全球生态学—生态学的新发展

生态学是迅速发展的学科体系。它的研究领域不断扩大,新的分支时在涌现。全球生态学(global eeolog)就是最近出现的为全世界生态学家关心的一个重要新领域。     

植物功能型及其生态学意义

植物功能型是近年来在全球变化研究中引入的一个新的生态学术语,综 植物功能型概念的由来、划分植物及其生态学意义,用系统生物学的理论与方法理解植物功能型,并指出了植物功能型在全球变化研究中的意义。     

微生态学及生态疗法

生态学是研究生物与其环境之间相互关系的科学,它分宏观生态和微观生态.实际上,宏观和微观是生态学的两个不同层次,一切宏观生态因素都必须通过微观生态规律起作用。忽视那个层次都是不行的。一、微生态学的概念微生态学是研究微生物群与其宿主(人、动物、植物及微生物)相互关系的科学。微生态学重点研     

污染生态学研究的回顾与展望

自20世纪70年代开始,伴随着我国环境科学的兴起和应用生态学的发展,污染生态学经历发生、成长、发展和壮大等几个历史阶段。已经形成了具有自己学科特色的理论体系和研究方法论,如今,污染生态学已成为研究生物系统与被污染环境之间相互作用规律及采用生态学原理对污染环境进行控制与修复的一门独立科学,是应用生态学的重要组成部分,是生态学与环境科学相互融合,相互交叉的产物,在新世纪的头20年中,污染生态学面临着新的机遇和挑战,它将在复合污染生态学,污染生态过程研究、污染生态毒理学和污染生态修复等分支领域和科学前沿取得重要进展和突破。     

21世纪植物化学生态学前沿领域

植物和其它有机体通过次生物质为媒介的化学作用关系近年引入注目,其中植物的诱导化学防御,植物的化学通讯,植物次生物质和进化的关系,植物与人类的化学关系和海洋植物化学生态学是21世纪植物化学生态学值得关注的前沿领域。植物化学生态学前沿领域的进展将为实现21世纪的持续,发展是在生态安全条件下提高农业产量并达到对病虫草害的有效控制方面具有重要意义。     

全球变化对资源环境及生态系统影响的生态学理论基础

随着全球变化研究的深入,面向社会可持续发展的全球变化风险与应对、全球变化对资源环境要素时空配置与生态系统的影响评估等应用性问题正成为全球变化领域的新趋势。基于生态学范畴,本文重点梳理了资源环境的涵义及其构成要素：资源是自养生物利用无机物制造有机物及能量和物质在生物间传递过程中所消耗的一切实体,包括无机资源(太阳辐射、CO₂、O₂、水和矿质元素等)和有机资源(作为其他生物的食物资源)两类,而环境不能被生物有机体消耗或用竭。此外,阐述了全球变化组成及其引发的资源环境要素变化特征,以及当前关于生态系统对全球变化响应的研究进展,以期从生态学原理角度科学认知全球变化对资源环境及生态系统的影响过程与机制,为全球变化风险应对实践提供生态学理论基础。     

生态场理论—物理生态学的生长点

一、生态场理论提出的背景导源于生物学的生态学是研究生命系统与环境系统之间相互作用规律及其机理的科学(马世骏,1988)。那么,生物之间、生物与环     

由生态伦理道德看生态学教学

德国的赫尔巴特说过 :“道德普遍地被认为是人类的最高目的 ,因此也是教育的最高目的。”前苏联的马卡连科也曾说过 :“道德教育应当走在生理成熟的前面 ,至少应保持同步。”可见在生态学教学中 ,渗透生态伦理道德教育 ,使学生形成不同于前人的崭新的生态伦理道德观 ,对于提高全社会公民的生态意识 ,确立人与自然和谐发展的关系是非常必要的。1　从人类的发展过程 ,看生态伦理道德形成的必然性在远古 ,人类面对一个完全陌生的自然 ,只能被动地服从它。基于对自然的无知及生存的艰难 ,人类在显得异常高大和神圣的自然面前产生了“自然崇拜”…     

全球变化背景下生态学热点问题研究——第二届\"国际青年生态学者论坛\"

为促进中国青年生态学者与海外生态学者的交流与合作,第二届\"国际青年生态学者论坛\"于2011年8月1—4日在南京大学举行。来自海内外近400名学生和青年学者,围绕\"全球变化背景下生态学热点问题\"主题,分别从植物群落学、植物生理生态学、地下生态学、水生态系统、生物入侵、生物多样性、区域生态安全等7个方面进行了交流与讨论,本届论坛报告反映了在全球变化背景下,我国生态学在研究领域、内容、尺度、方法上的发展现状与进展。以会议收集的95篇摘要为基础,重点综述了27场青年学者论坛报告内容,并对会议的进一步完善提出了几点建议。     

旅游生态学—生态学应用的一个新领域

旅游生态学──生态学应用的一个新领域刘鸿雁（北京大学城市与环境学系,１００８７１）ＲｅｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ─—ＡＮｅｗＡｒｅａｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ．￥ＬｉｕＨｏｎｇｙａｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＵｒｂａｎａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍ...     

生态学的发展阶段及其特点

生态学的发展阶段及其特点吴兆录（云南大学生态学与地植物学研究所,昆明６５００９１）Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｔａｇｅｓｏｆｅｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ．￥ＷｕＺｈａｏｌｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＧｅｏ...     

Ecological forecasting under climate change: the case of Baltic cod

Good decision making for fisheries and marine ecosystems requires a capacity to anticipate the consequences of management under different scenarios of climate change. The necessary ecological forecasting calls for ecosystem-based models capable of integrating multiple drivers across trophic levels and properly including uncertainty. The methodology presented here assesses the combined impacts of climate and fishing on marine food-web dynamics and provides estimates of the confidence envelope of the forecasts. It is applied to cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea, which is vulnerable to climate-related decline in salinity owing to both direct and indirect effects (i.e. through species interactions) on early-life survival. A stochastic food web-model driven by regional climate scenarios is used to produce quantitative forecasts of cod dynamics in the twenty-first century. The forecasts show how exploitation would have to be adjusted in order to achieve sustainable management under different climate scenarios.     

土壤生物及其对土壤生态学发展的影响

土壤生物区系、土壤生物多样性和全球变化已成为土壤生态学研究的肖沿领域,土壤生物以不同的方式改变着土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性,某一等级层次上的土壤生物群落的组成和结构可以对其它等级层次上的资源空间异质性产生影响,而这种空间异质性受到许多生物圈层－－土壤功能区域所维持。本文评价了土壤生物区系在土壤生态系统过程中的作用,论述了土壤生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系,讨论了土壤生态系统对全球变化的影响。     

Ecological restoration: A new frontier for nature conservation and economics

Ecological restoration is still perceived by many conservationists, and the majority of economists, as a diversion, a delusion, and – far worse – a waste of money. In this paper we point out that restoration is in fact complementary not only to nature conservation but also to sustainable, equitable socio-economic development. This is because restoring and augmenting the natural capital base generates jobs and improves livelihoods and the quality of life of all in the economy.

In developing countries, where most biodiversity hotspots occur, both conservation of nature and the restoration of degraded ecosystems will find local support only if they are clearly linked to socio-economic development. Conversely, sound socio-economic development in the environmentally damaged portions of those countries undoubtedly will require ecological restoration of the natural capital base. Nature conservation, ecological restoration, and sustainable economic development policies should therefore be planned, budgeted and executed conjointly.     

Uncertainty in ensemble forecasting of species distribution

Species distribution modelling has been widely applied in order to assess the potential impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Many methodological decisions, taken during the modelling process and forecasts, may, however, lead to a large variability in the assessment of future impacts. Using measures of species range change and turnover, the potential impacts of climate change on French stream fish species and assemblages were evaluated. Our main focus was to quantify the uncertainty in the projections of these impacts arising from four sources of uncertainty: initial datasets (Data), statistical methods [species distribution models (SDM)], general circulation models (GCM), and gas emission scenarios (GES). Several modalities of the aforementioned uncertainty sources were combined in an ensemble forecasting framework resulting in 8400 different projections. The variance explained by each source was then extracted from this whole ensemble of projections. Overall, SDM contributed to the largest variation in projections, followed by GCM, whose contribution increased over time equalling almost the proportion of variance explained by SDM in 2080. Data and GES had little influence on the variability in projections. Future projections of range change were more consistent for species with a large geographical extent (i.e., distribution along latitudinal or stream gradients) or with restricted environmental requirements (i.e., small thermal or elevation ranges). Variability in projections of turnover was spatially structured at the scale of France, indicating that certain particular geographical areas should be considered with care when projecting the potential impacts of climate change. The results of this study, therefore, emphasized that particular attention should be paid to the use of predictions ensembles resulting from the application of several statistical methods and climate models. Moreover, forecasted impacts of climate change should always be provided with an assessment of their uncertainty, so that management and conservation decisions can be taken in the full knowledge of their reliability.     

Products and Ecological Models: A Population Ecology Perspective

Industrial ecology has used the systems ecology model, with its emphasis on the flows of energy and nutrients, as a tool to find ways to minimize the adverse environmental effects of industrial activity. A second ecosystem model, the population ecology model, emphasizes intra-and inter-specific interactions of many types. When applied to industrial systems, it suggests an increased focus on products. It therefore can provide a useful complement to the systems ecology approach. If industrial processes that are less harmful to the environment are to be successfully implemented, they will have to produce products that can successfully penetrate the marketplace. A number of historical examples are used to illustrate the many product interactions discussed.     

Bridging the gap between micro - and macro-scale perspectives on the role of microbial communities in global change ecology

In order to understand the role microbial communities play in mediating ecosystem response to disturbances it is essential to address the methodological and conceptual gap that exists between micro- and macro-scale perspectives in ecology. While there is little doubt microorganisms play a central role in ecosystem functioning and therefore in ecosystem response to global change-induced disturbance, our ability to investigate the exact nature of that role is limited by disciplinary and methodological differences among microbial and ecosystem ecologists. In this paper we present results from an interdisciplinary graduate-level seminar class focused on this topic. Through the medium of case studies in global change ecology (soil respiration, nitrogen cycling, plant species invasion and land use/cover change) we highlight differences in our respective approach to ecology and give examples where disciplinary perspective influences our interpretation of the system under study. Finally, we suggest a model for integrating perspectives that may lead to greater interdisciplinary collaboration and enhanced conceptual and mechanistic modeling of ecosystem response to disturbance.     

Ecosystem services classification: A systems ecology perspective of the cascade framework

Ecosystem services research faces several challenges stemming from the plurality of interpretations of classifications and terminologies. In this paper we identify two main challenges with current ecosystem services classification systems: i) the inconsistency across concepts, terminology and definitions, and; ii) the mix up of processes and end-state benefits, or flows and assets. Although different ecosystem service definitions and interpretations can be valuable for enriching the research landscape, it is necessary to address the existing ambiguity to improve comparability among ecosystem-service-based approaches. Using the cascade framework as a reference, and Systems Ecology as a theoretical underpinning, we aim to address the ambiguity across typologies. The cascade framework links ecological processes with elements of human well-being following a pattern similar to a production chain. Systems Ecology is a long-established discipline which provides insight into complex relationships between people and the environment. We present a refreshed conceptualization of ecosystem services which can support ecosystem service assessment techniques and measurement. We combine the notions of biomass, information and interaction from system ecology, with the ecosystem services conceptualization to improve definitions and clarify terminology. We argue that ecosystem services should be defined as the interactions (i.e. processes) of the ecosystem that produce a change in human well-being, while ecosystem components or goods, i.e. countable as biomass units, are only proxies in the assessment of such changes. Furthermore, Systems Ecology can support a re-interpretation of the ecosystem services conceptualization and related applied research, where more emphasis is needed on the underpinning complexity of the ecological system.