阜阳市重要湿地夏季鸟类多样性研究

为了掌握阜阳市重要湿地的鸟类资源,2011年7月-2011年9月,采用样带法对阜阳市4个重点湿地的夏季鸟类资源进行了调查。调查共记录阜阳市重要湿地鸟类11目25科43种,雀形目鸟类种数最多,共19种,占全部种类数的44.1%。东洋界、古北界和两界广布种分别占繁殖鸟种数的39.5%、34.8%、25.6%;湿地水鸟21种,占全部鸟类的47.8%;湿地鸟类群落的优势种为家燕、烟腹毛脚燕和灰椋鸟。八里河省级湿地自然保护区鸟类种数最多(N=30),多样性指数最高(H=2.49);4个湿地之间鸟类相似性系数均较高。鸟类多样性指数、鸟类种都与湿地面积呈显著正相关(多样性r=0.985,P=0.015;鸟种r=0.974,P=0.026)。从鸟类多样性保护考虑,湿地保护区和湿地公园的建设和管理应向保持湿地面积、增加植被复杂性发展。     

鸟类迁徙与滨海旅游项目关系——以碧海银沙为例

2018年7月—2019年5月,采用样线法和样点法对启东长江口(北支)自然保护区恒大海上威尼斯碧海银沙海水浴场内鸟类多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类9目23科51种,其中鸻形目、雁形目、鹳形目、鸊鷉目等水鸟为鸟类群落的构成主体.不同季节鸟类多样性指数(H)依次为秋季迁徙期＞春季迁徙期＞夏季繁殖期＞越冬期,鸟种由多至少依次...     

安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟多样性

水鸟群落多样性特征可以反映湿地公园内不同功能区的栖息地质量。除了研究水鸟群落的Alpha多样性, 其Beta多样性在空间维度上的物种周转和嵌套组分可以衡量不同功能区物种保护意义。为掌握嬉子湖国家湿地公园水鸟资源以及湿地公园建设成效, 于2019年1月至2019年12月在安徽桐城嬉子湖国家湿地公园内设置14个观测点进行水鸟调查。结果显示, 该湿地公园共有水鸟6目15科54种, 以冬候鸟为主(占53.70%); 鸟类区系组成包括古北界种35种(占64.81%)、东洋界种8种(占14.81%)和两界广布种11种(占20.37%); 有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类2种, 国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种, 安徽省重点保护鸟类12种; 世界自然保护联盟物种红色名录中的近危(NT)物种2种, 易危(VU)物种3种, 濒危(EN)物种1种。各功能区间水鸟多样性差异明显, Shannon-Wiener指数以湿地保育区最高(2.33), 恢复重建区最低(2.05); 恢复重建区与湿地保育区相似性最高(0.8889), 游客开放区与湿地保育区相似性指数最低(0.5000); 湿地保育区和恢复重建区之间的水鸟群落Beta多样性周转组分高于嵌套组分, 其余功能区之间Beta多样性的嵌套组分均高于周转组分。研究结果表明, 嬉子湖湿地公园功能区设置基本合理, 且湿地保育区内水鸟群落结构最为稳定, 但在关注湿地保育区的同时, 也应加强恢复重建区建设, 提高该功能区栖息地的生境多样性。     

鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区丰水期和枯水期鸟类多样性

2009年12月和2010年5月,利用样线法和同步调查法对江西省鄱阳湖都昌候鸟自然保护区的鸟类开展了调查,分析了丰水期和枯水期鸟类群落结构的特征及其差异.野外调查共记录到鸟类14目43科169种.丰水期鸟类有36科96种,枯水期鸟类36科135种.其中,国家重点保护鸟类17种.结合保护区日常监测到白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、灰鹤(G.grus)、白头鹤(G.monacha)和白枕鹤(G.vipio)的分布记录,该保护区鸟类累计达173种.保护区枯水期鸟类以雀形目、鹆形目和雁形目为主,分别占枯水期鸟类种类总数的47.4％、13.3％和9.6％;丰水期鸟类以雀形目、鸻形目和鹳形目为主,分别占鸟类种类总数的58.3％、8.3％和10.4％.枯水期和丰水期鸟类物种组成存在明显的季节性变换.枯水期农田生境鸟类多样性最高,其次是草洲、沼泽和水体,泥滩生境鸟类多样性最低;丰水期农田和水体生境鸟类多样性基本相同.都昌候鸟自然保护区枯水期的优势种为八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、灰椋鸟(Sturnus cineraceus)、麻雀(Passer montanus)和山斑鸠(Streptopelia orientalis),丰水期为白鹭(Egretta garzetta)和八哥.     

水位变动影响下三峡库区汉丰湖鸟类群落及多样性

受三峡水库夏落冬涨的水位调控方式影响,位于三峡库区腹心的重庆开州区汉丰湖形成22.5m水位落差。为了解汉丰湖鸟类群落结构与动态水位变化之间的响应关系,2015年3月—2016年2月对汉丰湖鸟类群落结构及多样性进行了调查。共记录鸟类97种,隶属12目32科,其中湿地鸟类49种,主要包括雁鸭类(18种)、鸻鹬类(13种)、鹭类(7种)及秧鸡类(5种)。研究表明:受水位变化影响,鸟类群落结构及其多样性变化显著。夏季(8月)低水位期(水位高程152.50m),鸟种数最高,为34种,Shannon-Wiener指数最高;肉食性鸟与食虫鸟是主要取食功能群;与夏季低水位期生境类型多样、消落带植物正处于生长旺盛期、食物资源丰富有关,是雀形目鸟类、鹭类、秧鸡类等适宜的栖息地。冬季(12月)高水位期(水位高程174.50m),鸟种数为30种,Shannon-Wiener指数、均匀度指数均最低,植食性鸟类是主要的取食功能群,鸟类数量最高;与冬季高水位期水面开阔、生境类型单一有关,高水位期的大水面有利于鸭类集群越冬。冬季在退水期(水位高程170.01m),水位下降导致汉丰湖生境结构变化,越冬鸟类数量和物种丰度降低,空间分布格局也随之变化。鸟类是三峡水库生物多样性的重要组成部分,为保护和提升三峡水库生物多样性,恢复和营造鸟类栖息地,应针对繁殖鸟和越冬水鸟的功能需求进行生态设计。     

江西齐云山自然保护区鸟类区系与多样性分析

2006年11月和2007年2～9月,对齐云山保护区的鸟类进行了本底调查和物种监测,共记录到鸟类257种,隶属于17目54科.其中留鸟120种,候鸟(夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟)137种;古北界种类97种(37.7%),东洋界种类141种(54.9%),广布种有19种(7.4%);国家重点保护鸟类8科34种;发现江西省新纪录鸟类4种.多样性分析结果显示,该区鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、和Simpson指数分别为3.875、0.791和0.964.从各生境群落多样性指数看,农田居民区中鸟类群落多样性指数最大,其次是灌草丛和阔叶林,溪流水域的多样性指数最小;优势度指数在不同生境的变化趋势与群落多样性指数相似;灌草丛中鸟类群落均匀度指数最高,阔叶林中的鸟类群落均匀度指数最低.通过与周边包括九连山、井冈山、江西武夷山和广东车八岭4个保护区的鸟类进行物种多样性G-F指数对比分析,得出齐云山鸟类多样性与九连山相当,而高于其他3个保护区.     

陕西红碱淖湿地水鸟组成及多样性分析

2001年4月～2009年11月采用样线法和定点观察法对陕西红碱淖湿地鸟类进行了调查.共记录鸟类79种,隶属于8目14科,其中古北界56种,东洋界5种,广布种18种;在居留型上夏候鸟32种,旅鸟45种,迷鸟2种,无冬候鸟和留鸟.优势种以雁鸭类、鸥科、鸻鹬类为主.红碱淖湿地鸟类物种多样性指数为1.564,均匀度指数为0.361.在不同生境中,沼泽地鸟类群落多样性指数最高(1.561),均匀度指数为0.363,芦苇丛鸟类群落多样性最低(0.104),均匀度指数为0.050.分析了食物、生境和水位等因素对红碱淖湿地水鸟组成及多样性的影响.     

滹沱河湿地石家庄段水鸟群落结构及多样性

2003年3月～2006年4月,对滹沱河湿地石家庄段水鸟进行了调查。共记录水鸟80种,隶属于7目16科。其中候鸟73种(夏候鸟、冬候鸟和旅鸟),留鸟7种;古北种62种,东洋种11种,广布种7种;国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类11种。鸻形目和雁形目鸟类占优势,各占水鸟种数的35.00%和30.00%。水鸟种类和数量高峰出现在4月和11月,低谷在1月和2月。多样性分析表明,冶河-黄壁庄水库和滹沱河-岗南水库Shannon-Weiner指数和G-F指数均高于石板水库,这与湿地面积和生境的多样性有关。滹沱河湿地石家庄段作为许多水鸟,尤其是黑鹳的重要栖息地,需进一步加强监测和保护。     

云南大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区鸟类多样性及其与生境结构的关系

2015—2016年4个季节,采用样线法和样点法结合调查鸟类并基于遥感信息分析生境结构,研究了大山包自然保护区9个1 km~2样点鸟类多样性及其与生境的关系。结果表明:大山包共有鸟类16目41科127种,包含国家重点保护鸟类14种;雀形目、雁形目、鸻形目鸟类为主,共27科80种,数量最多的是斑头雁(Anser indicus)、小云雀(Alauda gulgula)、黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis),共占总数量的50.09%;种类以留鸟(占49.61%)和鸣禽(51.97%)为主,数量以冬候鸟(58.13%)和水鸟(60.28%)为主;40.94%的种类和60.28%的数量均偏好水域湿地生境类型;Pearson相关系数表明,水域面积占比与冬季和春季鸟类数量显著相关(P0.05),森林-灌丛面积占比与夏季和秋季鸟类种类显著相关(P0.05);大山包是重要的鸟类栖息地和越冬地,其生境结构对鸟类种类和数量有巨大影响;营建水域、森林-灌丛、沼泽湿地等多种生境类型及其空间组合,是保护大山包鸟类多样性的重要途径。     

云南蒙自坝区湖泊越冬水鸟组成和变化趋势初报

第264号国际重点鸟区位于云南蒙自坝区,但缺乏系统的鸟类数据。2006-2014 年,每年1月下旬至2月上旬,在蒙自坝区的三个湖泊长桥海、大屯海和三角海（简称“三湖”）进行水鸟调查,累计记录到水鸟12科33属63种。其中有国家I级保护动物1种（黑鹳Ciconia nigra）,国家II级保护动物2种（白琵鹭Platalea leucorodia,彩鹮Plegadis falcinellus）,极危（CR）鸟类1种（青头潜鸭Aythya baeri）,近危（NT）鸟类4种。在长桥海记录的水鸟种类和数量最多,但Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较低,优势度指数较高。在三角海记录到的鸟类种类较多,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较高而优势度指数较低。在大屯海记录到的鸟种和数量都很少。分别对三湖越冬水鸟种数、数量和雁形目、骨顶鸡和鹳形目水鸟数量变化趋势进行了Man-Kendall检验,发现调查期间,三湖越冬水鸟种数和数量无显著变化,骨顶鸡数量无显著变化趋势,雁形目水鸟略有下降趋势,而鹳形目水鸟有显著下降趋势。鉴于三角海记录到的国家一、二级保护动物和鹳形目水鸟数量,建议扩大第264号国际重点鸟区范围,将其纳入。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.