Revision of the Fabriciinae genus Fabriciola Friedrich, 1939 (Polychaeta: Sabellidae)

The Sabellidae polychaete genus Fabriciola Friedrich is revised as a result of examination of as much of the type material as possible. The type species for the genus has been confused. The earliest designation appears to be Fabricia (Manayunkia) spongicola Southern, 1921, by Ushakov [ Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Opredeliteli po Faune SSSR 56: 1–445 (1955)], whereas subsequent works have incorrectly referred to Manayunkia pacifica Annenkova, 1934, as the type species. The following species are redescribed: Fabriciola baltica Friedrich, 1939, F. berkeleyi Banse, 1956, F. ghardaqa Banse, 1959 a . A new species, F. mediaseta, is described. A neotype is designated for F . baltica. Existence of the type material of F. spongicola (Southern), F. pacifica (Annenkova), and F. tonerella Banse, 1959 b is unknown, but these species are discussed in relation to species examined.     

日本北海道虻类雌性外生殖器形态(双翅目：虻科)(英文)

【目的】利用日本北海道虻类评估和验证外生殖器在分类学上的意义。【方法】将虻类成虫标本浸渍在生理盐水中并置于双目显微镜下通过针和镊子在培养皿中进行解剖并绘图,观察第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器的形态特征。【结果】在日本北海道共记录了虻科(Tabanidae) 3亚科7属38种。我们观察并描述了3亚科其中的6属24种的雌性外生殖器的主要特征。亚科之间存在明显差异;然而在一般情况下属之间很难建立一种方法来确定共同点;种之间只有在斑虻属Chrysops中有相似之处,其他属中则比较多样化。因此,亚科鉴定根据第9背板、第8腹板及受精囊足以进行区分,属及种鉴定需要结合第9背板、第10背板、尾叶、第8腹板、受精囊、受精囊管及生殖叉器各自的特征组合在一起才能区分开来。我们也制作了虻类外生殖器的检索表。【结论】和许多其他昆虫一样,外生殖器是虻科的重要分类特征,对于促进分类学和系统学的发展具有重要意义。本研究首次对分布在日本北海道的虻科雌性外生殖器进行了系统研究。     

High levels of variation despite genetic fragmentation in populations of the endangered mountain pygmy-possum, Burramys parvus, in alpine Australia

In endangered mammals, levels of genetic variation are often low and this is accompanied by genetic divergence among populations. The mountain pygmy-possum (Burramys parvus) is an endangered marsupial restricted to the alpine region of Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. By scoring variation at eight microsatellite loci, we found that B. parvus populations exhibit high levels of genetic divergence and fall into three distinct groups from the northern, central and southern areas of the distribution of this species, consistent with previous assessments of mitochondrial DNA variation. F(ST) values between populations from these regions ranged from 0.19 to 0.54. Within the central area, there was further genetic fragmentation, and a linear association between genetic and geographical distance. This pattern is likely to reflect limited dispersal across barriers despite the fact that individual B. parvus can move several kilometres. Levels of genetic variation within populations were high with the exception of a southern population where there was evidence of inbreeding. From a conservation perspective, all three areas where B. parvus are found should be considered as separate gene pools; management of populations within these areas needs to take into account the low gene flow between populations, as well as threats posed by roads, resorts and other developments in the alpine region. The low genetic variability and inbreeding in the southern population is of particular concern given the high levels of variability in other B. parvus populations.     

Mites of the genus Eupodes (Acari, Prostigmata) from maritime Antarctica: a biometrical and taxonomic study

A series of 40 male and 40 female mites of the prostigmatid genus Eupodes from the maritime Antarctic were each scored for 58 morphological characters, and principal co-ordinate analyses were performed on each data set. The analyses produced three clusters of points, which were interpreted as representing three species. One of these species, identified as Eupodes minutus (Strandtmann), the only species of Eupodes currently known from the maritime Antarctic, is redescribed. The other two species, E. exiguus up. and E. parvus nsp., are described. Two subspecies are recognized for the latter species, E. p. parvus from the South Orkney Islands, and E. p. grahamensis nsp. from the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands. The geographical distribution and habitat preferences of the four text are discussed, and a key to the species is presented.     

海南霸王岭发现库蠓属二新种(双翅目:蠓科)

2009年在海南霸王岭(19.0°N,109.0°E)的昆虫调查采集中,采获许多蠓类,经分类研究,发现其中有二种库蠓新种,分别命名为霸王岭库蠓Culicoides bawanglingensis Yu,Wang and Chen,sp.nov.和曲囊库蠓Culicoides reduncutheca Yu,Wang and Tan,sp.nov.。这2种库蠓属新种的模式标本珍藏于医学昆虫标本馆(北京丰台东大街20号,100071)。     

EVOLUTION OF MULTIPLE KINDS OF FEMALE SPERM-STORAGE ORGANS IN DROSOPHILA

Females of all species belonging to the family Drosophilidae have two kinds of sperm-storage organs: paired spherical spermathecae and a single elongate tubular seminal receptacle. We examined 113 species belonging to the genus Drosophila and closely allied genera and describe variation in female sperm-storage organ use and morphology. The macroevolutionary pattern of organ dysfunction and morphological divergence suggests that ancestrally both kinds of organs stored sperm. Loss of use of the spermathecae has evolved at least 13 times; evolutionary regain of spermathecal function has rarely if ever occurred. Loss of use of the seminal receptacle has likely occurred only once; in this case, all descendant species possess unusually elaborate spermathecae. Data further indicate that the seminal receptacle is the primary sperm-storage organ in Drosophila. This organ exhibits a pattern of strong correlated evolution with the length of sperm. The evolution of multiple kinds of female sperm-storage organs and the rapidly divergent and correlated evolution of sperm and female reproductive tract morphology are discussed.     

中国"四须鲃"类的系统整理

四须鲃属是一个“大口袋”类群。中国的四须鲃实际上分属于至少4个不同的属。通过与Rainboth的分类系统比对之后,对中国四须鲃属鱼类的分类系统重新进行了以下的修订：①保山四须鲃、软鳍四须鲃和异口四须鲃归入新光唇鱼属;②小四须鲃归入盘齿鲃属;③分布于云南的高体四须鲃实为大鳞四须鲃,大鳞四须鲃应归入高须鱼属;④其余四须鲃属鱼类,抚仙四须鲃、常氏四须鲃、太平四须鲃、云南四须鲃、颌突四须鲃(=洱海四须鲃)、鲂形四须鲃、棱四须鲃、后鳍四须鲃和油四须鲃均归入吻孔鲃属。     

Redescription of Grania monochaeta (Michaelsen), a Marine Enchytraeid (Oligochaeta) from South Georgia (SW Atlantic)

Enchytraeus monochaetus Michaelsen is redescribed as Grania monochaeta. It is distinguished from other Grania species by two main characters: its morphology of spermathecae, and its setal distribution, the latter being unique within the genus owing to the presence of dorsal setae in preclitellar segments.     

Two New Genera of Marine Tubificidae (Oligochaeta) from Australia's Great Barrier Reef

Macquaridriloides gen.n. is established for M. heronae from Heron Reef in Queensland, Australia. The species is characterized principally by its lack of spermathecae, and its elaborate male efferent ducts, each of which consists of (1) a ciliated vas deferens, (2) a ciliated and muscular atrium with diffuse prostates, and (3) a stout muscular, non-ciliar ejaculatory duct opening into a large copulatory sac surrounded by posterior prostates. The genus appears closely related to Macquaridrilus Jamieson, 1968, the habitat and zoogeography of which are briefly discussed. Heronidrilus gen.n. is established for H. fastigatus sp.n. and H. bihamis sp.n. both from Heron Reef. This genus is closely related to Macquaridriloides , but the two species differ from M. heronae in that they possess spermathecae and lack ejaculatory ducts.     

Gymnomeropsylla n. gen. (Siphonaptera: Pygiopsyllidae) from Sulawesi,Indonesia, with the description of two new species

Compared to related genera, this new flea genus is characterized by the absence, or presence of very few, bristles on the external surface of femur I and especially by the morphology of the apex of sternite IX in the male, which is hyaline and lacks spiniform bristles. The two new species, G. bunomydis and G. margaretamydis, are distinguished from each other by the structure of the genitalia, and the presence of numerous erect bristles on the thorax and abdominal tergites of the latter species. Both of these new species parasitize murine rodents that are endemic to Sulawesi; G. bunomydis was collected mainly from Bunomys chrysocomus and G. margaretamydis only from Margaretamys parvus.     

A revision of Neomegalotomus (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

We recognize two species in Neomegalotomus, N. parvus (Westwood), the type species; and N. rufipes (Westwood). The two species are redescribed from type specimens, and are keyed. We synonymize the following species with Neomegalotomus parvus: N. simplex (Westwood), N. latifascia (Berg), and N. pallescens (St?l) (all new synonymies). We synonymize N. jamaicensis (Westwood) with N. rufipes (new synonymy). The type specimens of all species hitherto placed in the genus are also redescribed, except those of N. debilis (Walker) and N. vicinus (Westwood). N. parvus occurs from México through Central America into northern Argentina and east into Venezuela and adjacent Caribbean islands. N. rufipes is widespread in the Caribbean south towards Venezuela. The two species overlap in distribution: N. parvus is found on St. Vincent and Tobago, whereas N. rufipes occurs on Grenada, which lies between those two islands.     

Asymmetric female genitalia and other remarkable morphology in a new genus of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae, Araneae) from Madagascar

Symmetry is such a conspicuous feature of life that asymmetries draw our immediate attention. While not uncommon in bilateral organisms in general, asymmetry in spiders is rare. Here I report the first case of antisymmetry in external female genitalia in spiders, in the new genus Asygyna (Theridiidae: Araneae) from Madagascar. In the nearly 39 000 species of spiders described to date, the external structure of the female genitalia is symmetric. In entelegyne spiders paired external copulatory openings each lead to an internal copulatory duct, whose roughly symmetrical trajectories terminate in paired receptacles, the spermathecae. In Asygyna , here exemplified by two new species, A. huberi and A. coddingtoni , laterality is evident in the internal and external female genitalia. A single copulatory opening leads (either to the left or right depending on the individual) to a single copulatory duct with a distinctly asymmetric trajectory. The duct splits terminally shortly before entering the two spermathecae. The males are symmetric, but possibly only one palp can be used in copulation with each female. If adaptive, the selective forces behind this asymmetry are perplexing, as male access to females seems reduced. However, if males are plentiful, asymmetry may benefit the female by reducing insertion times and thus shortening copulation time, and by tightening her control over which males sire her offspring. Asygyna has a range of other bizarre sex-related morphologies, including prosomal pits and a well developed stridulatory mechanism in both sexes, a male proboscis, and simplified palps. A phylogenetic analysis, including 63 taxa and 242 morphological characters, places Asygyna in Pholcommatinae, sister to the enigmatic genus Carniella .  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 87 , 211–232.     

Resurrection of Staurois parvus from S. tuberilinguis from Borneo (Amphibia, Ranidae)

Two forms of Staurois that are differentiated by body size occur parapatrically in the Crocker Range, Sabah, Borneo. Analyses of a total of 1,499 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA genes revealed that the two forms could be completely split genetically. The two forms could be also clearly differentiated morphologically, not only by snout-vent length but also by the relative sizes of snout, eye, and finger disk. Comparisons of the two forms with all known species of the genus revealed the large and small forms to be S. tuberilinguis and S. parvus, respectively. The latter species has long been synonymized with the former, but we here consider them to represent different species.     

Two new species and a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Tectidrilus (0Iigochaeta, Tubifcidae)

Tectidrilus probus sp.n. and Tectidrilus profusus sp.n. are described from offshore localities in southern California. Both species appear closely related to T. diversus Ersëus, 1982, which occurs in the same area, but they differ from the latter by possessing small oesophageal diverticula; T. probus differs also by its very small spermathecal vestibules. Tectidrilus profusus is a highly apomorphic form with elaborate, partly muscular, male ducts and spermathecae. Monophyly of Tectidrilus is supported by the short clitellum and the unisetal 'bundles' in postclitellar segments. Patterns of apomorphic character states within the genus are analyzed under the principle of Camin-Sokal parsimony (irreversibility of character states), giving three equally parsimonious cladograms. In the strict consensus tree of these cladograms, eight of the twelve members of Tectidrilus form an apomorphic group defined by the papillated body wall, but the individual species within this group cannot be unequivocally resolved from each other.     

Mitochondrial phylogeny of African wood mice, genus Hylomyscus (Rodentia, Muridae): implications for their taxonomy and biogeography

This paper investigates the usefulness of two mitochondrial genes (16S rRNA and cytochrome b) to solve taxonomical difficulties within the genus Hylomyscus and to infer its evolutionary history. Both genes proved to be suitable molecular markers for diagnosis of Hylomyscus species. Nevertheless the resolving powers of these two genes differ, and with both markers (either analyzed singly or in combination), some nodes remain unresolved. This is probably related to the fact that the species emerged during a rapid diversification event that occurred 2-6 Myr ago (4-5 Myr ago for most divergence events). Our molecular data support the recognition of an "aeta" group, while the "alleni" and "parvus" groups are not fully supported. Based on tree topology and genetic divergence, two taxa generally recognized as subspecies should be elevated at the species level (H. simus and H. cf kaimosae). H. stella populations exhibit ancient haplotype segregation that may represent currently unrecognized allopatric species. The existence of cryptic species within H. parvus is questioned. Finally, three potentially new species may occur in West Central Africa. The Congo and Oubangui Rivers, as well as the Volta and Niger Rivers and/or the Dahomey gap could have formed effective barriers to Hylomyscus species dispersal, favoring their speciation in allopatry. The pronounced shifts in African climate during the late Pliocene and Miocene, which resulted in major changes in the distribution and composition of the vegetation, could have promoted speciation within the genus (refuge theory). Future reports should focus on the geographic distribution of Hylomyscus species in order to get a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the genus.     

A new lumbriculid genus and species from North America (Clitellata,Lumbriculidae)

Secubelmis limpida n. sp., n. gen., is described from Montana, U.S.A. The monotypic genus resembles the lumbriculid genera Rhynchelmis and Tatriella in having atria in X, spermathecae in VIII, and semi-prosoporous male ducts. It differs from Tatriella in having paired atria and spermathecae, and from Rhynchelmis in having petiolate atria. The single prostate gland is unique within the Lumbriculidae. The new species appears to have a restricted range in the northern Rocky Mountains.     

A new genus of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Mexico,with notes on its systematics

During the systematic revision of Mayazomus, the third most diverse genus of micro whip-scorpions in North America, we found three species with peculiar morphological variation, which are different from those diagnostic characters for Mayazomus. These species share with Mayazomus the large body size and the unusual development of the male pedipalps; however, these three species share the shape of the female spermathecae with Stenochrus rather than with Mayazomus. Therefore, their phylogenetic placements create a dilemma. Here we perform analyses with morphological evidence, using two different methodologies (Parsimony and Bayesian inference) in order to hypothesize the phylogenetic relationships of the three species mentioned with each other and with respect to other North American and/or Central American genera. The results confirm our initial hypothesis that the species belong to a different genus, Olmeca gen. nov., which is recovered as the sister group of all hubbardiine genera included in these analyses, except for the genus Hubbardia. The results also indicate that despite sharing some morphological similarities, it is distantly related with Mayazomus. Three species are described herein: Olmeca brujo sp. nov., Olmeca cruzlopezi sp. nov., and Olmeca santibanezi sp. nov. Additionally, we provide a hypothesis of the relationships and biogeography of Olmeca gen. nov. with other genera.

http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F64CE801-7D82-4827-A5B9-0C0B41F58043     

Stylodrilus californianus n. sp., a new lumbriculid (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from North America

A new species of the genus Stylodrilus is described from phreatic waters in California, North America. Tubular atria with bulbous penes and spermathecae with broad and short ducts characterize the new species. The habitat of Stylodrilus californianus n. sp., confirms that the distribution of the genus Stylodrilus in the Neartic biogeographical zone is mainly associated with subterranean waters.