应用生态学的现状与展望

应用生态学是迅猛发展的现代生态学的主体．寻求解决人口、资源、环境等问题是应用生态学发展的主要动力．经过40年的发展,应用生态学已发展成为一个庞大的学科门类．应用生态学未来的发展应更多地关注受人类影响和管理的生态系统并将人视为生态系统的组成成分．应用生态学在当前和今后应给予优先重视的研究领域,包括生态系统与生物圈的可持续利用、生态系统服务与生态设计、转基因生物的生态学评价、生物入侵生态学、流行病生态学、生态预报、生态过程及其调控等．在今后若干年内。围绕这些领域,可能会出现广泛而活跃的研究热潮以及一些新的特点．     

生态基因组学研究进展

生态基因组学是一个整合生态学、分子遗传学和进化基因组学的新兴交叉学科。生态基因组学将基因组学的研究手段和方法引入生态学领域,通过将群体基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学等手段与方法将个体、种群及群落、生态系统不同层次的生态学相互作用整合起来,确定在生态学响应及相互作用中具有重要意义的关键的基因和遗传途径,阐明这些基因及遗传途径变异的程度及其生态和进化后果的特征,从基因水平探索有机体响应天然环境(包括生物与非生物的环境因子)的遗传学机制。生态基因组学的研究对象可以分为模式生物与非模式生物两大类。拟南芥、酿酒酵母等模式生物在生态基因组学领域发挥了重要作用。随着越来越多基因组学技术的开发与完善,越来越多的非模式生物生态基因组学的研究将为生态学的发展提供重要的理论与实践依据。生态基因组学最核心的方法包括寻找序列变异、研究基因差异表达和分析基因功能等方法。生态基因组学已广泛渗透到生态学的相关领域中,将会在生物对环境的响应、物种间的相互作用、进化生态学、全球变化生态学、入侵生态学、群落生态学等研究领域发挥更大的作用。     

污染生态学研究的回顾与展望

自20世纪70年代开始,伴随着我国环境科学的兴起和应用生态学的发展,污染生态学经历发生、成长、发展和壮大等几个历史阶段。已经形成了具有自己学科特色的理论体系和研究方法论,如今,污染生态学已成为研究生物系统与被污染环境之间相互作用规律及采用生态学原理对污染环境进行控制与修复的一门独立科学,是应用生态学的重要组成部分,是生态学与环境科学相互融合,相互交叉的产物,在新世纪的头20年中,污染生态学面临着新的机遇和挑战,它将在复合污染生态学,污染生态过程研究、污染生态毒理学和污染生态修复等分支领域和科学前沿取得重要进展和突破。     

评杨万勤主编《森林土壤生态学》

生态学家把土壤常常作为生态系统中的一个重要生态因子来研究,很少把它作为一个学科予以系统介绍,况且这些经典的土壤生态学也是传统生态学的延伸。因此,作为该书《森林土壤生态学》专著之可喜可想而知。该书有以下创新点:(1)创建了一个全新的森林土壤生态学的理论体系和研究框架。当前出现了不少自我命名的新学科,但它们当中很多缺乏自己的理论体系和研究方法。这种新学科不能认为是真正的新学科。一个没有自己理论体系和研究方法的学科还不能算作新学科。(2)该书以土壤圈理论作为重要指导思想,并强调土壤生态系统在全球气候变化、地下水库、水土保持等方面的作用及其对大气圈和水体环境安全的贡献。(3)该书以生态系统的结构、过程和功能为主线,贯穿全书各章,显示了本书土壤生态学重要的特色。杨万勤博士主编的《森林土壤生态学》是第一本以生态系统的结构和功能为基础,以生态系统过程为主线,以本土资料和作者研究成果为本底,结合国内外最新研究成果撰写的一部有创造性的、具有我国特色的土壤生态学专著,它将为我国土壤生态学研究奠定良好的基础,也将为生态环境工程建设提供重要理论支撑。森林土壤具有不同的水平地带性(即纬度地带性和经度地带性)和垂直地带性,其土壤类型及其...     

植物对环境的生物化学适应——兼介绍哈鲍恩的《生态生物化学导论》

自1895年E.Warming的《植物生态学》一书的出版,标志着植物生态学萌芽时期的结束。随着20世纪生产的发展和科学新时期的来临,植物生态学在全世界范围内迅速地发展起来,特别是近代,由于数学、物理学和化学纷纷浸透到生态学领域中来,相继形成了数学生态学、生态物理学和化学生态学等等分支学科。我们要讨论的是生态生物化学的一个重要部分,即植物对环境的生物化学适应。生态学与生物化学似乎是截然不同的两个学科,但二者的结合在近年已得到了惊人的成果。为此,本文同时简要介绍1977年英国出版的啥鲍恩(J.B.Harborne)所著的《生态生物化学导论》,因为生态生物化学是近十多年才迅速发展起来的。     

微生态学与医学的关系简析

作为生命科学的一个新兴领域 ,微生态学正在显示出巨大的生命力和科学价值。微生态学与医学的结合 ,产生了一门新的学科——医学微生态学 ,不仅对医学的发展进步起到了积极的推动和促进作用 ,也为生态学原理和方法的应用开拓了新的领域 ,丰富和发展了生态学作为生命科学学科领域的一个重要支柱的内涵和价值。因此 ,研究和探讨微生态与医学的关系 ,无疑是有着重要的理论和实践意义。1　有关微生态学的两个基本问题1.1　基本概念　微生态学的形成与发展 ,是现代生态学 (e-cology)发展的一个新成果。生态学经历了 12 0多年的历程 ,已经发展成为…     

生态思想的发展演变及其对风景园林的影响

19世纪中叶—20世纪60年代,生态学将生物和环境视为一个整体,一些风景园林理论和实践蕴含了这一思想;20世纪60—70年代,一些学者将生态学的“平衡态范式”引入风景园林学科,形成以自然优先和科学实证为特征的生态决定论思想;20世纪80—90年代,生态学发生以复杂性为特征的范式转变,规划设计开始以景观生态学理论为基础,重视景观动态格局以及科学与艺术的结合;20世纪末出现了将生态作为复杂系统的隐喻的趋势,生态都市主义思想和实践应运而生。今天风景园林中的生态思想是多层次的,并综合体现在实践之中。     

浅谈生态学与自然辩证法的普遍联系性

作为一个生态学的学者,当用自然辩证法的眼光去理解生态学时,发现自然辩证法其实就是生态学的另一个真实写照,反过来也是如此。因此,在系统自然观的基础上,运用生态学观点生是审视自然界,便形成了生态自然观,其是在生态学的基础上对辩证唯物主义自然观在当代的新的表现和发展形势。     

基于现代物种共存理论的入侵生态学概念框架

在入侵生态学60多年的发展历程中, 生态学家提出了多种多样的假说来解释生物入侵的机制。这些纷繁复杂的假说在丰富我们对生物入侵认知的同时, 也给入侵生态学概念的整合带来了困难。其中, 外来种和土著种是否存在生态学差异, 以及这种差异如何影响生物入侵, 是入侵生态学研究和争论的焦点问题。现代物种共存理论通过将外来种和土著种的生态学差异划分为生态位差异和适合度差异, 为入侵生态学概念的整合提供了新的视角。依据该理论, 外来种可以通过两种策略实现成功入侵: 一是扩大与土著种的生态位差异, 二是提高自身相较于土著种的适合度优势。因此, 外来种-土著种的生态位差异和适合度差异共同决定了入侵的成败与危害程度。通过对经典入侵假说进行梳理, 我们发现大部分假说都可以在该理论框架下进行解读, 不同假说的主要差别在于强调不同生态学过程对生态位和适合度差异的影响。同时, 这一理论框架很好地解释了为什么外来种-土著种的亲缘关系和性状差异会对生物入侵产生复杂的影响, 为达尔文归化谜团的和解以及外来种-土著种功能性状的比较研究提供了新的思路。目前, 现代物种共存理论还处于快速发展的阶段, 依旧存在很多不足, 但将其运用到生物入侵的实证研究中将是入侵生态学今后一个重要的发展方向。     

森林生态学的任务及面临的发展问题

森林生态学是生态学的一个分支学科 ,也是林学的一个分支学科 .2 0世纪 90年代 ,国家自然科学基金委员会曾先后组织我国许多科学家研究和编写出版了一系列自然学科发展战略调研报告 ,其中包括了“生态学发展战略”和“林学发展战略” ,森林生态学为它们的重要分支学科 .“生态学发展战略”由已故的马世骏先生主持 ,由中国生态学会组织科学家们完成 .它相当全面地、系统地和深刻地总结了生态学发展历史 ,提出了发展预测和今后的重要研究领域 .它正确地指出 ,当前的生态学已由经典的生态学任务 ,即研究阐明生物及其环境的相互关系的科学 ,发展…     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究现状与展望

害虫综合防治作为农业生产的一项重要策略,在农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,针对我国害虫防治所存在的技术需求,科技部等部门先后通过973计划、863计划、科技支撑计划和农业行业专项等对重要害虫防治研究立项支持。通过这些项目的实施,我国建成了一支由国家和省级科研单位和大学组成的专业科研队伍和研究平台,对害虫监测预警技术、基于生物多样性保护利用的生态调控技术、害虫生物防治技术、化学防治技术、抗虫转基因作物利用技术等方面的研究取得了一系列的重要进展,研究建立了棉花、水稻、玉米、小麦和蔬菜等作物重要害虫的综合防治技术体系,并在农业生产中发挥了重要作用。以基因工程和信息技术为代表的第二次农业技术革命的到来,推动了害虫综合防治的理论发展,为害虫综合防治技术的广泛应用提供了新的机遇。地理信息系统、全球定位系统等信息技术和计算机网络技术的应用,提高了对害虫种群监测和预警的能力和水平,转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植等技术的应用显著增强了对害虫种群的区域性调控效率。针对产业结构调整和全球气候变化所带来的害虫新问题,进一步发展IPM新理论与新技术将成为我国农业昆虫学研究的重要方向之一。     

Ten simple rules for training yourself in an emerging field

The opportunity to participate in and contribute to emerging fields is increasingly prevalent in science. However, simply thinking about stepping outside of your academic silo can leave many students reeling from the uncertainty. Here, we describe 10 simple rules to successfully train yourself in an emerging field, based on our experience as students in the emerging field of ecological forecasting. Our advice begins with setting and revisiting specific goals to achieve your academic and career objectives and includes several useful rules for engaging with and contributing to an emerging field.     

Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming

Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As research on the topic expands at an exponential rate, a comprehensive understanding of the variability in organisms' responses and corresponding levels of certainty is necessary to forecast the ecological effects. Here, we perform the most comprehensive meta‐analysis to date by synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. The results reveal decreased survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance in response to acidification when the broad range of marine organisms is pooled together. However, the magnitude of these responses varies among taxonomic groups, suggesting there is some predictable trait‐based variation in sensitivity, despite the investigation of approximately 100 new species in recent research. The results also reveal an enhanced sensitivity of mollusk larvae, but suggest that an enhanced sensitivity of early life history stages is not universal across all taxonomic groups. In addition, the variability in species' responses is enhanced when they are exposed to acidification in multi‐species assemblages, suggesting that it is important to consider indirect effects and exercise caution when forecasting abundance patterns from single‐species laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the results suggest that other factors, such as nutritional status or source population, could cause substantial variation in organisms' responses. Last, the results highlight a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to acidification when taxa are concurrently exposed to elevated seawater temperature.     

武陵源风景区生态承载力预警

随着人类面临的严重环境挑战,可持续发展模式作为全人类共同的选择变得越来越重要。生态承载力作为可持续发展的衡量指标,通过生态承载力水平与生态荷载状况表现出来。可持续承载力预警是以可持续发展为目标进行生态承载力调控。利用主成分分析法、层次分析法构建了武陵源风景区的生态承载力评价指标体系,作为模型的输入层预警指标,并利用状态空间法求算的生态承载指数进行警度区间的划分,通过样本训练、建立BP神经网络模型,进行生态承载预警。从风景区的资源承载、环境承载、生态弹性和生态承压等方面来考虑,析出17个资源类、环境类、社会经济类指标作为评价指标体系。对于武陵源风景区的承载状态,从时间上看,2000年曾出现超载状态,主要是风景区的核心区范围内出现城市化现象所致;从空间上看,协和乡出现超载状态,其主要原因在于资源的开发利用上。基于BP网络模型实现的生态承载力预警,用于预测预报未来的可持续发展的发展状态,可以及时反映可持续状态的调控效果,为区域系统的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

物候模式识别在生态动力预报中的应用

以物候资料和数值天气预报模式输出图为基础,应用模式识别和数理逻辑判断的自动化技术,阐述制作生态动力预报的原理、方法和步骤.生态动力预报技术使传统的物候学在气象学和自动化技术支持下,扩展应用到生态预报业务领域,使物候预报从单站预报阶段发展到区域预报阶段,同时促进了农业气象预报方法从定性、统计阶段向动力预报阶段发展.该方法在农作物播种、长势、灌溉与施肥、病虫害防治等方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

Integrating models with data in ecology and palaeoecology: advances towards a model-data fusion approach

It is increasingly being recognized that global ecological research requires novel methods and strategies in which to combine process-based ecological models and data in cohesive, systematic ways. Model-data fusion (MDF) is an emerging area of research in ecology and palaeoecology. It provides a new quantitative approach that offers a high level of empirical constraint over model predictions based on observations using inverse modelling and data assimilation (DA) techniques. Increasing demands to integrate model and data methods in the past decade has led to MDF utilization in palaeoecology, ecology and earth system sciences. This paper reviews key features and principles of MDF and highlights different approaches with regards to DA. After providing a critical evaluation of the numerous benefits of MDF and its current applications in palaeoecology (i.e., palaeoclimatic reconstruction, palaeovegetation and palaeocarbon storage) and ecology (i.e. parameter and uncertainty estimation, model error identification, remote sensing and ecological forecasting), the paper discusses method limitations, current challenges and future research direction. In the ongoing data-rich era of today's world, MDF could become an important diagnostic and prognostic tool in which to improve our understanding of ecological processes while testing ecological theory and hypotheses and forecasting changes in ecosystem structure, function and services.     

Predictive ecology: systems approaches

The world is experiencing significant, largely anthropogenically induced, environmental change. This will impact on the biological world and we need to be able to forecast its effects. In order to produce such forecasts, ecology needs to become more predictive--to develop the ability to understand how ecological systems will behave in future, changed, conditions. Further development of process-based models is required to allow such predictions to be made. Critical to the development of such models will be achieving a balance between the brute-force approach that naively attempts to include everything, and over simplification that throws out important heterogeneities at various levels. Central to this will be the recognition that individuals are the elementary particles of all ecological systems. As such it will be necessary to understand the effect of evolution on ecological systems, particularly when exposed to environmental change. However, insights from evolutionary biology will help the development of models even when data may be sparse. Process-based models are more common, and are used for forecasting, in other disciplines, e.g. climatology and molecular systems biology. Tools and techniques developed in these endeavours can be appropriated into ecological modelling, but it will also be necessary to develop the science of ecoinformatics along with approaches specific to ecological problems. The impetus for this effort should come from the demand coming from society to understand the effects of environmental change on the world and what might be performed to mitigate or adapt to them.     

Temporal ecology in the Anthropocene

Two fundamental axes – space and time – shape ecological systems. Over the last 30 years spatial ecology has developed as an integrative, multidisciplinary science that has improved our understanding of the ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation and loss. We argue that accelerating climate change – the effective manipulation of time by humans – has generated a current need to build an equivalent framework for temporal ecology. Climate change has at once pressed ecologists to understand and predict ecological dynamics in non‐stationary environments, while also challenged fundamental assumptions of many concepts, models and approaches. However, similarities between space and time, especially related issues of scaling, provide an outline for improving ecological models and forecasting of temporal dynamics, while the unique attributes of time, particularly its emphasis on events and its singular direction, highlight where new approaches are needed. We emphasise how a renewed, interdisciplinary focus on time would coalesce related concepts, help develop new theories and methods and guide further data collection. The next challenge will be to unite predictive frameworks from spatial and temporal ecology to build robust forecasts of when and where environmental change will pose the largest threats to species and ecosystems, as well as identifying the best opportunities for conservation.     

Epidemiological aspects and organization of ecological expertise of project data

The necessity of organizing the ecological evaluation of projects, the interrelation of measures for the protection of nature and ecological forecasting, the importance of introducing the section of ecological forecasting into every project are discussed. Changes in the ecological systems, occurring due to different kinds of human intervention, and their consequences for human health are shown. The organization of the ecological evaluation of project plans and specifications at different administrative levels of the sanitary and epidemiological service and at institutes is proposed , which must ensure the elimination-of consequences, unfavorable for human health.