菌,以青枯菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)的抑菌试验评价其活性,采用菌落形态观察和ITS序列分析鉴定菌种。结果表明,从马齿苋筛选出2种具有抑制青枯菌的内生菌橘青霉(Penicillium citrinum)和波兰青霉(P. polonicum),采用液相与四极杆飞行时间串联质谱(UPLC-QTOF-MS)鉴定2种内生菌的主要活性物质为橘霉素,其对青枯菌的抑制效果比链霉素更好。因此,这为植物青枯病的生物防治提供科学依据。     

中国西北地区青霉及其有性型初报

本文报道分离自中国西北地区—新疆、青海、甘肃和陕西的青霉菌Penicillium及其有性型正青霉Eupenicillium和篮状菌Talaromyces共47种,包括三个中国新记录种: 皮壳正青霉Eupenicillium crustaceum,真灰绿正青霉Eupenicillium euglaucum和西奈正青霉Penicillium sinaicum,并对此三个种作了描述并附线条图和子囊孢子的扫描电镜照片。     

青霉属的一个新种

本文报告从贵阳市细叶桉树流胶上分离到的一株青霉,在查氏琼脂上生长极为局限,菌落质地为绳状,并形成匍匐枝样的菌丝,超越菌落之外再重新进入培养基内生长。帚状枝大多为双轮对称型,少数单轮生或不规则分枝。瓶梗不呈典型的披针形。分生孢子球形至近球形,具瘤状突起。分生孢子链形成相当致密的短柱,一部分的顶部稍尖。该菌属于双轮对称青霉组的绳状青霉系,近于擒状青霉(Penicillium piceum Raper et Fenncll),但区别在于菌落特征明显不同和具有瘤状突起的分生孢子,命名为树脂青霉(Penicillium resinae sp. Nov)。     

假单胞菌YL11对扩展青霉的抑制作用及其机理初探

【背景】苹果青霉病是由扩展青霉引起的一种重要的果实采后病害,影响果实品质导致苹果腐烂从而造成经济损失。【目的】研究假单胞菌YL11对扩展青霉的抑制作用和苹果采后青霉病的防治效果,并对抑菌机理进行初步探讨。【方法】以扩展青霉为供试菌株,研究不同浓度的假单胞菌YL11无菌发酵液对扩展青霉菌落直径、孢子萌发率、菌丝体干重、苹果损伤接种病斑直径扩展的影响,利用对电导率、核酸及蛋白释放量、AKP含量、SDH活性、ATP酶活性和ATP含量的影响对抑菌机理进行探究。【结果】假单胞菌YL11无菌发酵液能有效抑制扩展青霉生长,抑菌圈直径为22.33±0.27 mm,抑菌效价为71.67 mm/mL;能有效抑制孢子萌发,100%无菌发酵液对孢子萌发抑制率达到80.2%;对扩展青霉的生物量也有一定抑制作用,体积分数为100%时,菌丝体干重为4.7mg/mL,抑制率达到39.74%;无菌发酵液处理能有效抑制苹果青霉病病斑的扩展,3d时对病斑扩展的抑制率最大,达到47.1%;无菌发酵液处理均能引起电导率升高、胞内核酸和蛋白释放量增大、胞外AKP含量升高、SDH活性降低、ATP酶活性和ATP含量均降低,且随着发酵液浓度的增加效果越明显。【结论】假单胞菌YL11能显著抑制扩展青霉的生长,破坏细胞膜结构、降低能量代谢酶活性,从而扰乱扩展青霉的正常生长,对苹果青霉病有较好的生防效果,具有潜在的开发价值。     

中国西北地区青霉及其有性型初报

本文报道分离自中国西北地区－新疆,青海,甘肃和陕西的青霉菌Penicilkium及其有性型正青霉Eupenicillium和篮状菌Talaromyces共47种,包括三个中国新记录种：皮壳正青霉Eupenicillium crustaceum真灰绿正青霉Eupenicillium euglaucum和西奈正青霉Penicillum sinaicum,并对此三个种作了描述并附线条图和子囊孢子的扫描电镜照片。     

一中国白酒酒曲中的丝状真菌菌群

采用6种不同的培养基,分别于25℃、32℃、42℃以及50℃培养分离从而对某一中国白酒酒曲中的丝状真菌菌群进行研究.从酒曲中共分离得到886株丝状真菌,分属于接合菌,子囊菌和无性型真菌的20属,45种.其中最为丰富的是无性型真菌(28种),其次是接合菌(10种)和子囊菌(7种).对发酵起主要作用的为那些嗜热和耐热的种属,包括:宛氏拟青霉,伞枝梨头霉,梳棉状嗜热丝孢菌,微小根毛霉,金孢霉属一种和红曲属的几个种.文中还对一些在发酵中起重要作用的丝状真菌的特性进行了探讨.     

常温环境中产嗜热蛋白酶菌资源

通过计数、分离与筛选,对常温环境嗜热菌和产嗜热蛋白酶菌的分布及资源状况进行了研究。结果表明,常温环境中存在着一定数量的嗜热菌和产嗜热蛋白酶菌。土壤与水体相比,其嗜热菌资源相对丰富,且耕作肥沃的土壤中产嗜热蛋白酶菌多于贫瘠土壤;在水环境中,无论湖水、江水还是处理中的废水,在常温条件下均有一定比例的嗜热菌和产嗜热蛋白酶菌。在啤酒废水曝气阶段,产嗜热蛋白酶菌占嗜热菌的比例较大,达45％。本研究筛选的1株嗜热菌其产嗜热蛋白酶活性较高,该菌株在pH7．6、温度68℃条件下其蛋白酶活力达到642U·ml^-1。该项研究为开发产嗜热蛋白酶菌资源,在工业和环境治理等方面的应用提供重要科学依据。     

四种嗜热真菌的分离与鉴定

目的:在对嗜热真菌的资源调查中,分离到嗜热真菌20株。方法:通过形态学比较研究并结合分子分析方法。结果:鉴定出嗜热真菌4种,即杜邦青霉Penicillium dupontii、疏绵状嗜热丝孢菌Thermomyceslanuginosus、嗜热子囊菌Thermoascus aurantiacus、嗜热革节孢Scytalidium thermophilum。此外,还分离到耐热真菌1种,鉴定为不规则头梗霉Cephaliophora irregularis,为中国新记录种。结论:这些研究结果新增了嗜热真菌在中国的分布记载,丰富了我国西南地区嗜热真菌的菌种资源库,另外对分离获得的嗜热真菌进行木聚糖酶活性测试,发现嗜热子囊菌为高产木聚糖酶活力的菌株。     

嗜热子囊菌两个中国新记录种

对采自云南的标本进行研究,描述了两种嗜热子囊菌中国新记录种,分别是太瑞斯梭孢壳霉[Thielavia terrestris (Apinis) Malloch & Cain]和丝衣霉状篮状菌[Talaromyces byssochlamydioides Stolk & Samson],附插图。研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

正青霉属的两个中国新记录种

分离自广西地区的两个中国新记录种：布氏正青霉（Eupenicilliumbrefeldianum（B．Dodge）Stolk＆Scott）,赭瑰色正青霉（EupenicilliumochrosalmoneumScott＆Stolk）。根据广西的分离物对此两个种作了描述并附线条图。     

Eurotiaceae Trovate in Risaia

Abstract

Studying the mycological flora of paddy and grass-fields we had the opportunity to isolate some species of Eutotiaceae which are of particular interest. Three species were not yet known in Italy and only one was found in a soil of mountain pasture. The last one is also common in paddy fields. One of the isolated species was a Pseudoeurotium van Beyma, ascomycete with asci containing 16 ascospores, not identifiable with the systematically related species described as Pseudoeurotium indicum (Chattopadhyay and Das Gupta) Chattopadhyay from « oryzetis » in India and Pseudoeurotium multisporum (Saito and Minoura) Stolk in Japan. Some distinct morphological differences exist between our isolates and P. multisporum; but they differ only faintly from P. indicum: that is our isolates have pedicellate asci. Therefore we suggest the new variety: Pseudoeurotium indicum (Chattopadhyay and Das Gupta) Chattopadhyay var. orizetorum nobis. Three species of the genus Emericellopsis van Beyma: E. minima Stolk, E. terricola van Beyma and E. humicola (Cain) Cain were also isolated. The first one from the paddy-fields and the last two, not yet described in Italy, from grass fields. The possible relationship between E. minima Stolk arid E. pusilla Mathur, Sukapure and Thirumalachar has been discussed.     

Polyol synthesis and taxonomic characters in the genusMoniliella

A study of the physiological and morphological characters of the moulds of the genusMoniliella Stolk et Dakin demonstrated the existence of a new variety ofMoniliella tomentosa (v. Beyma) Stolk, referred to asMoniliella tomentosa var.pollinis. The distinction is based on the green olivaceous tinge of the colonies on agar media and the production, in liquid media with either peptone, potassium nitrate, or yeast extract — maltose, of a diffusable yellow pigment.Polyol synthesis occurs in all the strains examined of the genusMoniliella. Paper- and gas-chromatographic methods show that the polyhydric alcohols are mainly glycerol and erythritol.M. tomentosa produces higher amounts than doesM. acetoabutans. Glycerol is in excess in both species. The highest yields are obtained with the varietypollinis and here erythritol predominates. This strain, which grows well in the yeast form, is technically interesting.The authors wish to thank Dr. G. J. Hajny for providing the strain of the newMoniliella tomentosa variety. Thanks are also due to Prof. emer. J. Frateur for his helpful suggestions, and to Miss B. Verdonck for conscientious technical assistance.We are much indebted to the IWONL for financial support of one of us (L.D.) and to the F.N.R.S. Institution for research grants.     

Lack of evidence for segregation of a single dominant major gene as the cause of the difference in egg weight between two highly inbred lines of chickens

Data on egg weight from experimental crosses with two inbred lines of chickens suggested evidence for segregation of a single dominant major gene. Because the data could not be transformed to satisfy normality and homoscedasticity conditions, the non-parametric test of Elston and the graphical approach used by Stolk et al. were applied. Due to a bad fit of the backcross B2 (P₂×F1) and the F2 groups, both methods reject the hypothesis of a dominant major gene as the the only cause of the differences in egg weight between the six genetic groups involved.     

Partial purification and characterization of a 1,3-β-d-glucanase fromGanoderma tsugae

Fermentation conditions are described for the production of the antitumor antibiotic 7-(S)-brefeldin-A (brefeldin-A) in liquid culture byEupenicillium brefeldianum, (B. Dodge) Stolk and Scott, ATCC 58665. An analytical hplc method was developed which allowed rapid quantitation of the compound during fermentation. A kilogram of brefeldin-A was isolated from a fermentation at the 6800-liter scale.     

Penicillium korosum sp.n.

A new species ofPenicillium belonging to theP.funiculosum series of the Biverticillata — Symmetrica section is described from the rhizosphere ofBrassica campestris var.toria. The species is characterized by the presence of penicilli with 8–12 metulae on malt-extract agar and a very limited sporulation on Czapek-Dox agar. The species is namedPenicillium korosum on account of its broom-like penicilli.The authors are grateful to Prof. Kenneth B. Raper, Dr. Amelia Stolk and Dr. D. B. Prest for valuable comments, to Rev. Fr. Prof. Dr. Santapau and Fr. Ignatius Menezes for latinizing the specific diagnosis and to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India, for financial assistance.     

Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi in poultry droppings in Nigeria.

Ten species of fungi were obtained from poultry droppings in Nigeria. Six of these are true thermophiles while the other four are thermotolerant. Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius, Mucor pusillus Lindt and Thermoascus aurantiacus Stolk are known human pathogens. Except for M. pusillus, all the thermotolerant species had a higher occurrence at 45 degrees C while the thermophilic varieties were readily obtained at 50 degrees C.