不同修剪方式对‘红富士’苹果密植园树冠光分布特征与产量品质的影响

研究了不同修剪方式对红富士密植园树冠内枝（梢）叶片空间分布和光分布特征及果实产量品质的影响.结果表明：与对照相比,重剪、轻剪均明显改善了树冠内部光照条件,轻剪处理树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的14.6%,大于80%的高光区占11.2%;重剪处理树冠内小于30%的相对光照强度占树冠体积的12.8%,大于80%的高光区占28.8%.轻剪处理第1年的果实产量相对较高,而重剪处理第1年的果实产量较低,但二者都明显提高了果实的品质.各处理单果质量、果实硬度和可溶性固形物的含量表现为：轻剪株﹥重剪株﹥对照株,而可滴定酸的含量则相反;重剪株果实花青苷的含量最高,其次是轻剪株,对照株最低.从产量品质两方面分析,轻剪是目前苹果密植园改造比较理想的方式.     

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Contrasting intraspecific foliar trait responses to stressful conditions of two rhizomatous granite outcrop species at different scales in southwestern Australia

Plants respond to changing environmental conditions, and their ability to adjust intra‐specifically to such shifts represents an ecological and evolutionary advantage. We studied seven plant traits for two common, rhizomatous granite outcrop species (the fern Cheilanthes austrotenuifolia, and the herb Stypandra glauca) with seasonal foliage during the cooler, wetter winter months at seven sites across an aridity gradient in southwestern Australia. We investigated trait patterns at regional and habitat scale, by investigating changes in trait values along the aridity gradient, and by comparing two different habitats types (sun‐exposed and sheltered). We expected plants occurring in more arid sites and highly irradiated, shallow‐soil (sun‐exposed) habitats, to exhibit traits indicative of more conservative resource acquisition, retention and use strategies. At the habitat scale, we found support for our prediction, with plants in more stressful, sun‐exposed habitats showing traits’ values associated with more conservative strategies (especially for water), such as smaller plants, denser leaves, higher foliar δ¹³C and C/N. However, at the regional scale many traits displayed the opposite pattern, suggesting less conservative resource acquisition in more arid sites. This evidence was particularly pronounced for specific leaf area (SLA), which exhibited a significant, positive relationship with increasing aridity. We suggest that the unexpected regional trends in foliar traits relate to shorter lived, faster growing leaves linked to highly efficient resource acquisition and use strategies during the shorter growing season in the more arid regions. These highly exploitative strategies may enable plants to avoid climate extremes, that is, hot and dry periods in the more arid sites. Our findings of contrasting foliar traits responses at different scales support the importance of multi‐scale approaches to quantify the role of intraspecific trait variability.