小黑杨PsnHB22基因在烟草中的遗传转化研究

HD-Zip转录因子在光信号转导、非生物胁迫、叶片发育等方面发挥重要的作用，HB22转录因子是HD-ZipⅠ亚家族的成员之一。为研究PsnHB22基因的功能，从小黑杨（Populus simonii×P.nigra）cDNA中克隆PsnHB22基因并构建植物表达载体进行烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）的遗传转化，以获得该基因过量表达的转基因株系。对转基因株系进行PCR、qRT-PCR分子检测后观察表型，结果显示在营养生长时期，转基因烟草叶片窄小并且株高显著低于野生型对照。测定转基因烟草及野生型叶片的叶绿素含量，发现转基因烟草叶绿素含量显著高于野生型。由此推测PsnHB22基因在植株高生长、光合作用及叶片的形态建成等过程中起着重要的作用。     

水稻锌指蛋白基因O_sBBX22响应热胁迫的功能分析

利用RNA干涉技术研究水稻锌指蛋白基因O_sBBX22的生物学功能,为探讨O_sBBX22响应热胁迫的机制、培育抗逆水稻、减轻高温对水稻的损害奠定基础。通过观察转基因突变体植株和野生型植株在热胁迫下的表型差异,分析O_sBBX22生物学功能;采用半定量PCR和荧光定量PCR检测O_sBBX22以及相关的热激转录因子(HSF)、热激蛋白(HSP)基因在转基因突变体株系中的表达水平;通过原位组织化学检测过氧化氢在野生型、转基因突变体株系叶片中的定位和积累情况。结果表明,在0~5 h热胁迫条件下,与野生型株系相比,O_sBBX22的表达在转基因突变体植株中明显下调;而野生型O_sBBX22受热信号诱导,随着热激时间的增加,O_sBBX22的表达量呈先上升后下降的趋势,且在热激1 h时表达量最高。相关的HSF和HSP也受热信号诱导,野生型株系中的HSFA2a、HSFA7、HSP16.9和HSP100表达量均比转基因突变体株系高,且在热激1 h时,HSFA2a、HSP16.9和HSP100表达量最高,而HSFA7在热激3 h时表达最高。热胁迫3 h,经DAB染色,转基因突变体株系叶片上出现的红褐色斑点主要集中于叶脉和受损伤部位,且明显多于野生型。锌指蛋白基因O_sBBX22在水稻苗期热胁迫应答中具有重要的作用,野生型株系抗热能力明显高于O_sBBX22抑制表达转基因株系;HSFA2a、HSFA7、HSP16.9和HSP100可能参与了O_sBBX22介导的水稻耐热调控。     

亲环素AtCYP1 RNA干涉载体的构建及对拟南芥发育的影响

根据拟南芥AtCYP1基因序列设计特异引物,以拟南芥总DNA为模板,扩增AtCYP1基因中344 bp转录本,插入表达载体PTCK303,构建目的基因RNA干扰载体Ubi::AtCYP1i。利用改良的农杆菌浸染技术获得拟南芥RNAi转基因株系,RT-PCR分析结果表明转基因株系中AtCYP1基因的表达量低于野生型,表型观察结果表明RNAi转基因纯合株系抽苔时间比野生型晚3.32 d,抽苔叶片数较野生型多2.49片,其开花时间、结出第一个种荚的时间、株高等方面也与野生型存在明显差异。此结果说明AtCYP1可能参与了拟南芥的早花发育过程,为进一步研究其在植物生长发育中的功能奠定了基础。     

异源过表达齿肋赤藓ScABI3基因改变拟南芥气孔表型并提高抗旱性

ABI3是ABA信号通路中关键的转录调控因子, 参与种子休眠、质体发育及苔藓耐干等重要生理过程, 在植物抗逆中发挥关键作用。以荒漠耐干苔藓——齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)为材料, 克隆了抗逆基因ScABI3并获得3个独立的pCAMBIA1301-ScABI3转基因拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)纯合株系。结果表明, 转基因拟南芥叶片气孔孔径增大, 单位面积气孔数量减少, 植株水分利用效率提高; 在干旱处理14天后转基因拟南芥植株存活率显著高于野生型, 离体叶片失水率显著低于野生型。进一步研究发现, ScABI3转基因拟南芥通过提高自身活性氧(ROS)清除能力增强植株抗旱性。研究结果可为开发利用荒漠植物基因资源培育抗逆作物品种奠定基础。     

普通小麦TaNAC1基因的表达及在拟南芥中的遗传转化

NAC类转录因子是植物特有的转录因子家族,在调节植物生长发育及逆境胁迫应答反应中起着重要作用。本文从普通小麦幼叶中获得了一个编码NAC结构域的转录因子基因,命名为Ta NAC1;氨基酸序列分析表明,Ta NAC1具有典型的NAC类转录因子所具有的五个亚结构域,隶属于NAC类转录因子的ATAF亚类;亚细胞定位实验表明,Ta NAC1蛋白在细胞核内表达;转录水平上,Ta NAC1基因的表达受到PEG、ABA、低温及高盐等非生物胁迫条件的诱导;将Ta NAC1转化拟南芥后,与野生型比较发现,Ta NAC1基因的过量表达会使转基因植株出现叶片发育畸形且生长缓慢,植株矮化及茎部融合等表型,表明Ta NAC1基因可能在参与小麦叶片及茎的发育中起着重要的调控作用。     

叶发育的遗传调控机理研究进展

叶是植物进行光合作用的主要器官。高等植物叶原基起始于顶端分生组织的周边区,在一系列基因精确调控下,叶原基建立近一远轴、基一顶轴和中．侧轴极性,引导原基细胞朝着特定的方向分裂和分化,最终发育戍一定形态和大小的叶片。近年来分子遗传学研究结果表明,数个转录因子家族基因、小分子RNA和细胞增殖相关因子组成一个复杂的遗传控制网络,调节叶片极性建成过程。此外,复叶的形态建成还受到另外一些转录因子的调控。本文对近年来叶发育遗传调控机理研究的新进展做简要介绍。     

水稻窄卷叶突变体nrl7的鉴定与基因定位

叶片的形态是理想株型的重要性状, 叶片适度卷曲能提高水稻(Oryza sativa)群体的光能利用率, 研究控制水稻叶片形态的相关基因能够进一步丰富株型理论。该研究在粳稻品系C275的群体中发现了1株自然变异的窄卷叶突变体nrl7(narrow rolled leaf 7)。与野生型相比, 突变体的叶片变窄且向内卷曲; 该突变体叶片连接中脉的泡状细胞严重变形, 中脉与小叶脉之间的维管束数量均减少至1个。此外, 突变体nrl7的株高、实粒数和实粒重均降低或减少, 分别为野生型的88.46%、69.77%和68.98%, 差异达极显著水平。叶片卷曲导致单叶光合速率减弱, 与野生型相比, 突变体的光合速率降低了17%, 达极显著水平。突变体nrI7叶片的气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率则与野生型相比无明显变化。利用图位克隆的方法将目的基因定位于水稻第3染色体短臂上的分子标记RM5444和MM1300之间, 物理距离约为185.14 kb。研究结果为该基因的克隆和进一步的功能分析奠定了基础。     

拟南芥谷氧还蛋白GRXC9负调控叶片大小

谷氧还蛋白(GRX)是一类以CXXC/S基序为活性位点的小分子热稳定蛋白,参与多种谷胱甘肽依赖的氧化还原反应。通过对该家族的GRXC9基因进行克隆、表达、亚细胞定位及功能分析,结果表明,GRXC9基因表达无组织特异性,在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)的根、茎、叶、花和角果中均能表达,此结果与GUS显色结果基本一致。GRXC9-GFP定位于细胞质和细胞核中,过表达GRXC9的株系叶片明显小于野生型;进一步观察发现,其叶片栅栏细胞明显变小,而细胞总数与野生型差距不大。叶片大小相关基因的表达分析结果表明,过表达株系中AN、LNG1和LNG2的表达量明显下降,说明GRXC9可能通过抑制这些基因的表达从而导致叶片短小。综上所述,GRXC9可能在调控叶片发育方面发挥关键作用。     

白桦BpERF98基因的遗传转化及非生物胁迫应答反应

非生物胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育,植物通过内部的分子调控机制抵御这种伤害,其中转录因子发挥了至关重要的作用。从野生型白桦（Betula platyphylla）叶片克隆BpERF98基因,通过农杆菌介导法获得过表达BpERF98的转基因白桦植株。测量转基因白桦和野生型白桦在低温、冻害和盐胁迫下的生理指标并进行差异性分析。通过分析发现,在非生物胁迫下转基因白桦的丙二醛含量及相对电导率均低于野生型株系,且转基因株系SOD和POD活性的增长明显高于野生型株系。结果表明,过表达BpERF98基因可以提高白桦对非生物胁迫的抵御能力,这为研究白桦在非生物胁迫下形成的分子机制及白桦抗性分子育种提供了依据。     

大豆microRNA基因GmMIR160A负调控植物叶片衰老进程

叶片衰老是受内外多种因子影响的遗传发育进程。生长素、细胞分裂素和乙烯等多种植物激素是调控叶片衰老的重要内部因子,它们通过长或短距离运输形成叶片组织内特定的区域分布和浓度梯度,从而直接或间接参与植物叶片衰老过程。分子遗传学表明,细胞分裂素和乙烯分别是叶片衰老的抑制子和正调节子,而生长素如何参与叶片衰老的分子机制目前还不清晰。植物体内成熟小分子RNA由小RNA基因转录并通过特定酶加工形成的21~23bp的双链RNA分子。这些小分子通过不完全配对方式抑制其靶基因转录和/或表达,参与植物生长发育多个过程,然而这类小RNA分子如何调控植物叶片衰老发育过程目前则还鲜有报告。大豆是重要的油料作物,具有典型的单次结实性衰老特征。研究大豆叶片衰老具有重要的科学意义和深远的应用价值。该文采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术分析大豆(Glycine max)micro RNA基因GmMIR160A的表达模式,发现大豆第一复叶中GmMIR160A表达受外源生长素和黑暗处理的诱导,暗示该基因是生长素快速响应的叶片衰老相关基因。为进一步探究GmMIR160A在大豆叶片发育中的功能,构建了肾上腺皮质激素(Glucocorticoid,GR)类似物地塞米松(Dexamethasone,DEX)诱导表达GmMIR160A双元表达载体并通过农杆菌介导的子叶节方法转化野生型大豆。通过抗性筛选和基因组PCR鉴定并结合表型分析,共获得了4株诱导表达的稳定遗传转基因植株(株系OX-3、OX-5、OX-7和OX-8)。GmMIR160A过表达植株根、茎、叶、花和果实在形态学上与野生型相比无显著差异,但叶片的叶绿素含量增加、最大光量子效率(Fv/Fm)增强。进一步分子分析发现,转基因大豆叶片中GmARFs和衰老标记基因(GmCYSP1)表达明显下降,表明大豆Gma-miR160通过抑制靶基因GmARFs的表达来负调控植物叶片的衰老进程。该文揭示了生长素通过小分子RNA调控叶片发育一条新途径,为研究植物激素调控植物叶片衰老提供了新的思路。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor