接种后共培养时间对丛枝菌根喜树幼苗喜树碱含量的影响

在前期工作中利用蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)和根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)从接种时期角度分析了喜树碱含量与菌根形成过程对应关系的基础上,通过温室盆栽接种试验,继续观察了这两种丛枝菌根真菌接种后与喜树(Camptothecaacuminata)幼苗的共培养时间对喜树幼苗喜树碱积累的影响。分别用两种菌根真菌每隔7d接种一批喜树幼苗,第5批接种7 d后采样,获得菌根真菌与喜树幼苗共培养时间分别为35、28、21、14、7 d的喜树幼苗样品,测定了菌根浸染状况和喜树碱含量。结果表明:(1)接种两种丛枝菌根真菌均促进了喜树幼苗喜树碱的积累,表现为喜树碱含量和产量(单株幼苗所含的喜树碱量,喜树碱含量与幼苗生物量的乘积)的显著提高。(2)从接种后共培养时间的效果看,两种菌根幼苗各器官(根、茎、叶)及全株喜树碱含量和产量均呈现随着丛枝菌根真菌与喜树幼苗共培养时间的增加而增加的趋势。两种菌根幼苗的根和茎、根内球囊霉菌根幼苗的叶片和全株的的喜树碱含量和产量,在共培养时间增加至21 d时趋于稳定,而蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗的叶片和全株的喜树碱含量和产量在共培养时间增加至28 d时达到最高,其后略有降低。(3)两种丛枝菌根真菌的侵染率和侵染强度同样随共培养时间的增加而增加,至共培养28 d后无显著变化。在一定共培养时间范围内,喜树碱含量和产量的变化与丛枝菌根真菌的侵染及菌根形成之间具有对应性。     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗生长和氮、磷吸收的影响

喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种,因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而受到人们的广泛关注。该文通过温室盆栽接种试验,观察了2属6种丛枝菌根真菌即蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、光壁无梗囊霉(A. laevis)、木薯球囊霉(Glomus manihot)、地表球囊霉(G. versiforme)、幼套球囊霉(G. etunicatum)和透光球囊霉(G. diaphanum)对喜树幼苗生长和氮、磷养分吸收的影响。结果表明,丛枝菌根的形成对喜树幼苗的生长以及氮、磷营养的吸收均有影响。从生物量看,除幼套球囊霉和光壁无梗囊霉侵染形成的丛枝菌根喜树幼苗与无菌根幼苗(CK)差异不显著外,其余菌根幼苗的生物量均明显大于无菌根幼苗,透光球囊霉和蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗尤为突出,分别达到无菌根幼苗的1.9和1.4倍。丛枝菌根的形成似乎不利于喜树幼苗的氮素营养吸收,并且主要体现在叶片的氮含量上。相反,丛枝菌根形成总体上促进喜树幼苗对磷素营养的吸收,并且主要体现在根的磷含量上。与无菌根幼苗比,所有菌根幼苗根的氮、磷分配比例增加,而叶片的氮、磷分配比例减少。     

丛枝菌根对喜树幼苗喜树碱含量的影响

喜树（Camptotheca acuminata）是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种,因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而受到人们的广泛关注.通过温室盆栽接种试验,观察了2属6种丛枝菌根真菌对喜树幼苗喜树碱含量的影响.结果表明,接种的6种丛枝菌根真菌与喜树幼苗均形成了共生体系并且发育良好.透光球囊霉（Glomus diaphanum）、幼套球囊霉（G.etunicatum）、蜜色无梗囊霉（Acaulospora mellea）和光壁无梗囊霉（A.laevis）侵染形成丛枝菌根有利于提高喜树幼苗的喜树碱含量,地表球囊霉（G.versiforme）则影响不大,而木薯球囊霉（G.manihot）却降低了喜树幼苗的喜树碱含量.丛枝菌根形成对喜树幼苗喜树碱代谢的影响还表现在喜树碱的器官分配上,菌根幼苗根中的喜树碱比例均高于无菌根幼苗.     

接种AM真菌对喜树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

 喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种, 因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而备受关注。通过温室盆栽接种试验, 观察了3属6种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌木薯球囊霉(Glomus manihot)、地表球囊霉(G. versiforme)、透光球囊霉(G. diaphanum)、蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、光壁无梗囊霉(A. laevis)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa)对喜树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明, 除地表球囊霉外, 其余菌根幼苗生物量显著高于无菌根幼苗, 蜜色无梗囊霉、弯丝硬囊霉和透光球囊霉的菌根幼苗生物量分别达到无菌根幼苗的1.6倍、1.4倍和1.3倍。与无菌根幼苗相比, 蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均有显著提高, 而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)与气孔限制值(L_s)则变化不明显。接种透光球囊霉、蜜色无梗囊霉、光壁无梗囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉的喜树幼苗叶片叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于无菌根幼苗, 而叶绿素b含量只有木薯球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗显著高于无菌根幼苗。接种AM真菌对喜树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数影响较小, 只有透光球囊霉菌根幼苗叶片的最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 接种木薯球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉的喜树幼苗的PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(EQY)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗的光化学淬灭(qP)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 非光化学淬灭(NPQ)则显著低于无菌根幼苗。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

利用菌根真菌摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉,对喀斯特地区造林树种青冈栎进行接种试验,测定菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长、生物量和光合作用的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能显著促进青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、叶面积和幼苗生物量的增长,并且能提高幼苗成活率和改善幼苗的光合能力。摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理的青冈栎幼苗生物量分别是未接种处理的2.1和1.9倍;摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理下的水分利用效率分别比对照处理提高了33.6%和8.8%;摩西球囊霉对青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、生物量的促进作用好于根内球囊霉,而根内球囊霉处理的幼苗叶面积、主根长、根冠比大于摩西球囊霉处理。总体而言,接种丛枝菌根真菌特别是摩西球囊霉能促进青冈栎幼苗的生长和生物量增长,在石漠化植被恢复中具有潜在应用价值。     

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on calorific value and contents of carbon and ash in Robinia pseudoacacia

该试验以根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和地表球囊霉(G. versiforme)为接种剂, 研究了丛枝菌根真菌对刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)生物量、热值、含碳量、灰分、能量积累和碳素积累的影响。结果表明, 接种根内球囊霉和地表球囊霉对提高刺槐生物量、热值、能量积累和碳素积累都起到了重要作用。接种根内球囊霉和地表球囊霉后刺槐的总生物量比对照分别增加了89.61%和91.34%, 能量积累分别比对照增加102.20%和94.19%, 碳素积累分别比对照增加93.30%和77.21%; 同时发现刺槐的能量和碳主要分布在根系和叶, 而茎中能量和碳所占的比例较小。接种根内球囊霉提高了刺槐的干重热值, 其根、茎、叶的干重热值分别比对照增加7.72%、8.94%和8.41%; 接种地表球囊霉也显著(p < 0.05)提高了刺槐的干重热值, 但其效果低于根内球囊霉。接种根内球囊霉显著(p < 0.05)提高了刺槐根的含碳量, 对茎和叶的含碳量影响不明显。接种根内球囊霉和地表球囊霉都显著(p < 0.05)提高了刺槐茎和叶的去灰分热值。     

丛枝菌根化翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微环境

以我国二级濒危保护植物翅果油(Elaeagnus mollis)为供试植物, 通过温室盆栽试验, 研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对翅果油树幼苗根际土壤微生态环境的影响。试验设计分4个组: 摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)单独接种组(GM)、脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicata)单独接种组(AD)、混合接种组(GM + AD)、不接种的对照组(CK)。测定了菌根侵染率、生物量、根际微生物数量、土壤pH值、土壤酶活性及其对N、P营养的影响等指标。结果显示: 菌根真菌对3个接种组均有侵染, 其中, GM + AD的侵染率最大(90.5%), 生态学效应最好; 与对照组相比, 接种组的生物量均明显提高(p < 0.05), 其中GM + AD组生物量显著增加, 是CK组的2.2倍; AM菌根对根部微生物种群数量产生一定的影响, 主要是使根面上的细菌、放线菌、固氮菌的数量显著增加(p < 0.05); AM菌根使根际pH值降低, 与菌根侵染率呈显著负相关关系(p < 0.05); 接种组根际土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶的活性增加, 根际土壤的磷酸酶、蛋白酶的活性增加量与菌根侵染率呈极显著相关关系(p < 0.01); 接种组的根际土壤中, 可直接被植物吸收利用的N、P元素出现富集现象, 与菌根侵染率呈显著相关关系(p < 0.05)。研究表明: 丛枝菌根的形成改善了翅果油树幼苗的微生态环境, 提高了根际土壤肥力。     

滤光膜对喜树幼苗叶片生长和喜树碱含量的影响

喜树 (Camptotheca acuminata)为中国特有树种 ,因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有抗癌作用而闻名。通过用黄色、红色、蓝色 3种滤光膜对温室栽培的喜树幼苗进行遮光处理 ,研究了不同光照环境下喜树幼苗叶片生物量、叶绿素含量、光合作用和喜树碱含量的差异。结果表明在 30 d的遮光过程中 ,红膜和蓝膜遮光明显导致幼苗叶片生物量降低 ,黄膜遮光下幼苗叶片生物量在处理后 2 5 d才表现明显降低。不同滤光膜下幼苗叶片叶绿素含量先降低然后升高 ,遮光幼苗的叶绿素 a/ b明显低于日光幼苗。幼苗日最大净光合速率的顺序是 :日光 >黄膜 >红膜 >蓝膜。处理后第 2 0天 ,不同滤光膜下幼苗的光饱和光合速率 (Amax)、光饱和点 (Is)、光补偿点 (Ic)、最大表观量子效率 (AQYmax)都不同程度的低于日光幼苗。处理后第 10天至第 30天 ,遮光幼苗叶片喜树碱含量均显著高于日光下幼苗 ,以蓝膜下幼苗的喜树碱含量最高。蓝膜和黄膜下幼苗的喜树碱产量在后期处理中显著高于日光下幼苗 ,蓝膜下幼苗喜树碱产量在第 30天最高 ,是日光下幼苗的 2 .4 9倍。红膜下幼苗的喜树碱产量在第 10天后与日光下幼苗差异不显著。通过滤光膜遮光促进喜树碱在幼苗叶片中的积累 ,提高了叶片喜树碱产量 ,对喜树碱的生产实践有一定的意义     

丛枝菌根真菌对枳根系形态和蔗糖、葡萄糖含量的影响

研究丛枝菌根真菌接种(摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉和摩西球囊霉+地表球囊霉)对盆栽枳的生长、根系形态以及蔗糖、葡萄糖含量的影响.结果表明: 3个接种处理都显著提高枳的株高、茎粗、叶片数,以及地上部和地下部生物量,诱导1级、2级和3级侧根的发生,同时增加了根系投影面积、表面积、体积和总长度(主要是0～1 cm根长),但降低根系平均直径,其中以地表球囊霉效果最明显.丛枝菌根真菌接种显著提高枳的叶片蔗糖和根系葡萄糖含量,但降低叶片葡萄糖和根系蔗糖含量.由于根系“菌根碳库”的存在,丛枝菌根真菌接种导致根系维持较高的葡萄糖和较低的蔗糖含量,从而有利于宿主根系的生长和发育,建立更优的根系形态.     

接种菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗耐旱性的影响

利用丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)和外生菌根真菌彩色豆马勃(Pisolithus tinctorius)对石漠化地区造林树种青冈栎(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)幼苗进行接种试验。在大棚盆栽条件下模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究菌根真菌对青冈栎生长和耐旱性的影响。结果表明:在土壤干旱条件下,接种菌根处理植株生物量显著高于未接种处理(P0.05),菌根依赖性随土壤水分含量降低而升高;未接种处理植株叶绿素含量在土壤干旱条件下显著降低(P0.05),除接种Pisolithus tinctorius处理外,其它接种处理叶绿素含量无显著变化。土壤干旱使植株体内脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升,在中度干旱条件下,接种处理可溶性糖含量均显著高于对照处理,接种Glomus intraradices、Pisolithus tinctorius处理脯氨酸含量显著低于对照(P0.05);在重度干旱条件下,接种Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices处理可溶性糖含量显著高于对照处理(P0.05),而相应的脯氨酸含量显著低于对照处理。当土壤水分含量在田间持水量55%—65%时,接种处理植株SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著高于未接种处理(P0.05),在土壤水分含量降至35%—45%时,Glomus mosseae和Glomus intraradices处理SOD酶活性显著高于对照,并且所有接种处理POD酶活性均显著高于对照。此外,在水分干旱条件下,植株全磷和全钾含量也显著高于未接种处理(P0.05)。研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌和外生菌根真菌均能够侵染青冈栎幼苗根系;在干旱胁迫条件下,接种菌根真菌能够提高青冈栎植株生物量、抗氧化酶活性、增加植株可溶性糖含量和促进植株养分吸收,提高植株耐旱性,从而使青冈栎幼苗在岩溶干旱环境下更容易存活。     

水分胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对枳实生苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomaus mosseae)对枳[Poncirustrifoliat(L.)Raf.]实生苗的生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,在土壤含水量为20%、16%和12%条件下,接种G.mosseae能够增加植株的生长(株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部干重、地下部干重和植株干重),促进植株根系活跃吸收面积和根际土壤有效磷的吸收,提高叶片和根系可溶性糖含量的积累,降低叶片脯氨酸含量,增强植株的水分利用效率(达20%～40%),使枳实生苗的抗旱能力得到增强.土壤含水量为20%和16%条件下接种G.mosseae对植株的效果较土壤含水量为12%条件下更显著.12%的土壤含水量严重抑制Gmosseae的侵染,说明丛枝菌根侵染程度轻,其对植物的效果也差.     

Effects of mycorrhizal colonization on biomass production and nitrogen fixation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) seedlings grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide

Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on biomass production and N₂ fixation were investigated using black locust ( Robinia pseudoacacia ). Seedlings were grown in growth chambers maintained at either 350 μmol mol⁻¹ or 710 μmol mol⁻¹ CO₂. Seedlings were inoculated with Rhizobium spp. and were grown with or without AM fungi. The ¹⁵N isotope dilution method was used to determine N source partitioning between N₂ fixation and inorganic fertilizer uptake. Elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased the percentage of fine roots that were colonized by AM fungi. Mycorrhizal seedlings grown under elevated CO₂ had the greatest overall plant biomass production, nodulation, N and P content, and root N absorption. Additionally, elevated CO₂ levels enhanced nodule and root mass production, as well as N₂ fixation rates, of non- mycorrhizal seedlings. However, the relative response of biomass production to CO₂ enrichment was greater in non-mycorrhizal seedlings than in mycorrhizal seedlings. This study provides strong evidence that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the extent to which plant nutrition of symbiotic N₂-fixing tree species is affected by enriched atmospheric CO₂.     

Colonization by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi of Sorghum Leads to Reduced Germination and Subsequent Attachment and Emergence of Striga hermonthica

Two sorghum cultivars: the Striga-tolerant S-35 and the Striga-sensitive CK60-B were grown with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and with or without phosphorus addition. At 24 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) of sorghum, root exudates were collected and tested for effects on germination of preconditioned Striga hermonthica seeds. Root exudates from AM sorghum plants induced lower germination of S. hermonthica seeds than exudates from non-mycorrhizal sorghum. The magnitude of this effect depended on the cultivar and harvest time. A significantly (88–97%) lower germination of S. hermonthica seeds upon exposure to root exudates from AM S-35 plants was observed at both harvest times whereas for AM inoculated CK60-B plants a significantly (41%) lower germination was observed only at 45 DAS. The number of S. hermonthica seedlings attached to and emerged on both sorghum cultivars were also lower in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants. Again, this reduction was more pronounced with S-35 than with CK60-B plants. There was no effect of phosphorus addition on Striga seed germination, attachment or emergence. We hypothesize that the negative effect of mycorrhizal colonization on Striga germination and on subsequent attachment and emergence is mediated through the production of signaling molecules (strigolactones) for AM fungi and parasitic plants.Key Words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, root exudate, sorghum, striga, strigolactones, germination     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from three genera induce two-phase plant growth responses on a high P-fixing soil

Plant growth enhancing effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are suitably quantified by comparisons of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plant growth responses to added phosphorus (P). The ratio between the amounts of added P required for the same yield of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants is termed the relative effectiveness of the mycorrhiza. Variation in this relative effectiveness was examined for subterranean clover grown on a high P-fixing soil. Plants were either left non-mycorrhizal or inoculated with one of three AM fungal species with well-characterised differences in external hyphal spread. With no P added, plants from all treatments produced <10% of their maximum growth achieved at non-limiting P supply. The growth response of non-mycorrhizal plants was markedly sigmoid. Mycorrhizal growth responses were not sigmoid but their shape was two-phased. The first phase was an asymptotic approach to 25–30% of maximum growth, followed by a second asymptotic rise to maximum growth. Growth effects of Glomus invermaium and Acaulospora laevis were quite similar. Plants in these treatments produced up to four times greater shoot dry biomass than non-mycorrhizal plants. Scutellospora calospora was less effective. The relative effectiveness of AM fungi varied with the level of P application. This is expected to apply to all soils on which a sigmoid response is obtained for growth of non-mycorrhizal plants. In a simple approximation the relative effectiveness was calculated to range from 1.46 to 15.57. Shoot P contents were increased by up to 25 times by A. laevis, significantly more than by the other two fungi. The further mycelial spread of this fungus is thought to have contributed to its relatively greater effect on plant P content.     

A comparison of arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal Eucalyptus coccifera: growth response, phosphorus uptake efficiency and external hyphal production

Eucalyptus coccifera Hook., a plant capable of forming both arbuscular mycorrhizas and ectomycorrhizas, was used to compare the effects of the two mycorrhizal types on phosphorus uptake and C allocation. Seedlings were grown in a P-deficient soil/sand mixture inoculated with peat/vermiculite spawn of Laccaria bicolor (Maire) Orton or Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) Fr.; or with 250-μm sievings from leek colonized by Glomus caledonium (Nicol. & Gerd.) Trappe & Gerde., Glomus sp. type E3 or Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe or with autoclaved spawn (non-mycorrhizal control). Before the 89-d harvest, a subset of the harvested plants was labelled with ¹⁴C (45–60-min pulse, 202-h chase). Growth promotion and the increase in seedling P content was largest in the two ectomycorrhizal treatments. Production of fluorescein diacetate-stained external hyphae was three to seven times higher by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi compared with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and was highly correlated with P uptake and shoot weight. Phosphorus inflow rates of ECM and AM seedlings were 3·8 times, and 2·0–2·7 times those of non-mycorrhizal seedlings. Phosphorus acquisition efficiencies were similar (11·2 and 10·0 μmol P mmol⁻¹C for T. terrestris and Glomus E3 plants, respectively) for the two mycorrhizal types, and appeared to be greater than in uninoculated plants (7.2 μmol P mmol⁻¹C) grown at the same P level.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and growth of frankincense seedlings under pulsed water availability conditions

Under drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alter water relationships of plants and improve their resistance to drought. In a factorial greenhouse experiment, we tested the effects of the AM symbiosis and precipitation regime on the performance (growth, gas exchange, nutrient status and mycorrhizal responsiveness) of Boswellia papyrifera seedlings. A continuous precipitation regime was imitated by continuous watering of plants to field capacity every other day during 4 months, and irregular precipitation by pulsed watering of plants where watering was switched every 15 days during these 4 months, with 15 days of watering followed by 15 days without watering. There were significantly higher levels of AM colonization under irregular precipitation regime than under continuous precipitation. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher biomass than control seedlings. Stomatal conductance and phosphorus mass fraction in shoot and root were also significantly higher for mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings under irregular watering had the highest biomass. Both a larger leaf area and higher assimilation rates contributed to higher biomass. Under irregular watering, the water use efficiency increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings through a reduction in transpiration, while in mycorrhizal seedlings irregular watering increased transpiration. Because assimilation rates increased even more, mycorrhizal seedlings achieved an even higher water use efficiency. Boswellia seedlings allocated almost all carbon to the storage root. Boswellia seedlings had higher mass fractions of N, P, and K in roots than in shoots. Irregular precipitation conditions apparently benefit Boswellia seedlings when they are mycorrhizal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2258-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

丛枝菌根真菌菌丝体吸附重金属的潜力及特征

应用玻璃珠分室培养系统获得丛枝菌根真菌材料,研究了离体真菌菌丝体对pH缓冲体系中Zn、Cd和Mn等金属离子的吸附特征。试验结果表明,真菌菌丝体对各金属离子吸附能力差异显著,对Cd最强,Zn次之,Mn最弱。试验条件下,菌体可分别吸附相当于自身干物重1.6%的Mn、2.8%的Zn和13.3%的Cdo吸附于菌丝体的Cd2+绝大部分可以被Ca2+交换吸附。另外研究了宿主植物根系对Cd的吸附作用,证实菌根真菌侵染改变了根系的吸附特性,相对于非菌根根系,菌根的CEC较高,对Cd的吸附能力较强。试验结果为重金属污染条件下丛枝菌根强化根系的屏障作用提供了直接证据。