Cell-Cycle-Dependent and -Independent Damage to Rat Haemopoiesis By Hydroxyurea

The generally accepted cell-killing effect of hydroxyurea (HU) on S-phase cells, as well as its potential to arrest cells at the G₁/S boundary, hardly explain its benefit for application in human chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Studies were therefore performed in rat haemopoiesis in order to quantify the cell-killing effect on various phases of the cell cycle. For this purpose, the [³H]thymidine ([³H]TdR) labelling index and the specific activity of [³H]TdR in the DNA-synthesizing fraction of cells were determined after a non-cytoreductive dose of 25 mg/kg HU, as well as a medium cytoreductive dose of 100 mg/kg. Furthermore, flow cytometric DNA histograms and absolute as well as differential cell counts of femoral bone marrow were performed after 100 mg/kg HU. The results indicate a predominant cell kill in G₁ encompassing almost all 2c cells in the proliferative pool, while the S-phase fraction is not even reduced to half its initial value. the specific activity of [³H]TdR in cells synthesizing DNA, as well as the labelling index after HU show an initial dip and a tendency to recovery, as has been observed in many other cell systems. Instead of a complete restoration, however, there is a second depression of these parameters lasting for at least one cell cycle. the results are interpreted as a partly cell-cycle-dependent and partly independent action of HU in this cell system. the independent component may be attributed to the repeatedly described direct interference of HU with DNA. In rat haemopoiesis, therefore, this direct effect of HU on the DNA strands appears to be much more pronounced than in cell-culture systems and other mammalian tissues. In view of these findings, some caution should be taken in using HU for the determination of the S-phase fraction by way of a suicide experiment.     

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Mitochondria Damage Induced by Hypoxia in Mouse Trophoblasts

ObjectiveWe aimed to observe the change of mitochondrial function and structure as well as the cell function induced by hypoxia in mouse trophoblasts, and moreover, to validate the restoration of these changes after co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hereinafter referred to as “MSCs”). Further, we explored the mechanism of MSCs attenuating the functional damage of trophoblasts caused by hypoxia.MethodsCells were divided into two groups, trophoblasts and MSCs+trophoblasts respectively, and the two groups of cells were incubated with normoxia or hypoxia. Chemiluminescence was used to assay the β-HCG and progesterone in cell culture supernatants quantitatively. Western blotting and PCR were applied to detect the expression of Mfn2, MMP-2, MMP-9 and integrin β1 in the two groups. The mitochondrial membrane potential of each group of cells was detected with JC-1 dye and the ATP content was measured by the phosphomolybdic acid colorimetric method. We utilized transmission electron microscopy for observing the ultrastructure of mitochondria in trophoblasts. Finally, we assessed the cell apoptosis with flow cytometry (FCM) and analyzed the expression of the apoptosis related genes—Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase9 by western blotting.ResultsThe results showed that the Mfn2 expression was reduced after 4 h in hypoxia compared with that in normoxia, but increased in the co-culture group when compared with that in the separated-culture group (p<0.05). In addition, compared with the separated-culture group, theβ-HCG and progesterone levels in the co-culture group were significantly enhanced (p<0.05), and so were the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and integrin β1 (p<0.05). Moreover, it exhibited significantly higher in ATP levels and intensified about the mitochondrial membrane potential in the co-culture group. TEM revealed disorders of the mitochondrial cristae and presented short rod-like structure and spheroids in hypoxia, however, in the co-culture group, the mitochondrial cristae had a relatively regular arrangement and the mitochondrial ultrastructure showed hyperfusion. The expression of Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase9 was decreased in the co-culture group when compared with that in trophoblast cells cultured alone (p<0.05), while the Bcl-2 levels and the Apoptosis Index (AI) were markedly increased in the co-culture group (p<0.05).ConclusionBone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can attenuate mitochondria damage and cell apoptosis induced by hypoxia; the mechanism could be upregulating the expression of Mfn2 in mouse trophoblasts and changing mitochondrial structure.     

健延龄治疗化疗后骨髓抑制的疗效评价

目的 :观察口服健延龄胶囊对肿瘤化疗所致骨髓抑制的疗效。方法 :收治化疗后出现骨髓抑制的患者 6 8例 ,18例Ⅰ°骨髓抑制患者 ,8例未给予处理 ,10例给予口服健延龄胶囊 ,5 0例Ⅱ°～Ⅳ°骨髓抑制患者 ,2 5例给予G CSF加健延龄治疗 ,2 5例仅给予G CSF治疗 ,观察中性粒细胞计数恢复正常所需天数。结果 :健延龄胶囊有缩短粒细胞恢复时间作用。结论 :健延龄胶囊治疗肿瘤患者化疗后骨髓抑制安全有效     

Kinetic and Physical Studies of Cell Death Induced By Chemotherapeutic Agents Or Hyperthermia

The kinetics of three physical parameters: cell density, relative cytoplasmic viscosity and DNA stability to denaturation have been measured during the period preceding cell death induced by hyperthermia, methylprednisolone and a series of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. This series of measurements employed cultured human lymphoblastoid cells as an experimental system to establish the changes that can be observed in the early stages of cell death, prior to applying such measurements to tissue biopsies from solid human tumours. Cell death, induced by hyperthermia up to 43°C, methylprednisolone, vincristine, 5-fluorouracil, BCNU and melphalan, showed essentially identical and reproducible changes corresponding to those which characterize programmed cell death (apoptosis). Such changes could also be observed following hyperthermia above 43°C, but reproducibility was poor and increasing damage to the cell membranes was evident. In cells treated with adriamycin or methotrexate, cell sub-populations showing an increase in cell density were not detected. Measurements of DNA stability were readily performed by flow cytofluorometry thus allowing rapid quantitation of the fraction of cells in the early stages of cell death. Modified flow cytometric instrumentation would further allow measurement of cytoplastic viscosity as an additional parameter to indicate entry into programmed cell death. This suggests that these measurements could readily be applied to cell suspensions derived from tumour tissue biopsies for a more accurate assessment of tumour growth rate, and to allow monitoring of response to therapy in sequential tumour biopsies.     

诱导体外培养的骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞的分化

选用Wistar大鼠分离骨髓间充质干细胞作体外培养及鉴定其表达抗原CD44、CDw90;采用10μmol／L 5-氮胞苷诱导第1代的骨髓间充质干细胞,于诱导后2、4周进行免疫细胞化学反应检测α-横纹肌肌动蛋白、肌钙蛋白T。证实体外培养的第1代骨髓间充质干细胞经5-氮胞苷诱导可分化为心肌样细胞,为指导体外诱导的心肌细胞应用于。临床提供一定的理论依据和技术手段。     

Chromosome Preparatons of Bone Marrow Cells without Prior In Vitro Culture or In Vivo Colchicine Administration

Bone marrow (about 0.5 ml) from au erythropoietic region is freed of blood clots by washing 1-3 min in 1 μg/ml colchicine solution (2-3 ml) and then soaking 1-2 hr at 20-30° C in a second change. For mammalian or avian marrows, the colchicine is made up in phosphate-buffered (pH 7) physiological NaCl solution; for amphibian, Ringer's A solution. Next the specimens are soaked about 20 min in a hypotonic solution as follows: for mammalian, 1% Na-citrate; for avian, a 1:4 dilution of the buffered NaCl solution by distilled water; and for amphibian, Ringer's A-distilled water, 1:1. Then they are heated in a mixture of 2% orcein in 45% acetic acid and 1 N HCl, 9:1. Immediately after heating, squash preparations are made with 2% acetic-orcein in the usual manner. An alternative method is to dissociate the marrow cells by agitating after colchicine treatment. Then, recovering the cells between changes by low-speed centrifugation, to carry out the hypotonic treatment and subsequent fixation in Carnoy's solution I (alcohol acetic, 3:1) before drying the cells onto slides from the fixative. After thorough drying the slides may be stained 10-20 min in acetic orcein, or by other suitable technics.     

Bone Marrow and Nonbone Marrow Toll Like Receptor 4 Regulate Acute Hepatic Injury Induced by Endotoxemia

Background

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in immune cells and hepatocytes. We examined whether hepatic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in the acute hepatic injury caused by the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (septic shock model).

Methods

Wild type (WT), TLR4-deficient and chimera mice underwent myeloablative bone marrow transplantation to dissociate between TLR4 expression in the liver or in the immune-hematopoietic system. Mice were injected with LPS and sacrificed 4 hours later.

Results

Compared to TLR4 deficient mice, WT mice challenged with LPS displayed increased serum liver enzymes and hepatic cellular inflammatory infiltrate together with increased serum and hepatic levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) ,Up-regulation of hepatic mRNA encoding TLR4, IκB and c-jun expressions. TLR4 mutant mice transplanted with WT bone marrow were more protected than WT chimeric mice bearing TLR4 mutant hemopoietic cells from LPS, as seen by IL-1β and TNFα levels. We then used hepatocytes (Huh7) and macrophages from monocytic cell lines to detect TLR mRNA expression. Macrophages expressed a significantly higher level of TLR4 mRNA and TLR2 (more than 3000- and 8000-fold respectively) compared with the hepatocyte cell line. LPS administration induced TLR4 activation in a hepatocyte cell line in a dose dependent manner while TLR2 mRNA hardly changed.

Conclusions

These results suggest that TLR4 activation of hepatocytes participate in the immediate response to LPS induced hepatic injury. However, in this response, the contribution of TLR4 on bone marrow derived cells is more significant than those of the hepatocytes. The absence of the TLR4 gene plays a pivotal role in reducing hepatic LPS induced injury.     

丝裂霉素致小鼠骨髓淋巴细胞遗传损伤及西洋参的干预作用研究

目的:研究西洋参(Panax quinguefolium L)抗突变作用和对细胞增殖的影响.方法:采用小鼠骨髓淋巴细胞有丝分裂指数试验、染色体畸变试验和微核试验,观察西洋参对小鼠骨髓淋巴细胞遗传损伤效应的影响.结果:丝裂霉素(Mitomycin-c MMC)单独作用时,能抑制小鼠骨髓淋巴细胞的增殖(P<0.01),提高小鼠骨髓淋巴细胞的染色体突变(P<0.01)和微核率(P<0.01).西洋参高、中、低剂量组与MMC联合作用时,有丝分裂指数明显比模型组提高(P<0.01),并且均能显著地抑制由于MMC引起的染色体突变,其抑制率分别为68.25%、34.97%和14.29%,同时对MMC诱发的微核率也有明显的抑制效应.结论:西洋参能抑制MMC诱发的染色体畸变率和微核率,促进细胞的增殖能力.     

The Influence of Lentinan on the Capacity of Repair of DNA Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Paclitaxel in Mouse Bone Marrow Cells

The ability of the flavonoid lentinan (LAN) to enhance the repair of paclitaxel (PAC)‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse bone marrow cells was investigated. Moreover, the possible mechanism underlying this modulation was determined. LAN was neither genotoxic nor apoptogenic at doses equivalent to 1 or 2 mg/kg/day. Pretreatment of mice with LAN significantly enhances the repair of PAC‐induced DNA damage and bone marrow suppression in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, LAN affords significant protection against PAC‐induced apoptosis. A significant increase of reactive oxygen species and a decrease in reduced glutathione levels were observed after PAC treatment and prior administration of LAN before PAC challenge ameliorated these oxidative stress markers. Conclusively, our study provides, for the first time, that LAN enhances the repair of PAC‐induced DNA damage and apoptosis that resides, at least in part, on its ability to modulate the cellular antioxidant levels and consequently protect bone marrow cells from PAC genotoxicity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J BiochemMol Toxicol 27:370‐377, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/jbt.21499     

Alkylating Damage by Dipin of Hematopoietic and Stromal Cells of the Bone Marrow

Effect of alkylating agent dipin was studied on hematopoietic (CFU-S) and stromal (CFU-F) progenitor cells. Single administration of dipin (0.06 mg/g) to adult (CBA × C57Bl/6) F1 hybrid mice induced a long-term (2 years) oscillations in the numbers of day 7 CFU-S and day 11 CFU-S in the bone marrow and spleen. Dipin also damaged the hematopoietic stroma as indicated by decreased numbers of CFU-F which remained low for at least a year. The capacity of stromal cells to form ectopic hematopoietic foci was considerably decreased and also remained low for 10 months. The obtained data suggest high dipin sensitivity of the earliest hematopoietic and stromal cells. The dynamics of CFU-S numbers in the hematopoietic organs supports their functioning on the basis of clonal succession (Kay, 1965).__________Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Biologicheskaya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 267–272.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Domaratskaya, Bueverova, Payushina, Starostin.     

同种异体大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞移植对放射性空肠损伤的修复作用

目的观察同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）移植对放射性空肠的修复作用。方法全骨髓贴壁体外培养大鼠MSCs并进行DAPI标记。对大鼠行5 Gy X线全腹部照射,每隔72 h照射1次,共5次,制备放射性空肠损伤动物模型。取40只大鼠,随机分成正常对照组、模型及MSCs治疗组及DAP标记组。激光共聚焦显微镜下观察DAPI标记的MSCs在空肠组织中富集情况。病理学观察MSCs对放射性空肠损伤的修复作用。结果正常大鼠空肠黏膜结构清楚,隐窝深遂,腺体丰富,模型组7 d黏膜上皮细胞坏死脱落,隐窝几乎完全破坏,治疗组7 d黏膜坏死组织较少,黏膜增厚,30 d治疗组核分裂相增加,较模型组增加明显。结论成功建立放射性空肠损伤动物模型,MSCs可以促进空肠再生与修复。     

Homing of Hematopoietic Cells to the Bone Marrow

Homing is the phenomenon whereby transplanted hematopoietic cells are able to travel to and engraft or establish residence in the bone marrow. Various chemomkines and receptors are involved in the homing of hematopoietic stem cells. [1, 2]This paper outlines the classic homing protocol used in hematopoietic stem cell studies. In general this involves isolating the cell population whose homing needs to be investigated, staining this population with a dye of interest and injecting these cells into the blood stream of a recipient animal. The recipient animal is then sacrificed at a pre-determined time after injection and the bone marrow evaluated for the percentage or absolute number of cells which are positive for the dye of interest. In one of the most common experimental schemes, the homing efficiency of hematopoietic cells from two genetically distinct animals (a wild type animal and the corresponding knock-out) is compared. This article describes the hematopoietic cell homing protocol in the framework of such as experiment.     

骨髓间充质干细胞在氨气致大鼠吸入性肺损伤的疗效观察

目的:观察骨髓间充质干细胞在氨气致大鼠吸入性肺损伤的疗效。方法:随机选取69只普通SD大鼠,随机将这些大鼠分为正常组(n=23)、地塞米松治疗组(n=23)、干细胞治疗组三组(n=23),正常组给予尾静脉注射生理盐水,地塞米松治疗组给予注射地塞米松,干细胞治疗组给予干细胞注射。结果:干细胞治疗组大鼠治疗后1 d、3 d的肺组织病理学评分及肺W/D、BALF白细胞数量及蛋白浓度、TNF-α、IL-8水平均显著低于地塞米松治疗组(P0.05),均显著高于正常组(P0.05)。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞在氨气致大鼠吸入性肺损伤的疗效较地塞米松显著。     

The Response of Primordial Cells of Vicia faba to Colchicine

Whole root systems of Vicia faba were treated with 0.025 percent colchicine for 3 h. Meristems of roots and developing primordiawere examined immediately after treatment and 24 and 48 h later.Large primordia, i.e. those primordia that would emerge as lateralroots within approximately 24 h, are induced to form tetraploidcells. However, unlike lateral roots, they do not form a typicalc-tumour, their longitudinal growth is not inhibited, and theirmitotic index does not fall. Furthermore, the tetraploid cellsinduced in large primordia are not maintained when the primordiaemerge as lateral roots. Since the response of the very largestprimordia to a 3-h treatment with 0.025 per cent colchicineis similar in every way to that of lateral roots, it appearsthat the cells of primordia acquire the characteristics of lateralroot meristematic cells before the primordia emerge. From theevidence that induced tetraploid cells fail to survive as aprimordium grows out to form a lateral, it also seems that astructural reorganization accompanies the physiological reorganizationthat occurs as a primordium emerges.     

Periostin Deficiency Increases Bone Damage and Impairs Injury Response to Fatigue Loading in Adult Mice

Bone damage removal and callus formation in response to fatigue loading are essential to prevent fractures. Periostin (Postn) is a matricellular protein that mediates adaptive response of cortical bone to loading. Whether and how periostin influences damage and the injury response to fatigue remains unknown. We investigated the skeletal response of Postn ^-/- and Postn ^+/+ mice after fatigue stimulus by axial compression of their tibia. In Postn ^+/+ mice, cracks number and surface (CsNb, CsS) increased 1h after fatigue, with a decrease in strength compared to non-fatigued tibia. At 15 days, CsNb had started to decline, while CtTV and CtBV increased in fatigued vs non-fatigued tibia, reflecting a woven bone response that was present in 75% of the fatigued bones. Cortical porosity and remodelling also prominently increased in the fatigued tibia of Postn ^+/+ mice. At 30 days, paralleling a continuous removal of cortical damage, strength of the fatigued tibia was similar to the non-fatigue tibia. In Postn ^-/- mice, cracks were detectable even in the absence of fatigue, while the amount of collagen crosslinks and tissue hardness was decreased compared to Postn ^+/+. Fatigue significantly increased CsNb and CsS in Postn ^-/-, but was not associated with changes in CtTV and CtBV, as only 16% of the fatigued bones formed some woven bone. Cortical porosity and remodelling did not increase either after fatigue in Postn ^-/- , and the level of damage remained high even after 30 days. As a result, strength remained compromised in Postn ^-/- mice. Contrary to Postn ^+/+ , which osteocytic lacunae showed a change in the degree of anisotropy (DA) after fatigue, Postn^-/- showed no DA change. Hence periostin appears to influence bone materials properties, damage accumulation and repair, including local modeling/remodeling processes in response to fatigue. These observations suggest that the level of periostin expression could influence the propensity to fatigue fractures.     

骨髓间充质干细胞对环磷酰胺诱导卵巢损伤的保护作用

目的:研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MBSc)对注射环磷酰胺(CTX)引起的大鼠卵巢损伤的保护作用。方法:将30只SD大鼠按随机数字表随机分为三组,即对照组,模型组及细胞移植组,分别经尾静脉接受生理盐水,CTX和CTX+MBSc移植。监测大鼠体重,动情周期的变化,用药结束后一周处死大鼠,测定血清雌二醇(E2),卵泡刺激素(FSH),黄体生成素(LH)的变化,观察各组大鼠卵巢形态学及卵泡数量变化,并利用原位细胞凋亡TUNEL法检测3组大鼠卵巢中细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果:与对照组比较,模型组大鼠体重下降,动情周期延长,卵泡数量下降,E2下降,FSH及LH升高,组织细胞AI增加。与模型组比较,细胞移植组大鼠体重增加,动情周期缩短,卵泡数量增加,尤其是中大卵泡数增加,E2上升,LH下降,FSH接近正常。结论:MBSc移植能通过减少卵巢组织AI而在一定程度上减少环磷酰胺引起的卵巢功能损伤。     

软骨细胞上清液诱导冻存复苏后人骨髓间充质干细胞的研究

目的:探讨人软骨细胞培养上清诱导冻存人骨髓充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化的可行性.方法:取进行全髋关节置换术老年患者的骨髓和软骨组织,利用密度梯度离心法、全骨髓培养法分别培养骨髓间充质干细胞,冻存备用.培养软骨细胞,观察细胞生长,收集软骨细胞培养上清.复苏冻存的人骨髓间充质干细胞,观察复苏后细胞生长状态.利用收集的软骨细胞培养上清对复苏间充质干细胞进行定向诱导,诱导培养2周,观察细胞外观表型变化,Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化检测诱导后人骨髓间充质干细胞Ⅱ型胶原的表达.结果:密度梯度离心法与全骨髓培养法均可分离获得人骨髓间充质干细胞,原代生长前者优于后者.复苏细胞仍进行可传代,与正常生长骨髓间充质细胞无明显差异,均可传至第8代.软骨细胞培养上清诱导2周后,细胞形状向圆形,多角形转变,冻存骨髓间充质干细胞Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化检测Ⅱ型胶原表达阳性.结论:老年人骨髓间充质干细胞仍具有向软骨细胞转化的能力,冻存不影响其转化能力.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对VCD 所致卵巢损伤的修复研究

目的:探讨小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植对去氧乙烯基环己烯(VCD)所致卵巢早衰治疗的可行性。方法:采用VCD(160mg kg-1,day-1)连续腹腔注射来诱导小鼠卵巢早衰。每侧卵巢注射转染了绿色荧光基因小鼠骨髓来源的MSCs,于移植后14、28天及45天,取各组血液标本及卵巢组织,同时观察小鼠动情周期的变化;酶联免疫法检测血清FSH、LH水平,显微镜下观察MSC在卵巢的分布。结果:MSCs移植后各组均可见绿色荧光,并且主要分布于卵巢间质区,卵巢泡膜细胞区也可见绿色荧光细胞。MSCs组动情周期较实验对照组缩短,FSH与LH水平较实验对照组低,差异具有显著性。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞可改善卵巢早衰小鼠的卵巢内分泌功能,并且长时间存在于卵巢组织。骨髓间充质干细胞可能成为卵巢早衰治疗的新方法。