浅谈色彩在昆虫绘画中的应用

尝试以彩色绘画的方式表现昆虫的体貌特征,应先认识色彩,了解色彩的特性,以色彩变化的基本规律去观察昆虫体色的微妙变化,分析、找出昆虫体壁每一部分的色彩倾向。绘画时,只有掌握并运用色彩的特性及色彩的对比关系,在平面的纸张上才能表现出昆虫的立体效果。     

从捕鸟人到护鸟者——黑豹野生动物保护站站长李理

成立"黑豹野生动物保护站"捕鸟人成为了保护者,大家都以为这是一时兴起,但他已经坚持了11年,并且还要一直做下去。黑豹野生动物保护站站长李理曾经是一个捕鸟高手,捕鸟是为了画鸟。小时候,李理就在绘画上表现出惊人的才华,他可     

酷想大晒台

<正>拥有神笔的马良没给昆虫们画好翅膀,但依然在动物界引起了轰动,许多动物都挤进他的工作室求帮忙。那么。马良给它们画了什么呢?快来围观吧!大拇哥找到了马良:"马良,你帮帮我吧!"马良:"好的,你想要什么东西?"大拇哥:"你帮我画支神笔吧!"马良提笔开画。数秒后,马良画出一支步枪,开始追杀大拇哥…一(怎么了?怎么了?我说错了什么?)     

酷想召集令

正拥有神笔的马良没给昆虫们画好翅膀,但依然在动物界引起了轰动,本期登场的各种动物都挤进他的工作室求帮忙。各位小酷想家,你们知道马良给它们画了什么,又产生了什么不可思议的效果吗?来信请寄:西安市科技路37号海星城市广场B座22-1室大拇哥(收)邮编:710075电子信箱:xiaogebaini@vip.sina.com     

我为昆虫画翅膀

正我叫马良,是一名颇有名气的画师。我不但画工出众,更能让画中事物成真。我的成名作是为贪心的皇帝画了一座可望而不可及的金山。之后我曾画过房子,被当成违章建筑拆除了:我画过会飞的碟子,结果"飞碟"被狗叼走了:我还画过一些当地看不到的动物,结果造成生物入侵被消灭了……最近,我终于在一个残疾昆虫救护中心找到了工作——替失去翅膀的昆虫重新画上翅膀,让它们能在天空再次飞翔。     

植物科学画在植物科学研究发展中的重要性

植物科学画是一门专业技术性较强的学科,所描绘出的画面内容,是艺术性与科学性的有机结晶。植物科学绘画以其特殊的应用和辅助功能,能科学、客观、真实、艺术地表达植物科学内容。随着人们对植物科学研究的不断深入和发展,植物科学画已经形成了独特的、直观性的艺术语言表达方式,在世界各国不同时期编著的各类植物学研究志书、专著、期刊和杂志中,植物科学绘画具有了举足轻重的地位。该文对植物科学绘画的特性进行了研究,并分析其科学性与艺术性的内涵; 阐述了植物科学画在欧洲各国和中国本草药学时期和植物分类学研究时期的发展与应用。研究表明植物科学画在植物科学研究发展过程中发挥了重要作用。     

滕派蝶画的始祖和当代传人

滕派蝶画始于唐高祖李渊的第二十二皇子李元婴,唐贞观十三年,即公元639年受封为滕王,"滕派蝶画"因此而得名。滕派蝶画有其独特的手法与风格,其绘画技艺传至元婴之子李湛然时,王府幕宾梁太尉常伴湛然作画而学得滕派蝶画真传,并独家相传数十代之久,传至梁冠三时巳是清末时期。1923年,佟冠亚成为滕派蝶画的传人。1995年,佟冠亚之子佟起来成为当代滕派蝶画传人。滕派蝶画经历唐、宋、元、明、清1000多年没有失传。佟起来现任中国河南滕派蝶画院院长,他事业有成,创作了许多滕派蝶画的作品,继承和发扬了滕派蝶画,使蝶文化既有光辉的过去,也有更加灿烂的现在与将来。     

浅谈学习昆虫绘图方法的点滴体会

<正> 昆虫绘图是昆虫学研究和教学工作中的一个重要环节,是植保工作者不可缺少的一项基本功,是普及植保知识工作中的一种重要手段。昆虫图与文字描写昆虫知识起作相辅相成的作用,采用图解法来反映害虫的形态特征及防治方法,深入浅出,一目了然,凡植保专业人员或一般农技工作同志,只要掌握了昆虫绘画技巧,是能取得较好成绩的。为此,我想谈谈学习昆虫绘图方法的一些体会,可望对各地在普及植保知识方面起个抛砖引玉的作用。     

生物科学画探讨

生物科学画在生物科学领域里是十分重要的,尤其在分类学、形态学、生态学、解剖学和胚胎学诸学科方面。它是对生物科学观察的客观纪实,是深化了的文字描述。具有精确、简练、具体和形象化的特点,能使读者一目了然,加深理解和记忆。纵观生物科学书籍无一不是汇集了大量的生物插图。生物科学画不同于一般的绘画艺术,它必须具有严谨的科学性及完美的绘画技法,两者缺一不可。生物科学画就是使用绘画的技法和技巧,以严谨的科学态度客观地、形象地表达研究生命科学为内容的图画。是以逻辑思维和形象思维的方式,通过线条或者色彩准确无误的反映出观察、研究的结果。是借助形体的反映以阐明生物科学的内涵。显然,生物标本画的造型的优美,必须是在真实、     

书法与养生

书法与绘画是我国具有悠久历史的传统艺术，特别是书法艺术更深受人民群众青睐，并具有深厚而广泛的群众基础。经常练习书法、绘画，不仅能继承祖国宝贵的文化遗产，而且还可以陶冶情操、修心养性、延年益寿。据统计，古今善书者大多得享高寿，如唐代欧阳洵85岁、柳公权85岁，明代文征明90岁，清代傅山77岁，现代苏局仙101岁、齐白石93岁。他们都是得益于书法、绘画而享高寿。可见书法与养生关系密切，书法是否与养生有着不同层面上的契合，值得深入研究。     

Contribution of small insects to pollination of common buckwheat, a distylous crop

Crop pollination by animals is an essential ecosystem service. Among animal-pollinated crops, distylous plants strongly depend on animal pollination. In distylous pollination systems, pollinator species are usually limited, although flowers of some distylous plants are visited by diverse animals. We studied the pollination biology of common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ), a distylous crop mainly pollinated by honeybees and visited by many insect species, to evaluate the effects of non-honeybee species on pollination services. We focused on insects smaller than honeybees to determine their contribution to pollination. We applied pollination treatments with bags of coarse mesh to exclude flower visits by honeybees and larger insects and compared the seed set of bagged plants with that of untreated plants for pin and thrum flower morphs. We found a great reduction of seed set only in bagged pin flowers. We also confirmed that small insects, including ants, bees, wasps and flies, carried pin-morph pollen. These small insects transfer pollen from the short anthers of pin flowers to the short styles of thrum flowers, leading to sufficient seed set in thrum flowers. Consequently, small, non-honeybee insects have the potential to maintain at least half of the yield of this honeybee-dependent distylous crop.     

Reproductive biology of two Himalayan alpine gingers (Roscoea spp., Zingiberaceae) in China: pollination syndrome and compensatory floral mechanisms

According to the concept of pollination syndromes, floral traits reflect specialisation to a particular pollinator or set of pollinators. However, the reproductive biology of endemic, and often specialised, plants may require increased attention as climate change accelerates worldwide. Species of Roscoea endemic to the Himalayan region have striking orchid-like flowers with long corolla tubes, suggesting pollination by long-tongued insects. Until now, the reproductive biology of species of Roscoea has been poorly documented. We investigated the floral biology, breeding system and pollination ecology of R. cautleoides and R. humeana, from Hengduan Mountains, a global biodiversity hotspot in southwest China. We also tested whether floral longevity increases pollination success. Pollination experiments showed that the two species were self-compatible and depended on insects for fruit production. Over several flowering seasons we did not observe any potential pollinators with long tongues that matched the corolla tube visiting flowers in centres of distribution. The principal pollinators observed were pollen-collecting generalist bees, with low visitation frequencies. In general, members of the ginger family are characterised by short-lived (usually 1 day) flowers, but flowers of R. cautleoides and R. humeana last 8 and 6 days, respectively. Removing stigmas decreased fruit set in both study populations. Our results suggest that the original pollinators may have been long-tongued insects that are now absent from the Chinese Himalayas because habitats have responded to climate change. However, long-lived and self-compatible flowers, coupled with the presence of generalist pollinators, are traits that have allowed these gingers to reproduce and continue to persist in the alpine habitats.     

Breeding system of the critically endangered Lakela’s Mint and influence of plant height on pollinators and seed output

Understanding reproductive systems of rare plants is critical for conservation efforts. Lakela's Mint, Dicerandra immaculata Lakela var. immaculata, is an endangered plant endemic to an approximately 4.8-km long area in Florida, USA. We used an experimental garden and three populations of Lakela's Mint to determine: (1) what is the breeding system (autonomous, asexual, self-fertile, cross-fertile) and are insects necessary for reproduction; (2) which native and nonnative insect species visit flowers and is the frequency of visits to a plant influenced by its height; (3) does the number of flowers visited within a plant by individual insects differ among native and nonnative insect species and due to plant height; and (4) is seed output influenced by plant height? Our results indicate that the breeding system of Lakela's Mint was facultative outcrossing. Insect-pollinated flowers produced more seeds than flowers that reproduced autonomously or asexually. The honey bee Apis mellifera L., a nonnative species, was the most frequent visitor to plants and visited more flowers within plants than native pollinators, but its behavior was not influenced by plant height. Native pollinators such as Bombus impatiens Cresson were attracted more frequently to shorter plants, but visited fewer flowers than on taller plants. Despite having fewer total and pollinated flowers, shorter plants had a higher output of intact seeds than taller plants, which could be due to differences in efficiency between native and nonnative pollinators or other factors. Our results add insight into factors influencing seed output and interactions between pollinators and rare plants.     

Fruit production in cranberry (Ericaceae: Vaccinium macrocarpon): a bet-hedging strategy to optimize reproductive effort

In the cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), reproductive stems produce 1-3 fruit even though they usually have 5-7 flowers in the spring. We undertook experiments to test the hypothesis that this was an adaptive life history strategy associated with reproductive effort rather than simply the result of insufficient pollination. We compared fruit production on naturally pollinated plants with those that were either manually pollinated or that were caged to exclude insects. Clearly, insects are necessary for the effective pollination of cranberry plants, but hand pollination of all flowers did not result in an increase in fruit number. Most of the upper flowers, which had significantly fewer ovules than did the lower flowers, aborted naturally soon after pollination. However, when the lower flower buds were removed, the upper flowers produced fruit. This suggests that the upper flowers may serve as a backup if the earlier blooming lower ones are lost early in the season. Furthermore, the late-blooming flowers may still contribute to the plant's reproductive success as visiting pollinators remove the pollen, which could serve to sire fruit on other plants. These results are discussed in the context of their possible evolutionary and proximate causes.     

Pollination by brood-site deception

Pollination is often regarded as a mutualistic relationship between flowering plants and insects. In such a relationship, both partners gain a fitness benefit as a result of their interaction. The flower gets pollinated and the insect typically gets a food-related reward. However, flower-insect communication is not always a mutualistic system, as some flowers emit deceitful signals. Insects are thus fooled by irresistible stimuli and pollination is accomplished. Such deception requires very fine tuning, as insects in their typically short life span, try to find mating/feeding breeding sites as efficiently as possible, and following deceitful signals thus is both costly and time-consuming. Deceptive flowers have thus evolved the ability to emit signals that trigger obligate innate or learned responses in the targeted insects. The behavior, and thus the signals, exploited are typically involved in reproduction, from attracting pheromones to brood/food-site cues. Chemical mimicry is one of the main modalities through which flowers trick their pollen vectors, as olfaction plays a pivotal role in insect-insect and insect-plant interactions. Here we focus on floral odors that specifically mimic an oviposition substrate, i.e., brood-site mimicry. The phenomenon is wide spread across unrelated plant lineages of Angiosperm, Splachnaceae and Phallaceae. Targeted insects are mainly beetles and flies, and flowers accordingly often emit, to the human nose, highly powerful and fetid smells that are conversely extremely attractive to the duped insects. Brood-site deceptive plants often display highly elaborate flowers and have evolved a trap-release mechanism. Chemical cues often act in unison with other sensory cues to refine the imitation.     

The radiation of Calochortus: generalist flowers moving through a mosaic of potential pollinators

Few studies have surveyed the insects visiting flowers at many sites and for many related species. Calochortus , a genus of about 60 species with its center of diversity in California, has flowers with a wide range of appearances. Insects visiting Calochortus flowers in 25 species were censused at 40 sites. Visitors at coflowering plants were also censused at each site. Calochortus flowers attracted insects in several orders, especially beetles that feed at glands on the petals and bees that often collect pollen. Species in Calochortus section Calochortus had a somewhat narrower spectrum of visitors than species in section Mariposa . The diversity of visitor species at Mariposa flowers was often greater than the diversity at coflowering species. On the whole, Calochortus flowers seem to be generalists in terms of their pollinators. Differences in visitor assemblage were greater between Calochortus populations at different sites than between visitors to Calochortus versus coflowering species at a site. Nevertheless, there were always significant differences in the proportions of various insects at Calochortus versus coflowering plants. In addition, proportions of visitors also differed between species of Calochortus at the same site. Thus, Calochortus flowers have diverged in the visitors they attract, and evidently they have done so without permanently specializing (except to a limited degree at the sectional level). What we know of the radiation of Calochortus lilies is consistent with an interpretation of adaptive wandering through a spatiotemporal mosaic of pollinator communities.     

Cryptic dioecy and insect pollination in Rosa setigera Michx. (Rosaceae), a rare plant of Carolinian Canada

Rosa setigera is unique among known roses because it is truly dioecious, yet the plants and flowers are almost impossible to sex. Subtle differences in the inflorescences have been detected, for example, there are more flowers per inflorescence on male plants than on female plants and petal expansion from the day of opening to the next day is greater in females than in males; in addition, pollen from female plants appears somewhat collapsed and does not germinate. Pollinators ( Apis mellifera , other bees (Apidae), Eristalis tenax and other Syrphidae: Diptera) visit the blossoms mostly in the morning to collect pollen (there is no nectar) and in choice experiments do not discriminate between male flowers and female flowers on landing, but do spend significantly more time on the former. They do discriminate between freshly opened flowers and day-old flowers, and show marked preference for bouquets of five flowers vs . single flowers. The female plants, with smaller inflorescences and lesser interest to pollen foraging insects, seem to encourage them to forage at more flowers than do their male counterparts. This may be biologically significant for effective pollen flow in a dioecious pollenonly plant with pollenivorous pollinators.     

Pollination biology of fruit-bearing hedgerow plants and the role of flower-visiting insects in fruit-set

Background and Aims

In the UK, the flowers of fruit-bearing hedgerow plants provide a succession of pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects for much of the year. The fruits of hedgerow plants are a source of winter food for frugivorous birds on farmland. It is unclear whether recent declines in pollinator populations are likely to threaten fruit-set and hence food supply for birds. The present study investigates the pollination biology of five common hedgerow plants: blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), dog rose (Rosa canina), bramble (Rubus fruticosus) and ivy (Hedera helix).

Methods

The requirement for insect pollination was investigated initially by excluding insects from flowers by using mesh bags and comparing immature and mature fruit-set with those of open-pollinated flowers. Those plants that showed a requirement for insect pollination were then tested to compare fruit-set under two additional pollination service scenarios: (1) reduced pollination, with insects excluded from flowers bagged for part of the flowering period, and (2) supplemental pollination, with flowers hand cross-pollinated to test for pollen limitation.

Key Results

The proportions of flowers setting fruit in blackthorn, hawthorn and ivy were significantly reduced when insects were excluded from flowers by using mesh bags, whereas fruit-set in bramble and dog rose were unaffected. Restricting the exposure of flowers to pollinators had no significant effect on fruit-set. However, blackthorn and hawthorn were found to be pollen-limited, suggesting that the pollination service was inadequate in the study area.

Conclusions

Ensuring strong populations of insect pollinators may be essential to guarantee a winter fruit supply for birds in UK hedgerows.Key words: Blackthorn, bramble, Crataegus monogyna, frugivorous birds, hawthorn, Hedera helix, hedgerows, ivy, insect pollination, Prunus spinosa, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa canina     

黄猄蚁对大蜜蜂的捕食行为及其潜在影响

捕食作用会对访花昆虫的种群、行为以及植物适合度产生影响,是植物与传粉者相互关系研究中常被忽视的因素.本文报道了黄猄蚁对大蜜蜂的捕食行为,并模拟捕食的关键环节研究了捕食过程对重要访花昆虫行为的影响.结果表明,黄猄蚁能够利用局部环境主动攻击猎物,利用群体合作捕获采集过程中的体型较大的大蜜蜂,捕食威胁是其影响植物-访花者关系的重要机制.大蜜蜂具有感知花上危险的能力,模拟处理的个体会逃离危险的花或植株并在花上留下标记,将危险信息传递给其它个体.其它拜访者对具有危险信号花的采集频次明显减少,采集时间缩短;模拟处理的影响会随时间推移而较快地消失.此外,该实验没有发现大蜜蜂在花上停留采集过程中具有明显的防御行为.     

Developmental stability and pollination

A number of different insect species (ranging from Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera to Hymenoptera) have been shown to discriminate between small degrees of asymmetry when visiting flowers or flower-like models. Such preferences for symmetry may have an innate basis. Small degrees of bilateral or radial asymmetry of flowers are considered to represent a measure of developmental instability, since deviations from perfect symmetry reflect the inability to maintain developmental precision during ontogeny. Environmental factors causing increased asymmetry in leaves and flowers include radioactive radiation, ultraviolet radiation, excess artificial fertilizer, various pollutants, extreme saline conditions, herbivory and competition. Genetic factors that contribute to increased asymmetry in plants include homozygosity, hybridization, mutation and quantitative genetic differences among individuals. Insect preferences for symmetric flowers increase reproductive success of both pollen donors and recipients by affecting seed set and embryo abortion. The ability of insects to discriminate between flowers of superior and inferior quality is hypothesized to depend on the level of developmental instability of the perceptive apparatus of insects. Hence, asymmetry of insects may have consequences for plant reproductive success and mating patterns. Received: 18 November 1999 / Accepted: 15 December 1999