Content of Gibberellic Acid in Apical Parts of Male and Female Thalli of Chara Tomentosa in Relation to the Content of Sugars and Dry Mass

The contents of gibberellic acid (GA₃), glucose and starch, and dry mass in four nodes of apical parts of male and female thalli of Chara tomentosa were measured. The GA₃ concentration was about 4 times higher in male than in female thallus and about 10 times higher in the first node than in the next three nodes of both thalli. The apical part of male thallus contains 2.5 times less glucose and 1.7 times less starch than female one. The average amount of dry mass of male and female thallus was similar: 9.9 and 9.8 % of fresh mass. The findings of this investigation demonstrate the interdependence of gibberellic acid and sugars in development of male and female Chara tomentosa thalli.     

Use of cyclodextrins in capillary zone electrophoresis for the separation of optical isomers: Resolution of racemic tryptophan derivatives

In this study capillary zone electrophoresis has been used for the separation of racemic tryptophan derivatives in their enantiomers. The effect of cyclodextrins with different shape, added to the background electrolyte, on the migration time of 10 compounds, including methyl tryptophan, hydroxy tryptophan, and tryptophan ester derivatives, has been studied. Furthermore, the effect of cyclodextrins with different shape and that of the composition of the background electrolyte on the enantiomer resolution are discussed. Among different cyclodextrins used α-cyclodextrin and heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin were found to possess the best complexing capacity and thus the resolution power toward analysed compounds.     

虫草属真菌中虫草素的超声波提取及其毛细管电泳测定

比较了虫草素的四种提取方法,确定了超声波作用的时间、提取溶剂和样品预处理方式。利用高效毛细管电泳分离、测定了虫草属真菌虫草素的含量,首次报道了九州虫草中虫草素的存在。     

Capillary zone electrophoresis for the study of the binding of antithrombin to low-affinity heparin

When low-affinity interactions between glycosaminoglycans and precious proteins are studied, it is imperative to design an experimental set-up that consumes as little material as possible. To evaluate the applicability of the CZE technique to this problem, we explored the interaction between antithrombin and low-affinity heparin. In a series of CZE experiments we demonstrated that the mobility of antithrombin increases gradually as increased concentrations of low-affinity heparin were added to the electrolyte. The results were, as expected, consistent with the general algorithm for monovalent binding. The binding constant was estimated at 20±6 μM in excellent agreement with the value reported in the literature. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prediction of chiral separations using a combination of experimental design and artificial neural networks

In this work the advantages of using artificial neural networks (ANNs) combined with experimental design (ED) to optimize the separation of amino acids enantiomers, with α‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector, were demonstrated. The results obtained with the ED‐ANN approach were compared with those of either the partial least‐squares (PLS) method or the response surface methodology where experimental design and the regression equation were used. The ANN approach is quite general, no explicit model is needed, and the amount of experimental work can be decreased considerably. Chirality 11:616–621, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Use of nanomaterials in capillary and microchip electrophoresis

This review gives an overview of different separation strategies with nanomaterials and their use in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary electrochromatography, as well as in microchip electrophoresis, including metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, fullerene and polymer nanoparticles, as well as silica nanoparticles. The paper highlights the new developments and innovative applications of nanoparticles as pseudostationary phases or immobilized on the capillary surface for CE separation. The separation and characterization of target nanoparticles with different sizes by CE are reviewed likewise.     

Characterization of proteins in the human serum proteome.

This paper presents a multidimensional profile of the human serum proteome, produced by a two-dimensional protein fractionation system based on liquid chromatography followed by characterization with capillary electrophoresis (CE). The first-dimension separation was done by chromatofocusing over a pH range from 8.5 to 4.0, where proteins were separated by their isoelectric points (pI). In this dimension, fractions were collected based on pH. The first-dimension pI fractions were then resolved in the second dimension by high-resolution, reversed-phase chromatography with a gradient of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in acetonitrile and TFA in water. A selected protein fraction collected from the second dimension by time was characterized by CE for molecular-weight estimation and for presence of isoforms. Molecular-weight estimation was done by sodium dodecyl sulfate capillary gel electrophoresis, where proteins were separated in the range of 10,000-225,000 Da. Detection of isoforms was done by capillary isoelectric focusing over a pH range of 3-10. A selected second-dimension fraction that contained the putative serum iron-binding protein transferrin was analyzed by these two CE techniques for molecular-weight determination and the presence of isoforms. The combination of two-dimensional protein fractionation and CE characterization represents an advanced tool for proteomics.     

New technique for the determination of interconversion processes based on capillary zone electrophoresis: Studies with axially chiral biphenyls

A new technique is presented for the investigation of the rotational energy barrier of axially chiral biphenyls, based on capillary zone electrophoresis using cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors. Only minute amounts are required for the investigation of dynamic processes with energy barriers of 100–130 kJ/mol. The influence of the chiral selector on the conformational stability of atropisomers can be determined separately for each enantiomer. Additionally, segmentation of the capillary into different buffer zones allows us to exclude any influence of the chiral selector on the rotational energy barrier. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Combination of capillary electrophoresis, PCR and physiological assays in differentiation of clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Fast, sensitive and cheap determination of pathogenic bacteria is extremely important in many branches, for example biotechnology, quality control, analysis of samples and antimicrobial therapy. The development and application of analytical techniques in practice could provide new possibilities in this regard. The bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a significant amount of human morbidity and mortality. Rapid and sensitive determination is therefore very important. In the present study, novel methods, based on capillary zone electrophoresis and (as confirmation of these results) molecular analysis of a part of the coag gene, were developed for identification and differentiation of three S. aureus strains. The electrophoretic measurements rely on the differential mobility of bacteria in the fused silica capillary under the direct current electric field. To perform coagulase gene typing, the repeated units encoding hypervariable regions of the S. aureus gene were amplified using the PCR technique followed by restriction enzyme digestion and analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns as well as sequencing. Finally, the results of electrophoretic measurements with molecular analysis were compared.     

The Relationships between Fertility and Contents of Gibberellic Acid, Sugars and Dry Mass in Apical Parts of Chara Vulgaris Thalli

The contents of endogenous gibberellic acid (GA₃), sugars, and dry mass in apical parts of fertile and sterile thalli of Chara vulgaris were estimated. The GA₃ concentration in the first node of fertile thallus, determined by capillary electrophoresis, was about 70.0 mg kg^–1 of fresh mass (f.m.). Pisum sativum-bioassay showed GA₃ concentration of 80.0 mg kg^–1 (f.m.) which was about 3 times higher than in the first node of sterile thallus. The higher amount of GA₃, glucose, and the lower starch content and dry mass in fertile plants than in sterile ones suggest the interdependence between fertility and contents of studied components.     

三七素检测方法研究进展

三七素是中药三七的止血活性成分,也存在于山黧豆等植物中,称山黧豆神经毒素,其化学成分为β-N-草酰-L-α,p二氨基丙酸,属非蛋白游离氨基酸.本文从传统氨基酸分析、气相、液相色谱及其色谱-质谱联用、毛细管区带电泳、流动注射等方面综述了三七素的分析检测方法,并对相关技术进行了评述,为合理选择三七素检测手段提供参考.     

三七素检测方法研究进展

三七素是中药三七的止血活性成分,也存在于山黧豆等植物中,称山黧豆神经毒素,其化学成分为β-N-草酰-L-α,β-二氨基丙酸,属非蛋白游离氨基酸。本文从传统氨基酸分析、气相、液相色谱及其色谱-质谱联用、毛细管区带电泳、流动注射等方面综述了三七素的分析检测方法,并对相关技术进行了评述,为合理选择三七素检测手段提供参考。     

无胶筛分毛细管电泳中核酸的迁移行为及分离的研究

无胶筛分毛细管电泳分析小于1kb的核酸,其迁移率与碱基数的对数成线性关系,长度大于1kb核酸的迁移率不是仅由其分子大小决定。据此可推测小于1kb核酸片段的大小。采用不更换聚合物法分析核酸,迁移时间的变异系数小于1.3％,适于大量样本的快速测定。考虑温度对核酸迁移行为的影响时,观察到22℃时,柱效最高。电进样与压力进样相比,分析大于300bp核酸的柱效提高,但不适于定量分析。     

Electrochemiluminescence detection with integrated indium tin oxide electrode on electrophoretic microchip for direct bioanalysis of lincomycin in the urine

In this article, an antibiotic, lincomycin was determined in the urine sample by microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) with integrated indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection. This microchip CE-ECL system can be used for the rapid analysis of lincomycin within 40s. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was obtained from 5 to 100 microM with correlation coefficient of 0.998. The limit of detection (LOD) of 3.1 microM was obtained for lincomycin in the standard solution. We also applied this method to analyzing lincomycin in the urine matrix. The limit of detection of 9.0 microM was obtained. This method can determine lincomycin in the urine sample without pretreatment, which demonstrated that it is a promising method of detection of lincomycin in clinical and pharmaceutical area.     

Challenges and pitfalls in the characterization of anonymous outlier AFLP markers in non-model species: lessons from an ocellated lizard genome scan

In the last few years, dozens of studies have documented the detection of loci influenced by selection from genome scans in a wide range of non-model species. Many of those studies used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, which became popular for being easily applicable to any organism. However, because they are anonymous markers, AFLPs impose many challenges for their isolation and identification. Most recent AFLP genome scans used capillary electrophoresis (CE), which adds even more obstacles to the isolation of bands with a specific size for sequencing. These caveats might explain the extremely low number of studies that moved from the detection of outlier AFLP markers to their actual isolation and characterization. We document our efforts to characterize a set of outlier AFLP markers from a previous genome scan with CE in ocellated lizards (Lacerta lepida). Seven outliers were successfully isolated, cloned and sequenced. Their sequences are noncoding and show internal indels or polymorphic repetitive elements (microsatellites). Three outliers were converted into codominant markers by using specific internal primers to sequence and screen population variability from undigested DNA. Amplification in closely related lizard species was also achieved, revealing remarkable interspecific conservation in outlier loci sequences. We stress the importance of following up AFLP genome scans to validate selection signatures of outlier loci, but also report the main challenges and pitfalls that may be faced during the process.     

Rapid monitoring of autolysis process of proteases by capillary electrophoresis

A protease, MCP-01, produced by a deep-sea psychrotrophic strain of Pseudoaltermonas sp. SM9913 was purified and its autolysis reaction at 20 °C–50 °C was monitored by capillary electrophoresis. Capillary electrophoresis provides a rapid assay because the degree and state of autolysis of protease MCP-01 could be observed within 6 min. The autolysis rate increased as the temperature rose in the tested range. After 30 min incubation at 30 °C, 77% of MCP-01 autolyzed into peptides. However, its activity for the hydrolysis of casein was reduced by only 4%. The rate of loss of activity of MCP-01 was thus slower than that of autolysis of MCP-01 at 30 °C. Similar results were obtained when MCP-01 was incubated at 20 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. Large peptides produced by autolysis of MCP-01 therefore still have catalytic activity. When these large peptides autolyzed further into smaller peptides, the enzyme conformation that retained its catalytic activity was destroyed and activity was lost.